考研英语真题—试题

2011年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题

Section I Use of English

Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark [A]，[B]，[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10

points）

y exercise precious to

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodil

health.”　

But __1___some claims to the contrary，laughing probably has little

influence on physical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in the function

of the heart and its blood vessels，___3_ heart rate and oxygen consumption But

because hard laughter is difficult to __4__， a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___

benefits the way，say，walking or jogging does.

__6__，instead of straining muscles to build them，as exercise does，laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__，studies dating back to the 1930‘s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles，decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh

dies down.

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects of psychological stress. Anyway，the act of laughing probably does produce other types of ___10___

emotional state. __11____one classical feedback，that improve an individual‘s

theory of emotion，our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physical reactions. It

was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry ___13___they are

sad but they become sad when the tears begin to flow.

Although sadness also ____14___ tears，evidence suggests that emotions can flow

，social psychologist

__15___ muscular responses. In an experiment published in 1988

rzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a

Fritz Strack of the University of wü

pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips，

which would produce a（n）__17___ expression. Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a

frown，____19___ that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other

way around __20__ ，the physical act of laughter could improve mood.

1.[A]among [B]except [C]despite [D]like

2.[A]reflect [B]demand [C]indicate [D]produce

3.[A]stabilizing [B]boosting [C]impairing [D]determining

4.[A]transmit [B]sustain [C]evaluate [D]observe

5.[A]measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable

6.[A]In turn [B]In fact [C]In addition [D]In brief

7.[A]opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D]expected

8.[A]hardens [B]weakens [C]tightens [D]relaxes

9.[A]aggravate [B]generate [C]moderate [D]enhance

10.[A]physical [B]mental [C]subconscious [D]internal

11.[A]Except for [B]According to [C]Due to [D]As for

12.[A]with [B]on [C]in [D]at

13.[A]unless [B]until [C]if [D]because

14.[A]exhausts [B]follows [C]precedes [D]suppresses

15.[A]into [B]from [C]towards [D]beyond

16.[A]fetch [B]bite [C]pick [D]hold

17.[A]disappointed [B]excited [C]joyful [D]indifferent

18.[A]adapted [B]catered [C]turned [D]reacted

19.[A]suggesting [B]requiring [C]mentioning [D]supposing

20.[A]Eventually [B]Consequently [C]Similarly [D]Conversely

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text

by choosing [A]，[B]，[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

（40 points）

Text 1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music

director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part，the response has been

！At last！” wrote Anthony Tommasini， a

favorable，to say the least. “Hooray

sober-sided classical-music critic.

，however，is that

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise

Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini，who had advocated

，calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air

Gilbert‘s appointment in the Times

of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of

an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre

Boulez，that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.

For my part，I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one.

To be sure，he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions，but it is

not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall，or anywhere else，to hear

interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf，or boot up my

computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live

performance are missing the point. For the time，attention，and money of the

art-loving public，classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera

houses，dance troupes，theater companies，and museums，but also with the

recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There

recordings are cheap，available everywhere，and very often much higher in artistic

；moreover，they can be “consumed” at a

quality than today‘s live performances

choosing. The widespread availability of such

time and place of the listener’s

recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical

concert.

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new

music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‘s own interest in new music has bee widely noted：Alex Ross，a classical-music critic，has described him as a man who

is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different，more vibrant

？Merely expanding the organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference

reper toire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to

orchestra’s

succeed，they must first change the relationship between America‘s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.

21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert‘s appointment has

[A]incurred criticism.

[B]raised suspicion.

[C]received acclaim.

[D]aroused curiosity.

22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is

[A]influential.

[B]modest.

[C]respectable.

[D]talented.

23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers

[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.

[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.

[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.

[D]overestimate the value of live performances.

24. According to the text，which of the following is true of recordings？

[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.

[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.

[C]They help improve the quality of music.

[D]They have only covered masterpieces.

，the author feels

25. Regarding G ilbert‘s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic

[A]doubtful.

[B]enthusiastic.

[C]confident.

[D]puzzled.

Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August，his

explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual

vague excuses，he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of

Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision，”　

running a company.”　

McGee says. Within two weeks，he was talking for the first time with the board of

Hartford Financial Services Group，which named him CEO and chairman on

September 29.

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what

kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world

about his aspirations. And McGee isn‘t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at

Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a

，

CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure

executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business

environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements

cloud their reputations.

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold，deputy chiefs may be more

willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter，CEO turnover was down

，according to

23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had

Liberum Research. As the economy picks up，opportunities will abound for aspiring

leaders.

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional.

For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive

CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner

Dennis Carey：“I c an‘t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not

instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”　

Those who jumped without a job haven‘t always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age，saying she wanted to be a

CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He

finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later.

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial

crisis has made it more acceptable t o be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The

，but that’s been fundamentally traditional rule was it‘s safer to stay where you are

inverted，” says one headhunter. “The people who‘ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”　

26. When McGee announced his departure，his manner can best be described as

being

[A]arrogant.

[B]frank.

[C]self-centered.

[D]impulsive.

27. According to Paragraph 2，senior executives‘ quitting may be spurred by

[A]their expectation of better financial status.

[B]their need to reflect on their private life.

[C]their strained relations with the boards.

[D]their pursuit of new career goals.

（Line 3，Paragraph 4）most probably means

28. The word “poached”　

[A]approved of.

[B]attended to.

[C]hunted for.

[D]guarded against.

29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.

[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.

[C]top performers care more about reputations.

[D]it‘s safer to stick to the traditional rules.

30. Which of the following is the best title for the text？

[A]CEOs：Where to Go？

[B]CEOs：All the Way Up？

[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net

[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers

Text 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for.

such as television commercials and print

No longer. While traditio nal “paid” media –

advertisements –still play a major role，companies today can exploit many

alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create

“owned”　

media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers

registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of

factors beyond conventional paid media.

Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products.

For earned media ，such marketers act as the initiator for users‘ responses. But in some cases，one marketer’s owned media become another marketer‘s paid media –for instance，when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define

such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations

place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ，

which we believe is still in its infancy，effectively began with retailers and travel

providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson &

Johnson，for example，has created BabyCenter，a stand-alone media property that

，

promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income

the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective，gives companies

opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’　marketing，and may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with

more （and more diverse）communications choices have also increased the risk that

passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker，more visible，and much

more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media：an

，other stakeholders，or activists

asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers

who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social

networks，for instance，are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on

the businesses that originally created them.

If that happens，passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott

products，putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case，the

company‘s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful，and the learning

curve has been steep. Toyota Motor，for example，alleviated some of the damage

from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated

social-media response campaign，which included efforts to engage with consumers

directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.

31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are

[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.

[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.

[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.

[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.

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