几个法律术语的翻译
几个法律术语的翻译
1.contract，现在多译为“合同”，我以为不分场合、不分情况一律译为“合同”是不妥的。因为我们中国人看见“合同”一词就想到一个书面的、写成一条一条的文件，可是contract 一词的含义范围却要广泛得多。contract不限于书面的文件，口头上也可订contract，打电话也可以订contract，甚至于不说话也能订contract，例如在报摊上付钱买份晚报或买票搭乘公共汽车。contract就是有法律约束力的协议，只有较重要的contract 才采取书面形式。所以一般的、泛指的contract应当译“契约”，例如law of contract应当译“契约法”，较重要的、书面的contract才译“合同”，例如contract for the international sale of goods可以译“国际售货合同”。
2.intellectual property，不知道当初为何译成“知识产权”，以后竟然以讹传讹广泛沿用至今，而且订入法律，实在可叹！这个词组不论按字面上译、按含义译都不能译“知识产权”。intellectual一词根本没有“知识”的意思，它与“知识”是两个不同的概念。作为名词intellectual指“知识分子”，但是在intellectual property词组中intellectual显然是形容词而不是名词，何况“知识分子”与“知识”并不能划等号，即使退一万步对号入座地硬译，也只能译“知识分子产权”而不能译“知识产权”。当然，译“知识分子产权”也是错的。从含义上看，何谓intellectual property？它是指对于智力劳动所创造的智力产品或智力成果的权利，主要包括版权、专利权、商标权等，所以应该译为“智力产权”。我们的前辈严复曾说，“一名之立，旬月踟蹰”，我们今天对待译名何等需要那样的认真精神啊！译名宜慎重，不要随便译，使用现有的译名也该慎重，尤其不要随便跟着别人使用、传播错误的译名，应该抵制错误的译名！
3.joint venture.这个术语译时要当心。因为按其原来的意思，是指短期的临时性的合伙，可是现在又常用来表示“合资企业、合营企业”。所以翻译时要依据上下文及其他情况来判定该译“短期合伙”还是译“合营企业”。
4.jurisdiction.除了管辖、管辖权、审判权、审判机构等释义外，还有一个释义，即“法域”或“法律管辖区域”，意思是自有一套法律制度的区域。一个国家可能是一个法域，如法国，也可能有许多法域，如美国的50个州每个州都是一个法域。“一国两制”，可以说是“一个国家、两个法域”。
5.jurisprudence，除了法理学外，jurisprudence还有一个释义，即“判例”，裁决的总称。lawyer不一定总是指律师，它也可能是指“法学者”或“法律工作者”。international lawyer 并不是“国际律师”，而是研究国际法的“国际法学者”。
6.remedy，该词在法律文件中常用，它并不是“治疗、疗法、医药”的意思。它是指法律规定的，执行、保护、恢复权利的方法，或补救权利所受侵害的方法，应当译“补救方法”或“补救”。具体地说remedy（补救方法）包括什么内容呢？主要有支付损害赔偿金，另外有强制令（injunction）、依约履行（specific performance）的裁定、法院宣告（declaration）等。法律文件中的redress、relief与remedy意思相同，也可译为“补救方法”或“补救”。常常有人将remedy译成“救济方法”，这个译法比较旧，而且容易被误解为灾难的救济，所以不合适。还有人译“赔偿”，这也不妥，因为在remedy中，赔偿固然是常见的办法，但却不是唯一的办法。还有一个常见的提法：exhaustion of local remedies，这是一条原则，意思是在外国人的权利受到侵害时，首先应当寻求所在国法律规定的补救方法，只有在使用过所
有的所在国补救方法仍无效果时，才能寻求外交保护或提出国际索赔的要求。所以译“充分使用当地补救方法”为宜。有人译“耗尽当地补救方法”，这个“耗尽”是什么意思，恐怕不好懂。
7.injunction，常译为“禁止令”或“禁制令”，这不大合适，因为法院为injunction包括两种情况，它可以禁止你做某件事（prohibitory injunction），也可以命令你做某件事（mandatory injunction），若译“禁止令、禁制令”就只适用于前一种情况，而不适用于后一种情况。所以injunction该译“强制令”或“法院强制令”。只有prohibitory injunction才宜译“禁止令”或“法院禁止令”。
8.act or omission .译“作为或不作为”，表示两方面的行为，积极和消极的行为，都是行为。例如一个铁道扳道工因为醉酒没有按时扳动道岔以致发生撞车惨剧，事故的原因就是扳道工的omission“不作为”。有时根据上下文，也可将act or omission译为“行为或不行为”。
9.wrongful act.“不法行为”，指的是违反法律规定、违反法律义务的行为，对此是要承担责任的。它是一个法律上的概念，不是道义上的概念。有人将此词组译成“不当行为”或“错误行为”，都是“不当”或“错误”的。
10.estoppel，个人认为译“禁止翻供”不妥，因为estoppel不但指禁止推翻自己的口供供词，也指禁止推翻自己所做的证词等等。这个术语也是英文法律术语没有适当译法的一个例子。我勉强译为“禁止改口”。
11.due diligence和due care，这两个词的意思差不多，都译“应有的注意”。与之相反则是negligence，没有做到due care或due diligence即构成negligence（过失）。有的辞典将due diligence译为“克尽职责”是不大合适的。
12.legal person，moral person，juristic person，artificial person，juridical person.都译“法人”，与自然人相对。body corporate也是“法人”，或译“法人实体”。不少的词典将body corporate译成“法人团体”，那是错误的。
13.extenuating circumstances，有人译成“减罪情况”，不甚妥。因为所减的并不是罪，而是刑罚。还是按我国刑事诉讼法的用语，译为“减轻处罚情节”较好一些。
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3d5025878.html,mon heritage of mankind，曾被译成“人类共同遗产”，这样译很不好，人类并未全部死绝，何来“共同遗产”？现在译“人类共同继承的财产”就比较好。
15.reasonable person或reasonable man.有人译成“通情达理的人”，这是按其普通含义译的，在法律文件中这样译就不合适了。在法律文件中reasonable person或reasonable man就是“普通正常人”的意思。
16.Service of process .有人译成“传票的送达”，不很合适，因为process不仅指传票，也指其他的诉讼文件如起诉书等，所以以译“诉讼文件的送达”为宜。
17.cross-examination，好几个词典将其译成“盘问”、“盘诘”或“反复讯问”，都译得不对。按照英美法系的审判制度，起诉方和被告方均可要求法院传唤证人出庭作证，在庭上先由要求传证人的一方向证人提问，然后再由对方向证人提问，也就是起诉方讯问被告方的证人或被告方讯问起诉方的证人，即双方交叉讯问证人，这就是cross-examination，译“交叉讯问”为宜。
英文法律术语，往往并无定译，有各种各样的译法，有时虽然有一个通用或常用的译法，可是这个译法并不合适，甚至是错误的。这个问题很值得我们翻译英文法律文件的人研究探讨。首先应当重视，不要觉得无所谓、关系不大，随便找个词就用上。术语译得不准确，英文法律文件是不可能译好的。
相关翻译
1．”Affiliate”means any person or company that directly or indirectly controls a Party or is directly or indirectly controlled by a Party, including a Party’s parent or subsidiary, or is under direct or indirect common control with such Party. For the purp ose of this Agreement, “control” shall mean either the ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company.
