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外文翻译---旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例

外文翻译---旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例
外文翻译---旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例

本科毕业论文外文翻译

外文题目:The International Competitiveness of Trade in Tourism Services: Evidence from Romania

出处:Advances in Tourism Economics 2009, Part 3, 189-192,

作者:Ana Bobirca ,Cristiana Cristureanu

译文:

旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例

一、引言

旅游业是唯一的可以为任何发展水平的国家提供贸易机会的服务活动。然而,它也是一个很大程度因为国家的能力和在全球经济中的表现而又有明确的利益分配不均行业。

自20世纪90年代初,罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量,生长速率和结构的重大变化。这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。同时,新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑,引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。

二、国际竞争力视角:出口业绩和国际竞争力之间的关系及

其与国际旅游业的相关性

国际竞争力的概念,尽管有争议,难以捉摸,但现在已经得到认可,并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。

到目前为止,为提高国际竞争力已采取措施,都被认为是在经济层面进行的(Garelli 2003)通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务,以满足国际市场的考验,并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力(European Commission 2007)。

由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功,所以对竞争力的

注意力都集中在企业层面上(Porter 1990),对于此普遍理解是指“……该公司保持,并更好的是,扩大其全球市场份额,增加和扩大利润的能力。”(Clark and Guy 1998, OECD 1993)

根据传统经济理论,一个公司能够通过生产成本产生比较竞争优势,比如:劳动成本。然而,最近的研究表明,非价格竞争力因素是同样重要的决定因素。非价格因素的范围包含的内容是多样的,包括人力资源禀赋,如技能,技术因素如研究开发能力和创新能力,管理和组织因素,包括公司内部和对外与其他机构组织的关系,客户,供应商,公共和私人研究机构,和其他公司(Clark and Guy 1998, Fagerberg 1986)。总之,这些因素决定了企业在变化的技术,经济和社会环境背景下的国际市场竞争中取得成功的能力。出口表现,和该公司继续维持其市场份额的能力是国际竞争力的终极指标。

因此,虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。因此,国际竞争力的性质,效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(Coldwell 2000,Krugman 1994, 1996)。

国际竞争力,是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。

每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加,或通过从初始平衡状态的贸易条件的改变而增加,他的国际竞争力都会得到提高(Coldwell 2000)。

贸易理论表示,经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功,这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。

因此,在国际上,竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济政策,影响生产的经济生产率要素和经营成本的法规和制度。

一个可用的文献回顾和实证证据支持国际竞争力可以解释为在一定程度上,一个国家的出口能力这一观点(Dollar and Wolff 1993, Fagerberg et al. 2004)。还有就是,事实上,是出口表现和国际竞争力之间的循环关系。出口是国际竞争力的第一衡量指标。出口情况的改善会导致了一个国家的竞争力提升。这种效果是一个企业的技能,知识,创新和运用新技术并能够在一个成功的商业方式中利用技术机会等的结果。

另一方面,为了在竞争激烈的全球市场努力实现成功出口,一个国家被迫提高竞争力。更具竞争力的国家,它的经济更强大。因此,它更有能利在全球市场竞争,以吸引具有较高的知识,技能,水平人们去购买新技术等,并改善其出口业绩,以及达到更好的出口业绩。反过来,这可能有利于更多的创新,引起其竞争力的提高。因此,出口业绩和竞争力不应该被视为孤立的,因为它们是相互依存的。

然而,竞争力不应该只等同于一个国家的出口能力。其中,出口市场份额的演变也是贸易竞争力的重要元素,而后者仅仅是一个国家的竞争力组成部分由欧洲里斯本宣言定义为通过提供更多和更高质量的就业,改善和提高其居住生活水平和产生更大的社会凝聚力。个别国家收益或损失的世界市场份额往往被视为他们的贸易竞争力指数。然而,市场份额的增长也取决于结构性因素。由于需求的变化,在一个时期的开始一个国家的地域和行业专业化的一个重要因素是塑造未来的市场份额的增长。同样,国家适应这种出口变化的能力,也会影响最终结果。