for the purpose of this Agreement = in this Agreement 在本协议中
general meetings = shareholders general meetings 股东大会
“关联公司”指直接或间接控制一方（包括其母公司或子公司）或受一方直接或间接控制，或与该方共同受直接或间接控制的任何人或公司。在本协议中，“控制”系指拥有在股东大会上有投票权的百分之五十（50%）或以上的公司普通股股本，或拥有任命公司董事会多数董事的权利。
2. “Proprietary Know-how” shall mean processes, methods and manufacturing techniques, experience and other information and materials including but not limited to the Technical Information and Technical Assitance supplied or rendered by the Lisensor to the Lisensee hereunder which have been developed by and are known to the Lisensor on the date hereof and/of which may be further developed by the Lisensor or become known to it during the continuance of this Agreement excepting, however, any secret know-how aquired by the Licensor from third parties which the Licensor is precluded from disclosing to the Licensee.
“专有技术”指本协议签订之日，已由许可方开发和为许可方所知，和/或在本协议持续期间可能由许可方继一部开发和为许可方获知的工序、方法、生产技术、经验及其他信息和资料，包括但不限于许可方根据本协议向被许可方提供的技术信息和技术协助，但许可方从第三方获得的不允许向被许可方披露的任何秘密技术除外。
3．”Proprietary Information”means the information, whether patenable or not, disclosed to the CJV by neither Party or its Affiliates or disclosed by the CJV to either Party or its Affiliates during the term of this Contract, including technology, inventions, creations, know-how, formulations, recipes, specifications, designs, methods, processes, techniques, data, rights, devices, drawings , instructions, expertise, trade practices, trade secrets and such commercial, economic, financial or
other information as is generally treated as confidential by the disclosing Party, its Affiliates, or the CJV, as the case may be; provided that when such information is in unwritten or intangible form, the disclosing Party, its Affilates or the CJV shall, within one month of making the disclosure, provide the other Party and/or the CJV with a written confirmation that such information constitues its Proprietary Information.
“专有信息”指在本合同期内，任何一方或其关联公司向合作经营企业披露的、或合作经营企业向任何一方或其关联公司披露的不论可否获得专利的信息，包括技术、发明、创造、诀窍、配制、配方、规格、设计、方法、工序、工艺、数据、权利、装置、图样、知识、专门知识、商业惯例、商业机密以及披露放，其关联公司或合作经营企业（视情况而定）通常视为机密的商业、经济、财务或其他信息；但是，如果该等信息不是以书面或有形形式披露的，披露方、其关联公司或合作经营企业应在披露后一个月内，向另一方和/或合作经营企业提供该等信息系其专有信息的书面确认。
4. “Encumbrances” include any option, right to acquire, right of preemption, mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, hypothecation, title creation, right of set-off, counterclaim, trust arrangemnet or other security or any equity or restriction (including any relevant restriction imposed under the relevant law.)
“权力负担”包括期权、收购权、优先权、抵押、押记、质押、留置、押汇、所有权的产生、抵付权、反诉、信托安排或其他担保、或股权、限制（包括有关法律规定的任何有关限制。）
5. In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) headings are for convenience only and shall not affect the interpretation fo this Agreement;
(b) words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa;
(c) words importing a gender include any gender;
(d) an expression_r importing a natural person includes any company, partnership, joint venture, association, corporation or other body corporate and any governmental agency;
(e) a reference to any law, regulation or rule includes all laws, regulations, or rules amendin, consolidating or replacing them, and a reference to a law includes all regulations and rules under that law;
(f) a reference to a document includes an amendment or supplement to , or replacement or novation of, that document;
(g) a reference to a party to any document includes that party’s successors and permitted assigns;
(h) a reference o an agreement includes an undertaking, agreement or legally enforceable arrangement or understanding whether or not in writing;
(i) a warranty, representation, undertaking, indemnity, convenant or agreement on the party of two or more persons binds them jointly and severally; and
(j) the schedules, annexures and appendices to this Agreement shall form an integral part of this Agreement.
在本协议中，除非上下文另有要求，
（a）标题仅为行文方便而设，并不影响对本协议的解释
（b）单数词包含其复数，反之亦然。
（c）单一性别的词包含其各种性别
（d）自然人的含义包括公司、合伙企业、合营企业、关联企业、法人团体或其他法人和政府机构
（e）凡提到的任何法律、法规或条例，包括修正、合并或替代该等法律、法规或条例的一切法律、法规或条例，凡提到的某一法律，包括根据法律项下的一切法规和条例。
（f）凡提到的文件，包括该文件的修正件、补充件或替代件
（g）凡提到的文件的一方，包括该方的继承人和被许可的受让人
（h）凡提到的协议，包括承诺、约定或法律上可强制执行的安排或谅解，无论是不是书面形式
（i）两人或两人以上的保证、陈述、承诺、赔偿、约定或协议，各人共同和分别受其约束（j）本协议的附表、附录和附件构成本协议不可分割的部分。
补充翻译练习
1. “Control ” m eans the power of any entity to direct the affairs of another entity whether by any of the following means or otherwise:
(a) beneficial ownership of or entitlement to acquire shares or assets of the other;
(b) power to exercise voting rights in relation to the other;
(c) power to appoint members of the supervisory board, board of directors or bodies legally representing the other; or
(d) power to operate, direct or manage the general affairs of the other
“控制权”指任何实体，无论是通过下列任一途径还是通过其他方式监督另一实体的事务的权利：
（a）拥有另一实体股份或资产的受益所有权或收购另一实体股份或资产的权利；
（b）行使与另一实体相关的投票权的权力；
（c）任命合法代表另一实体的监事会、董事会或机构成员的权力；或
（d）经营、监督或管理另一实体的一般事物的权力。
2. “Technical Information” shall mean all technical data, drawings, designs, formulae, specifications, processes, methods of manufacture, computer programs or other software or technical documents and similar intellectual property rights of or developed by the Lisensor as of the date hereof or to be developed by the Licensor during the term of this Agreement relating to the Product, including improvements hereto.
“技术信息”指本协议签订之日，许可方拥有的或已开发的、或在本协议期间内许可方开发的与产品（包括产品的改进）有关的一切技术数据、图纸、设计、公式、规格、工序、生产方法、计算机程序或其他软件或技术文件及类似知识产权。
3. The headings used in this Contract are for ease of reference only, and in no event shall the subtance of any paragraph or the intent of the Parties be interpreted or controlled by such headings.
本协议中的标题仅为方便参考而设，不得用于解释或控制协议任何条款的实质内容或各方的意向。
4. References to:
(a) Clauses and Schedules are to clauses in and schedules to this Agreement (unless the context otherwise requires) and the Recitals and Schedules to this Agreement shall be deemed to form part of this Agreement;
(b) “person” shall include body corporate, unincorporated association and partnership (whether or not having separate legal personality)
(c) writing shall include any methods of producing or reproducing words in a legible and non-transitory form; and
(d) masculine gender shall include the femine and neuter and the singular number shall include the plural and vice versa.
凡提到的：
（a）条款和附件，系指本协议的条款和附件（除非上下文另有要求），且本协议的事实陈述部分和附件应被视为本协议的组成部分；
（b）“人”，包括法人团体、非法人社团和合伙企业（无论是否具有单独的法律人格）；（c）书面形式，包括任何以清晰和永久的形式产生或复制文字的方法；以及
（d）阳性词，包括其阴性和中性形式，单数词包括其复数形式；反之亦然。
第五章Entire Agreement, Amendment, and Language 完整协议、修改、语言
翻译技巧增词
1．增补原文隐含而没有名示的词
The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same.
任何一方在任何时候未要求另一方履行本协议任一条款，并不影响其以后强制执行该条款的权利。
2．增补能使词义更加明确的词
Specifically, and without limiting the generality of the foregoing, Party A shall bear all responsibility for any loses or damages suffered by Party B as a result of any mistakes, errors or omissions caused by Party A in connection with the processing and packing of the Products.
特别是，在不受前述一般性原则限制的情况下，因甲方加工和包装产品出错、失误或疏漏而使乙方遭受损害，甲方应承担一切责任。
3．增补被省略的句子成分
This agreement shall take effect on the Effective Date and shall continue for a period of ten (10) years. This Agreement shall be automatically renewed for one-year terms thereafter unless and until teminated by either Party hereto by giving six (6) months’written notice to the other.
本协议自生效日起生效，有效期为十（10）年。此后，除非一方提前六个月向另一方发出终止本协议的书面通知，本协议逐年自动延长一（1）年。
最重要的是，翻译要清楚明白，不能让人看不懂或者产生歧义。所以可以根据需要增补所需的词语。第一条和第三条似乎并没有太大的区别。
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相关条款的翻译
1.All the appendices to this Agreement shall be an integral part of this Agreement. This Agreement and all its appendices shall constitute the entire agreement between the Parties with respect to the subject matter set forth herein and supersede any and all previous oral and written discussions,
negotiations, notices, memoranda, documents, agreements, contracts and communications between the Parties relating to such subject matter.
本协议的所有附件是本协议的不可分割的一部分。本协议及其附件构成双方就本协议规定的标的达成的完整协议，并取代双方先前与该标的有关的一切口头和书面的洽谈、谈判、通知、备忘录、文件、协议、合同和通讯。
With respect to = concerning 关于，就…而言
Herein = in this Agreement 在本协议中
2.The terms and conditions herein contained, including the Appendices hereto, constitute the entire agreement between the parties hereto. This Contract shall supersede all previous communications, either oral or written between the parties. Amendents modifying or extending the Contract shall be binding upon both parties only if in writing and signed by a duly authorised officer or representative of each party.
本合同所包含的条款和条件，包括合同附件，构成合同双方的完整协议。本合同取代双方以前所有的口头或书面通讯。对合同所作的修改或扩充，只有采取书面形式并经双方正式授权的主管人员或代表签署后，方能对双方有约束力。
3.This Agreement, entered into as of the date written above, constitutes the entire agreement between the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof and shall be in addition to and not in derogation of the provisions of the Supply Agreement. No terms or provisions of this Agreement shall be varied or modified by any prior or subsequent statement, conduct or act of either of the Parties, except that the Parties may amend this Agreement by written instruments referring to and executed in the same manner as this Agreement.
在文首载明的日期签订的本协议，构成双方关于本协议标的的完整协议，是对供应协议规定的补充而不是减损。任何一方均不得以先前或以后的声明、举动或行为修改或变更本协议的任何条款或规定，但双方可以以本协议提及的和以本协议相同方法签署的书面文件修改本协议。
As of = as from = 在…时候；直到…表示某事开始的时间或日期eg. This new Contract takes effect as of March 1, 2002 这份新合同2002年3月1日起生效
Following is an analysis of the situation as of this Date.
到今日为止的形势分析如下。
Written above 通常指合同一开始就写明的签订日期，译为“上述”太笼统，应该用“文首载明的日期”更为贴切。
4.This Agreement, including any Statement of Work entered into pursuant hereto, constitutes the entire agreement of the parties hereto with respect its subject matter and supersedes all prior and contemporaneous representations, proposals, discussions, and communications, whether oral or in writing. In the event of a conflict between the provisions of this Agreement and the specific provisions set forth in a Statement of Work, the provisions of the Agreement shall control, except to the extent the provisions in a Statement of Work expressly provide otherwise.
本协议，包括根据本协议订立的工作一览表，构成本协议双方关于本协议标的的完整协议，并取代双方先前的或现在的所有陈述、建议、讨论和通讯，无论是口头的还是书面的。若本协议的规定与工作一览表的具体规定发生冲突，以本协议的规定为准，但工作一览表另有明示规定的除外。
Pursuant hereto= pursuant to this Agreement = in accordance with this Agreement 根据本协议eg.
The insolvent company applied for bankruptcy pursuant to Section 12 fo the Bankruptcy Law. 这家无力偿还债务的公司根据《破产法》第12条申请破产。
In the event of = if something happens 如果…发生；万一eg.
Britain agreed to support the US in the event of war. 英国同意一旦发生战争，将支持美国。Control = prevail （更常用）以…为准
5. This Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties with respect to its subject matter (no party having relied on any representation or warranty made by any other party which is not contained in this Agreement) and no variation of this Agreement shall be effective unless made in writing and signed by all of the parties.
本协议构成双方关于协议标的的完整协议（各方均依赖于另一方在本协议中的陈述或保证），对本协议的任何修改，只有通过书面形式并经双方签字后方能生效。
这一句的翻译似乎值得商榷。括号中的部分，我觉得应该翻成：各方不得依赖另一方在本协议之外的陈述或保证。此句和上面那句的意思仍有不同。
6. Amendments to this Contract may be made only by a written instrument signed by a duly authorised representative of each of the Parties and, unless prior approval from the Examination and Approval Authority/the appropriate government department is statutorily required, such amendments shall become effective upon the signing by the duly authorised representatives of both Parties.
对本合同的修改，只能通过各方的正式授权代表签署书面协议进行。除法律要求须经审批机构/政府有关部门事先批准外，该等修改经双方授权代表签字后立即生效。
7. This Agreement shall be signed in four (4) counterparts and all such counterparts taken together shall be deemed to constitute one and the same instrument. The Parties shall sign a Chinese language version of this Agreement as soon as reasonably possible. Should there be any discrepancy between the two language versions, the English version of this Agreement shall prevail.
本协议签署本一式四（4）份，四份文本视为共同构成同一份协议。双方应尽快签署本协议的中文文本。协议的英文文本和中文文本如有不一致之处，以英文文本为准。
One and the same =同一个，完全一样是固定短语，用于加强the same 的语气eg.