此外,旅游服务的国际竞争力概念,也包括质的因素,这些是难以量化的;包括的服务质量,专业化程度,技术创新能力,人力资源素质(Rubalcaba and Cuadrado 2001)这些因素在影响一个国家的旅游业表现上是毫不逊色的。同样,高的生产增长率往往被要求作为加强竞争力的方式。但这类有利的结构性因素并不一定会导致在国外市场的销售的增长。他们可能相反的显示为通过汇率升值带来的贸易条件的改善,而维持出口表现大致不变。正是由于这个原因,以及因为这些因素很难量化计算,所以在这里,这一考虑是限于一个更加具体和综合的方法去确定罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场中的相对竞争地位。

旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献

旅游服务贸易外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力:罗马尼亚的案例 引言 旅游业是唯一的可以为任何发展水平的国家提供贸易机会的服务活动。然而,它也是一个很大程度因为国家的能力和在全球经济中的表现而又有明确的利益分配不均行业,而这又需要提高自己的竞争力。 自20世纪90年代初,罗马尼亚旅游业经历了出口量,生长速率和结构的重大变化。这些不同的波动都影响了罗马尼亚在国际旅游市场上相对的竞争地位并引起了其旅游贸易平衡的变化。同时,新的和更多的错杂的欧式建筑,引起了罗马尼亚的区域旅游竞争力的显著变化。 在此背景下,本文试图提出一个框架,以竞争力和旅游贸易表现之间的关系为重点,来评估罗马尼亚的旅游服务贸易的国际竞争力。 一、国际竞争力视角:国际竞争力之与国际旅游业的相关性 国际竞争力的概念,尽管有争议,难以捉摸,但现在已经得到认可,并继续吸引世界各地的学者和决策者的关注。 到目前为止,为提高国际竞争力已采取措施,都被认为是在经济层面进行的(加瑞利,2003)通常是指一个国家生产的商品和服务,以满足国际市场的考验,并同时保持和增加公民的收入的能力(欧洲委员会,2007)。 由于竞争力最终取决于一国企业在国内和国际的市场成功,所以对竞争力的注意力都集中在企业层面的竞争力上(波特,1990),对于此的普遍理解是指“……该公司保持,并更好的是,扩大其全球市场份额,增加和扩大利润的能力” (克拉克和盖,1998, 经济合作与发展组织,1993)。 因此,虽然广泛流传但是国际竞争力作为与国家经济和其国际贸易相关

的理论基础已经不太在学术文献进行分析。因此,一个国家国际竞争力的性质,效益和局限性仍然含糊不清(科尔德威尔,2000,克鲁格曼,1994, 1996)。 国际竞争力,是指一个国家在货物和服务贸易方面巩固和保持贸易优势相对于世界其他地区的贸易优势。 每当一个国家的经济福利通过贸易流量的增加,或通过从初始平衡状态的贸易条件的改变而增加,他的国际竞争力都会得到提高(科尔德威尔,2000)。 贸易理论表示,经济福利依赖于一个国家有比较优势的货物和服务的生产。这实际上意味着当生产符合一国的比较优势的情况时国际竞争力能得到保障。如果一国能在国际上表现良好并在出口市场竞争成功,这可能就是他们健全的国际竞争力的标志。 因此,在国际上,竞争力定义为一个经济体能够吸引其出口需求和投资供给需求的能力和在所有社会规范内提升公民生活水平的能力。这反过来又取决于宏观和微观经济政策,影响生产的经济生产率要素和经营成本的法规和制度。 一个可用的文献回顾和实证证据支持国际竞争力可以解释为在一定程度上,一个国家的出口能力这一观点(道乐和沃尔夫,1993, 格博格等. 2004)。还有就是,事实上,是出口表现和国际竞争力之间的循环关系。出口是国际竞争力的第一衡量指标。出口情况的改善会导致了一个国家的竞争力提升。这种效果是一个企业的技能,知识,创新和运用新技术并能够在一个成功的商业方式中利用技术机会等的结果。 另一方面,为了在竞争激烈的全球市场努力成功实现出口,一个国家被迫提高竞争力。更具竞争力的国家,它的经济更强大。因此,它更有能力在全球市场竞争,以吸引具有较高的知识,技能,水平人们去购买新技术等,

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