One and the same occurred to each of them.
8. This Agreement may be executed by the parties hereto in any number of counterparts and on separate counterparts, each of which when so executed shall be deemed an original but all of which shall constitute one and the same instrument and shall be binding on all parties. A party may execute this Agreement and the documents referred to herein on a facsimile copy counterpart and deliver its signature and seal by facsimile.
本协议各方可签署任何数量的协议文本，并在各份文本上签字。每份文本一经各方签署均视为原件，所有文本构成同一份文据，对各方均有约束力。一方可签署本协议和本协议提及的文件的传真件，并通过传真交付其签名和印章。
补充翻译练习
1. This Agreement and the schedules hereto constitute the entire agreement between the Parties relating to the subject matter hereof and supersede all previous writings and understandings related hereto.
本协议及其附件构成双方关于本协议标的的完整协议，并取代双方先前有关本协议的一切书面文件和谅解。
2. Any amendments to this Contract shall become effective only after a written agreement to effect the amendments signed by Party A and Party B has been approved by the Examination and Approval Authority.
对本合同的任何更改，只有在甲乙双方签署的实施修改的书面意见经审批机构批准以后方能生效。
3. This Contract is executed in English and Chinese. Both language versions shall be equally authentic. Each Party acknowledges that it has reviewed both language texts and that they are substantially the same in all material respects.
本合同的签署本有中文和英文两种。两种文本具有同等效力。各方承认其业已审阅合同的两种文本，中文本和英文本在一切重要方面完全相同。
4. This Agreement is executed in Chinese. If necessary, it may be translated into other languages. However, if there is any conflict, ambiguity or discrepancy between the Chinese version and a version in other language, the Chinese version shall prevail.
本协议以中文签署。如有必要，本协议可以译成其他文字。但是，如果本协议的中文文本和其他文本之间存在矛盾，歧义或者不一致之处，则以中文本为准。
5. This Contract shall be written in both Chinese and English. Both versions are equally authentic. Each version shall be in eight (8) counterparts. Each of the Parties shall hold one counterpart of each language version. The remaining counterparts shall be submitted to the Examination and Approval Authority for approval or reference, or retained by the CJV, as required.
本合同用中文和英文写就。中文文本和英文文本具有同等效力。两种文本各一式八（8）份。各方各执中文文本和英文文本各一份。其余文本按要求报送有关审批机构审批、供其参考，或由合作经营企业保存。
词语的翻译（二）
1．复叠词的翻译
法律英语在用词方面的特点之一，是常常讲两个同义词或近义词复叠在一起使用，形成相对固定或稳定的词组，或是为了加强语势，或是为了措辞严谨。在翻译时，大体上有下列两种方法：
（1）两个复叠的词意义相同或大体相同，一般只需译成一个汉语词：
(a) The contract was declared null and void by the competent authority. 主管部门宣布该合同无效。
(b) If any one or more of the provisions contained in this Agreement shall be invaild, illegal, or unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity, legality and enforceability of
the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected or impaired and shall remain in full force and effect. 如果本协议的某条或数条条款，根据任何适用法律在任何方面是无效的、不合法的、或不能强制执行的，则本协议的其他条款的效力、合法性和可执行性不受任何影响或损害，并依然完全有效。
(c) During the term of this Agreement, Party A shall undertake, renew and maintain for its benefit and interest, and at its own cost and expense, the following primary insurance policies. 在本协议期间，甲方应为自身利益自费购买、续买和保持下列主要保险。
(d) Party A further represents and warrants that the Land is free and clear of any and all claims, charges, easement, encumbranches, lease, convenants, security interest, liens, option, pledge, rights of others, or restrictions. 甲方进一步陈述和保证，该土地不存在任何权利主张、抵押、地役权、权利负担、租约、契约、担保权益、留置权、购买权、质押、他人权利或限制。
(e) In the event that any of the conditions referred to in Clause X is not fulfilled on or before the Cut-off Date, then the Puchaser may by notice to the Vendor terminate this Agreement whereupon all obligations and liabilities of the parties hereunder shall cease and determine. 如果在截止日期或之前，X款提到的任何条件未得到满足，买方则可以经通知卖方终止本协议。协议一旦终止，各方在本协议项下的所有义务和责任即刻终止。
（2）两个复叠的词意义相近，可用两个汉语近义词来翻译，以充分体现原文的意旨：(a) The Company shall, at its own cost and expense, at all times during operation of the factory and other facilities and during any construction work take out and maintain full and adequate property insurance covering the buildings, contents, and other first party risks of the Company as are customarily insured against in China. 公司应在工厂和其他设施运营期间以及工程施工期间，自费购买并保有在中国按惯例应予保险的，包括公司建筑物，内部设施以及其他第一方风险在内的全面和充分的财产保险。
(b) Each Party undertakes with the other Party that it shall treat as strictly confidential all information received or obtained by it or its employees, agents or advisers as a result of entering into or performing this Agreement and that it shall not at any time hereafter make use of or disclose or divulge to any person any such information. 各方向另一方承诺，其将对因签订或履行本协议而由其或其雇员，代理人或顾问得到或获得的所有信息严格保密，且在此后任何时候均不使用或向任何人披露或泄露任何该等信息。
2．一连串相关词的翻译
法律英语在用词方面的另一个特征是，常常把一连串意义相关或相近的词房子一起，以求全面而无疏漏。但由于并不是每个法律用词在汉语中都有完全等同或对应的词，这给翻译造成了难题。处理这个问题的办法是，能找到对应词的，尽量用对应词来译；没有类似的同类词的，只能暂告阙如。
(a) The Parties agree that this Agreement may be pleaded in any court of competent jurisdiction as a bar to any action, suit, claim, cause of action or proceeding commenced by Party B against Party A or Party C for or in respect of or in any way connected with or arising out of the claim. 各方同意，本协议可在有管辖权的任何法庭上用于答辩，以阻止乙方为索赔、就索赔、与索赔有关或因索赔而向甲方或丙方提起诉讼、索赔、诉讼事由或诉讼程序。
(b) Taxation shall comprise all forms of taxes, including without limitation income tax, capital gains tax, stamp duty, tariffs, customs duties, import and export duties, impositions, duties and levies, and all fines, penalties, charges, fees, costs and rates imposed, levied and collected by the
taxation authority and other competent authorities. 税收包括各种形式的税项，包括但不限于税务局和其他主管部门征收的所得税、资本利得税、印花税、关税、进出口税、各种征税、以及一切罚金、收费和税款。
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相关条款的翻译
1．Each Party undertakes with the other Party that it shall treat as strictly confidential all information received or obtained by it or its employees, agents or advisers as a result of entering into or performing this Agreement including information realting to the provisions of this Agreement, the negotiations leading up to this Agreement, the subject matter of this Agreement or the business or affairs of the other Party or any member of the other P arty’s group of companies and that it shall not at any time hereafter make use of or disclose or divulge to any person any such information and shall use its best endeavors to prevent the publication or disclosure of any such information.
各方向另一方承诺，其将对因签订或履行本协议而由其或其雇员、代理人或顾问得到或获得的所有信息，包括与本协议的规定、为达成本协议进行的谈判、本协议的标的、或另一方的或另一方集团公司任意成员的业务或事物相关的信息严格保密，其在此后任何时候均不使用或向任何人披露或泄露任何该等信息，并竭力防止该等信息的公布或披露。
2．From and after the date of this Agreement, Party A shall, and shall cause its affiliates and successors to, use the same efforts to maintain the confidentiality of any Confidential Information as Party A used to maintain the confidentiality of such information prior to the date hereof. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Party A and its affiliates and successors shall, after prior notice to, and consultation with Party B, be permitted to disclose any such Confidential Information to the extent legally required or necessary for obtaining appropriate regulatory licenses or approvals.
自本协议之日起及其后，甲方应尽力并应促使其关联公司或承继人尽力对机密信息进行保密，一如其在本协议之日前为该等机密信息保密。尽管有前述规定，甲方及其关联公司和承继人经事先通知乙方并与乙方协商后，应允许其仅按照法律要求，或为获得有关管理部门的执照或批准而披露必须予以披露任何该等机密信息。
3．All Proprietary Information disclosed by either Party or its affiliates to the CJV in accordance with the provisions of this Contract and the Technology License Agreement and/or the Tragdemark License Agreement to be entered into between an affiliate of Party B and the CJV on or about the date hereof substantially in the form attached hereto as Appendix X shall be used by the CJV and its personnel solely for the CJV’s account and purposes. Each party and any of its affiliates shall maintain the secrecy of all Proprietary Information that may be disclosed or furnished to it by the CJV or the other Party and its affiliates, and neither of the Parties or their affiliates shall disclose or reveal any such Propriertary Information to any third party without explicit written authorization form the other Party. Any Proprietary Information obtained by the CJV or a Party or its affiliates may be disclosed only to the designated employees of the CJV or that Party and its affiliates whose duties so require for the implementation of this Contract. The CJV and each Party and its affiliates shall take all reasonable precautions (including the conclusion of confidentiality contracts with each such employee) to prevent such employees from
using and disclosing the Proprietary Information in contravention of this Article 3.
任何一方或其关联公司根据本合同及一方一家关联公司与合作经营企业于本合同同日或稍后签订的技术许可协议和/或商标许可协议（其格式见附件五）的规定，向合作经营企业披露的所有专有信息，仅供合作经营企业及其人员用于合作经营企业的自身利益和目的。各方及其关联公司应对合作经营企业或另一方及其关联公司向其披露或提供的所有专有信息保密；未经另一方明示的书面授权，任何一方或其关联公司不得向任何第三方披露或透露任何该等专有信息。合作经营企业或一方或其关联公司获得的人和专有信息，只能披露给为执行本合同其职责需要其知悉该等信息的合作经营企业或该方及其关联公司的指定雇员。合作经营企业和各方及其关联公司应采取一切合理的预防措施（包括与每一个该等雇员订立保密合同），防止该等雇员违反本条规定而使用或披露专有信息。
4．“Confidential Information”means all documents, software and documentation, reports, financial or other data, records, forms, tools, products, services, methodologies, present and future research, technical knowledge, marketing plans, trade secrtes, and other materials obtained by Consultant and Client from each other in the course of performing any Services, whether tangible or intangible and whether or not stored, compiled, or memorized physically, electronically, graphically, in writing, or by any means now known or later invented. Confidential Information includes without Limitation records and information and Counsultant’s Information (i) that has been marked as proprietary or confidential; (ii) whose confidential nature has been made known by Client or Consultant; or (iii) that due to its character and nature, a resonable person under like circumstances would treat as confidential. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Confidential Information does not include information which (i) is already known to the recipient at the time or disclosure; (ii) is or becomes publicly known through no wonderful act or failure of the recipient; (iii) is independent ly developed by the recipient without benefit of the other party’s Confidential Information; or (iv) is received from a third party wihich is not under and does not thereby breach an obligation of confidentiality. Each party agrees to pro tect the other’s Confidential Information at all times and in the same manner as each protects the confidentiality of its own proprietary and confidential materials, but in no event with less than a reasonable standard of care. Consultant will deliver to Client all Confidential Information and all copies thereof (and all other property obtained from or through Client) when Client requests the same or immediately upon termination of this Agreement, whichever occures earlier, except for one copy thereof that Consultant may retain for its records. Neither party shall, except with respect to those of its employee with a need to know under this Agreement, use or disclose to any person, firm or entity any Confidential Information of the other Party without such other party’s express, prior written permission; provided, however, that notwithstanding the foregoing, Consultant may disclose Confidential Information to the extent that it is required to be disclosed pursuant to a statutory or regulatory provision or court order. The confidentiality restrictions and obligations imposed by this Section 4 shall terminate two (2) years after the expiration or termination of this Agreement.
“机密信息”系指在履行服务期间，顾问和客户相互间获得的一切文件、工具、产品、服务、方法、现在和将来的研究、技术知识、营销计划、商业秘密及其他资料，无论是有形的还是无形的，无论是否以实际、电子、图形或书面形式、或以现在已知的或日后发明的方式存储、编写或纪录。机密信息包括但不限于下列记录和信息及顾问的信息：（i）已被称为“专有”或“机密”；（ii）其机密性质已为客户或顾问告知；或（iii）由于其特点和性质，有理性的人在相同情况下，会将该等信息作为机密信息对待。尽管有前述规定，但机密信息不包括以
下信息：（i）披露之时早已为收受方所知的信息；（ii）并非因收受方的非法行为或违约而成为公众所知的信息；（iii）收受方并非借助另一方机密信息而独立开发的信息；或（iv）从无保密义务因而也不违反保密义务的第三方获取的信息。各方同意，在任何时候都以保护自身专有资料和机密资料相同的方式保护另一方的机密信息，在任何情况下都已不低于合理的保密标准予以保护。客户要求时，或本协议终止时（以两种情况种先发生的为准），顾问将向客户提交所有机密信息及一切副本（和从客户或通过客户获得的一切其他财产），但顾问可以存档的一份副本除外。未经另一方事先明示的书面允许，任何一方均不得使用或向任何人、公司或实体披露该另一方的任何机密信息，但根据本协议需要知晓的本方雇员除外。但尽管有前述规定，法律或行政规定或法院命令要求披露的机密信息，顾问可予以披露。本条规定的保密限制和义务，在本协议期满或终止二（2）年后终止。
补充翻译练习
1. During the term of this Agreement, all the oral and written information, including but not limited to manufacturing technologies, procedures, methods, formulas, data, techniques, experiences, know-now, and business information (“Confidential Information”) to be provided by Party A to Party B shall be treated as strictly confidential and shall be used only for the purpose set forth herein. Title to such information and the interest related hereto shall remain with Party A at all time.
在本协议期限内，甲方向乙方提供的一切口头和书面信息，包括但不限于制造工艺、程序、方法、配方、数据、技术、经验、诀窍和商业信息（“机密信息”），均以绝密对待，且只用于本协议规定的目的。该等信息的所有权及相关权益始终属于甲方。
Party B agrees to take all necessary steps to prevent Confidential Information from being disclosed to third parties and shall require its personnel to abide by the same confidentiality regulation. Party B shall not disclose Confidential Information to anyone other than to such persons who require access to thereto for the exclusive purpose provided hereunder and who are aware of their obligations of confidentiality thereunder.
乙方同意采取一切必要步骤，以防止机密信息披露给第三方，并且应要求其人员遵守同样的保密规定。乙方除了向为了本协议规定的目的而需要接触机密信息、且了解本协议规定的保密义务的人员披露机密信息外，不得向其他任何人披露。第三章结束。
2. Party A acknowledges that the System, all technical documentation delivered to Party A by Party B hereunder, and all other information relating to the design, development, configuration, use, installation, operation and maintenance of the System constitutes confidential or proprietary information of Party B, and Party B acknowledges that Party A may provide confidential or proprietary information to Party B hereunder (collectively referred to as “Confidential Informa tion”). Each Party agrees to use Confidential Information received from the other Party only for the purpose contemplated by this Agreement and for no other purposes. Except as specified in this Agreement, no other rights express or implied, including but not limited to licenses, of trademarks, inventions, copy rights, patents, or any other intellectual property rights whatsoever, are granted hereunder or by the conveying of Confidential Information. Confidential Information provided is not to be reproduced in any form except as required to accomplish the intent of, and in accordance with the terms of, the Agreement. Each Party shall provide the same
care to avoid disclosure or unauthorized use of the other Party’s Confidential Information as it provides to protect its own similar proprietary information. Confidential Information must be kept by the receiving Party in a secure place with access limited to only such Party’s employees, contractors, or agents who need to know such information for the purposes of this Agreement and who have similary agreed to keep such information confidential pursuant to a written confidentiality agreement which reflects the terms thereof. Except as provided herein and unless otherwise specified in writing, all Confidential Information (i) remains the property of the disclosing Party, and (ii) must be returned to the disclosing Party or destroyed after the receiving Party’s need for it has expired. At the request of the disclosing Party, the receiving Party shall furnish a certificate signed by a director or authorized office of the receiving Party certifying that Confidential Information not returned to the disclosing Party has been destroy.
甲方确认, 系统、乙方根据本协议向甲方交付的一切技术文件以及与系统的设计、开发、购形、使用、安装、操作相关的一切其他信息，构成乙方机密信息或专有信息，且乙方确认，甲方可以根据本协议向乙方提供机密信息或专有信息（合称“机密信息”）。各方同意仅为本协议预期的目的而不是其他目的的使用从对方得到的机密信息。除本协议规定外，本协议并不授予，亦不通过机密信息的转让授予任何其他的明示的或默示的权利，包括但不限于执照、商标、发明权、著作权、专利权或任何其他知识产权。所提供的机密信息不得以任何形式加以复制，但为实现本协议的意向和根据本协议的条款需要复制的除外。各方应谨慎从事，以防披露或擅自使用另一方的机密信息，犹如各方保护自己的类似专有信息。收受方必须将机密信息保存在安全的地方，可以接触该等信息的人，仅限于该方为本协议之目的需要知道该等信息、且已按照一份反映本条条款的书面保密协议同样统一对该等信息进行保密的雇员、承包商或代理人。除非本协议有规定或另有书面规定，一切机密信息（i）始终为披露方的财产，（ii）且在收受方所需要的使用期届满后必须退还披露方或予以销毁。应披露方要求，收受方应提供经收受方的一名董事或授权的主管人员签字的证明，证明未退还披露方的机密信息已被销毁。
词语的翻译(一)
1. 一词多义
good a good contract 有效合同
goodwill 公司或企业的“商誉”
(a) Neglect of duty is good cause for removal of a trustee.
理事玩忽职守，理应解除其职务。Good cause 表示a legally sufficient reason 法律上有充分理由。
(b) The vendor shall procure that the Purchaser acquires good title to the Shares free from all charges, liens, encumbrances, quities and claims whatsoever.
卖方应保证买方获得不容置疑的股份所有权，且该等股份不带任何押记、留置、负担、权益和主张。
Good title = title that is legally valid and effective 法律上有效的所有权，也可译成无可争辩的所有权。
(c) Now Therefore, in consideration of the premises, and the representations, warranties, covenants, and undertakings of the parties hereinafter set forth, and for other good and valuable consideration, the parties agree among themselves as follows.
鉴于上述事实和各方在下文所作的陈述、保证、立约和承诺，及其他有效的有价约因，现各方达成协议如下。
Good consideration = consideration that is valid under the law 法律上有效的约因或对价
(d) Party A is a company duly organized, validly existing and is good standing as a legal person under the laws of the PRC.
甲方是根据中华人民共和国的法律正式成立，有效存续和资格完备的法人公司。
In good standing 表示是符合法律法规要求的，是有资格的。
(e) If any term or provision of this Agreement shall become or be declared illegal, invalid or unenforceable for any reason whatsoever, such term or provision shall be severed from this Agreement and shall be deemed to be deleted from this Agreement; provided that if such deletion materially affects or alters the basis of this Agreement, the parties shall negotiate in good faith to amend and modify the provisions and terms of this Agreement as may be necesaary or desirable in the circumstances.
如果因任何原因本协议的任一条款或规定变为或被宣布为不合法、无效或不可执行，该条款或规定须与本协议分离，且被视为从本协议中删除。但如果删除该条条款或规定会实质性影响或改变本协议的基础，双方应以诚信的态度进行谈判，以期在必要或可取的情况下队本协议的规定和条款进行修改和变更。
Good fatith = honesty, fairness and lawfulness of purpose 诚信
2. 一词多译
(a) The Amendments include provisions for freedom of speech, of the press and of worship; the right of citizens to meet peacefully; the right to be secure in one’s own home against unreasonable searches and seizure of persons or property; and the right of any person charged with breaking the law to have a speedy trialby a jury of fellow citizens.
修正案条款中规定言论、新闻和信仰自由，公民有和平集会的权利，又在自己家里享有安全、人身不受无理搜查和逮捕，财产不受无理查抄的权利，以及任何人被指控犯罪时享有公民陪审团及时审理的权利。
(b) None of the Parties shall be entitled to make or permit or authorize the making of any press release of other public statement or disclosure concerning this Agreement or any of the transactions contemplated in it, without the prior written consent of the other Parties, save as required by law or other competent authority.
未经其他各方事先书面同意，任何一方均无权就有关本协议或本协议与其的任何交易举行新闻发布会，发表公开声明或进行披露，亦无权允许或授权他人进行此等发布或披露，法律或其他主管部门要求的除外。
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相关条款的翻译
1．If Party A materially breaches this Contract, Party B or its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract. If Party B materially breaches this Contract, Party A is entitled to request Party B, by issuing a written notice, to redress the breach with in fifteen (15) days upon receiving such notice. If Party B fails to redress the breach within the fifteen (15)-day period, Party A is entitled to rescind the Contract and claim damages for the breach of contract.
如果甲方实质性违反合同，乙方或其权益承继人有权中止本合同或要求得到损害赔偿。如果
乙方实质性违反本合同，甲方经发出书面通知，有权要求乙方在收到书面通知后十五（15）天内改正违约行为。如果乙方在十五（15）天期限内未予改正，加方则有权解除合同并要求得到违约赔偿。
2．If a Party materially fails to perform any of its obligations under this Contract or if a Party’s representation or warranty under this Contract is materially untrue or inaccurate, such Party shall be deemed to have breaches this Contract. The Party in breach shall have thiry (30) days from receipt of a notice form the other Party specifying the breach to correct such breach if it is remediable. The Party in breach shall in any case be liable to the other Party for all damages caused by the breach. Liability for such damages shall not be waived in the event the non-breaching Party terminates this Contract under Aticle X. All remedies providded for herein and under law shall be cumulative.
如果一方实质上未履行其在本合同项下的任何义务，或一方在本合同项下的陈述或保证实质上是不真实的或不准确的，该方应被视为违反了合同。违约方应在收到另一方指明其违约行为的通知后三十（30）日内，纠正其违约行为（若该违约行为是可以纠正的）。无论如何，违约方有责任赔偿另一方因该等违约而造成的一切损害。如果守约方根据X条中止本合同，违约方仍应给予损害赔偿。本合同规定的及法律规定的一切救济应当是累积的。
3．The Licensee shall promptly notify the Licensor, in writing, of any acts of infringement or suspected infringement or acts of unfair competition involving the Trademarks and of any applications or registrations of confusingly similar marks which may come to its attention, The Licensee shall not be entitled to take any proceedings or call on the Licensor to take any proceedings in any of the aforsaid matters; provided, however, that the Licensor may, at its own dicretion and cost, prosecute or otherwise stop or prevent such acutal or threatened infringement in the name of both the Licensor and the Licensee or either of them, and in each case the Licensee shall render all reasonable assistance required by the Licensor.
一旦被许可方获悉设计商标的侵权行为或涉嫌的侵权行为，或涉及商标的不正当竞争行为，以及引起混淆的类似商标的应用和注册，被许可方应立即书面通知许可方。被许可方无权就上述任何行为起书或要求许可方起诉，但许可方可自行决定并自付费用，以许可方和被许可方双方名义或任一方名义，对实际发生或似将发生的商标侵权行为提起诉讼，或以其他方式阻止或防止该等行为侵权行为。无论许可方采取前述何种行动，被许可方均应提供许可方所要求的一切合理协助。
4．Infringement and legal proceedings
(a) The Licensee shall give the Licensor in writing full particulars of any use or proposed use by any other person, firm or company of a trade name, trademark or get-up of goods or means of promotion or advertising which amounts to or is likely to amount to infrinement of the rights of the Licensor in relation to the Licensed Trademarks or contravention of the Anti-unfair Competition Law as soon as it becomes aware of such use or proposed use.
被许可方一旦获悉任何其他人、商行或公司使用或拟使用的商品名称、商标、商品装饰、促销活广告手段相当于或可能相当于侵犯许可方对于受许可商标的权利或违反反不正当竞争法，应立即以书面形式将详细情况告知许可方。
(b) If the Licensee becomes aware that any other person, firm or company alleges that any of the
Licensed Trademarks is invaild or that use of the Licensed Trademarks any rights of another party, the Licensee shall immediately give the Licensor in writing full particulars thereof and may make no disclosure of information or admission to any third party in respect thereof.
如果被许可方获悉任何其他人，商行或公司宣称受可商标是无效的或受许可商标的使用侵犯了他方权利，应立即以书面形式将详细情况告知许可方，并不得向任何第三方披露有关此方面的信息或对此作出承认。
(c) The Licensor conduct all legal proceedings in respect of any infringement or alleged infringement of the Licensed Trademarks and any claim or counterclaim brought or threatened to be brought in connection with the use or registration of the Licensed Trademarks and shall in its absolute discretion decide what to do. The Licensor shall not be obliged to bring or defend any proceedings in relation to the Licensed Trademarks if the Licensee decides in its sole discretion to do so.
对于受许可商标所受到的侵权或侵权指控，以及就受许可商标的使用或注册提出或拟将提出的索赔或反索赔，许可方应进行一切法律诉讼，并完全由其决定采取何种行动。如果被许可方自行决定就受许可商标提起诉讼或进行抗辩，许可方无义务九次提起诉讼或进行抗辩。
(d) The Licensee will, at the request of the Licensor and at the Licensor’s expense, give full coorperation to the Licensor in any action or claim brought or threatened to be brought in respect of the Licensed Trademarks, including joining in as a party to any proceedings.
对于就受许可商标提起或拟将提起的诉讼或索赔，应许可方要求并由许可方支付费用，被许可方将给予许可方充分合作，包括作为当事人参与任何诉讼。
补充翻译练习
1．If any party fails to perform any of its obigations in any material respect under this Agreement or breaches any of the terms or Warranties set out in this Agreement in any material respect, then without prejudice to all and any other rights and remedies available at any time to a non-defaulting party (including but not limited to the right to damages for any loss suffered by that party), the non-defaulting party may, by notice either require the defaulting party to perform such obligations or remedy such breach, or treat the defaulting party as having repudiated this Agreement and rescind the same. The rights conferred upon the respective parties by the provisions of the Clause are additional to and do not prejudice any other rights the respective parties may have.
如果任何一方未在实质性方面履行其在本协议项下的任何义务，或实质性违反本协议规定的人以条款或保证，在不损害非违约方任何时候可享有的一切和任何其他权利和补偿（包括但不限于要求赔偿损失的权利）的情况下，非违约方可经通知要求违约方履行其义务或纠正违约行为，或视违约方已否认协议有效而取消本协议。本款规定赋予各方的权利，是对各方可能享有的其他权利的补充，而不是损害。
2．In the event that Licensor or Licensee becomes aware of an actual or threatened infringement of a Patent anywhere in the Territory, that party shall promptly notify the other party in writing. Licensor shall have the right but not the obligation to bring, at its own expense, an infringement action against any third party and use Licensee’s name in connection therewith and to name Licensee as a party thereto.
如果许可方或被许可方得知区域内任何地方实际发生或似将发生的专利侵权行为，该方应立
即书面通知另一方。许可方有权利但无义务真独任何第三方提起侵权诉讼，并在诉讼中使用被许可方的名称，以及制定被许可方为诉讼的当事人，诉讼费由许可方负担。
3．In the event of the institution of any suit by a third party against Licensor, Licensee or its sub-licensees or distributors fro patent infringement involving the manufacture, use, sale, distribution or marketing of the Product anywhere ini the Territory, the party sued shall promptly notify the other party in writing. Licensor shal have the right but not the obligation to defend such suit at its own expense. Licensor and Lisensee shal lassist each other and co-operate in any such litigation at the other’s request without expense to the requesting party.
如果有第三方在区域内任何地方就涉及产品的制造、使用、销售、分销或营销，对许可方、被许可方、或被许可方的分被许可方或分销商提起专利侵权诉讼，被诉方应立即书面通知另一方。许可方有权但无义务对该等诉讼进行抗辩，备用由许可房子里。在任何该等诉讼中，许可方或被许可方中的一方应另一方请求，应向请求方提供协助并与请求方合作，但不得向其收取费用。
汉语里的人称代词不多。在英语里，凡是能用人称代词取代名词的地方都用代词。汉语有重复名次的强，而不会过多使用人称代词。法律翻译之中只有代词“其”才是最合适的。
三种翻译方法：
1．译成汉语代词
(a) Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party.
未经事先允许，任何一方不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给第三方。
2．译成所代替的名词
(a) This Contract is executed in Chinese. If necessary, it may be translated into other languages.
本合同以中文文本签署。如有必要，本合同可译成其他文字。
(b) This Agreement constitues the entire agreeement between the parties with respect to its subject matter, and no variation of this Agreement shall be dffective unless made in writing and signed by all of the parties.
本协议构成双方关于本协议标的的完整协议，对本协议的任何修改，只有通过书面形式并经双方签字后方能生效。
3．省略不译
(a) The formation of this Contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and settlement of disputes in connection herewith shall be governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China.
本合同的订立，效力，解释，执行和合同争议的解决，均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。
(b) A certificate issued by the Chamber of Commerce or other appropriate authority where such circumstances occur shall be sufficient proof of the existence of such circumstances and their duration.
不可抗力事件发生地的商会或其他有关部门出具的证明，应足以证明不可抗力事件的存在和
延续的时间。
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Assignment/transfer 转让
1. Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party’s prior written consent, except to (i) any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization invilving the assigning Party, and (ii) any entity to which the assigning Party may transfer all or substantially all of its assets; provided that the assignee agrees in writing to be bound by all the terms and conditions of the Agreement and provides documentation as evidence that the assignee has the ability and capability of meeting all of the obligations under this Agreement.
任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意，不得转让本协议的全部或部分，除非转让给（i）涉及转让方的因兼并，合并或其他重组而产生的任何公司，（ii）转让方可以向其转让全部或绝大部分资产的实体；但受让方须书面同意受本协议所有条款和条件约束，并提供文件证明受让方有资格、有能力履行本协议项下的全部义务。
2. Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of it rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party. However, Party B shall have the right to assign its rights and interests and delegates its responsibilities hereunder to an affiliate; provided that Part B shall continue to warrant that such affiliate will complete the purchase of the equity interest in the manner contemplated by this Agreement.
任何一方未经事先书面批准，不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给任何第三方。但乙方有权将其在本协议项下的权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给一家关联公司，但是乙方应继续保证该关联公司将以本协议拟定的方式完成对股权的购买。
3. Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests herunder without the other Party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. Notwithstanding the above provision of this Clause, (a) Party A shall have the right to assign its rights to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity as long as Party A remains liable to perform all of its obligations under this Agreement as applicable, and (b) Party B may, without the consent of Party A, assign in whole, but not in part, its rights herunder to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity of Party B or its ultimate parent company (provided that any such assignment to any such subsidiary shal not be deemed as a release of Party B’s obligations hereunder unless Party A shall have given prior written consent to any such release and Party B shall remain liable to Party A in respect of any breach of this Clause.) Any attempted assignment in contravention of this Clause shall be void.
本协议任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意（该另一方不得无理拒绝同意），不得转让本协议或其在本协议项下的任何权利和权益。尽管本条有上述规定，但(a)甲方有权将其权利让与任何子公司、关联公司或继承实体，只要在适用情况下，加方仍有责任履行其在本协议项下的全部义务，(b)乙方可以无须经加方同意，将其在本协议项下的全部（而不是部分）权力让与乙方的任何子公司、关联公司或继承实体或其最终的母公司（但是像任何该等子公司进行转让，不应被视为解除一方在本协议项下的义务，除非甲方已事先书面同意予以解除，且
乙方若违反本条规定仍需对甲方负有责任）。任何试图违反本条规定进行的转让均为无效。Hereto ,hereunder 中的here 系指this Agreement, hereto =to this Agreement, hereunder= under this Agreement
Shall 用在法律文件中，表示法律规定的义务，legal obligation 翻译成“应”
Should 表示道义上的义务，moral obligation 翻译成“应该”，“应当”
Notwithstanding 尽管，正式用语
Such 是典型的法律用语，用以指前面提及的人或事，一般译为“该（等）”，有时视上下文也可译作“上述”、“前述”。
4. Transfer of Registered Capital 注册资本的转让
(a) Either Party may transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to the Company to any third party, provided that it first obtains the unanimous approval of the Board and the approval of the Approval Authority and complies with the provisions of this Article.
任何一方均可将其在公司注册资本中的全部和部分出资转让给第三方，但该等转让首先须经董事会一致通过及审批及格的批转，并符合本条的规定。
Registered capital contribution = contribution to the registered capital 在注册资本中的出资额Board =the board of directors 董事会
Approval Authority = the examination and approval authority 审批机构
(b) When a Party ( the “ Disposing Party”) wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice ( the “Notice”) to the other Party ( the “ Non-disposing Party”). The Notice shall state th at the Disposing Party wishes to make the transfer and shall specify the interest it wishes to transfer, the terms and conditions of the transfer, and the identity of the proposed transferee. ( the “ Transferee”).
一方（“转让方”）欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三方时，应向另一方（“非转让方”）提供书面通知（“通知”）。通知应表明转让方欲转让其出资，明确欲转让的股权、转让的条款和条件及受让人（“受让人”）的身份。
在合同中，放在括号里首字母大写的词，是为了后文叙述简便，指称明确而对其前面的对象所作的定义，只不过是省略了“hereinafter referred to as”（以下简称）一语而已。
(c) The Non-Disposing Party shall have a preemptive right to purchase the whole of such interest (i) on terms and conditions no less favorable than those specified in the Notice or (ii) at a fair market value appraised as set forth in paragraph (e). If the Non-Disposing Party elects to exercise its preemptive right, it shall notify the Disposing Part y in writing (the “Acceptance Notice”) within thirty (30) days ofo the actual delivery of the Notice to the Non-Disposing Party that it intends to purchase the whole of the interest to be transferred.
非转让方有优先权，（i）按不逊于通知规定的条款和条件，或（ii）按（e）规定，以经评估的公平市价购买全部该等股权。如果非转让方决定行使优先权，应在转让方向非转让方实际送通知后三十（30）天内，以书面形式通知转让方（“接受通知”），表明其有意购买拟转让的全部股权。
在合同中，凡是表示数目的词（包括金额和天数），除了写出英语外，习惯上还要附以加括号的与之相应的阿拉伯数字。翻译的时候也照此处理。