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词汇学复习资料

词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习资料

论述题

一、一般词汇与基本词汇的关系

基本词汇和一般词汇都有各自特点,因此,它们是语言词汇中两个完全不同的部分。但是,基本词汇和一般词汇又有非常密切的联系,它们相互依存,共同发展,都是语言词汇中不可缺少的部分。

第一,基本词汇是语言的基础,它也是一般词汇形成的基础,一般词汇中的大多数词都是在基本词汇基础上形成的。

第二,一般词汇反映社会的发展是非常敏感的,它几乎经常存在不吨的变动之中,因此,语言词汇中的新成分往往首先出现在一般词汇中,然后个别成分再进入基本词汇中,促成基本词

汇的发展。从这一角度讲,一般词汇又可以充当基本词汇发展的源泉。

第三,基本词汇和一般词汇中的个别成分又是可以互相转换,在词汇发展的过程中,随着社会交际需要的改变,某些基本词转化成一般词,而某些一般词也能转化为基本词汇,如过去的

基本词“鬼、窝窝头”等,现在已成了一般词,又如过去的一般词“党”,现在已经由一

般词转化成基本词,成为“共产党”的简称。

总之,基本词汇和一般词汇就是在这样相互依存不断转化的关系中间共同发展和丰富起来。它们的发展又形成整个词汇的形成。

二、词义发展的概况

1、新词的增加。语言是随着社会的发展而发展的,在这发展过程当中,词汇又是最敏感的部分,

因此,社会上的一切都会在词汇中有所反映,这就促成了语言中新词的不断增加。

2、双音词的增多。随着汉语的发展,词汇中的双音词逐渐增多起来,由单音向双音发展,是汉语

词汇发展的一种必然现象。因为随着社会的发展,交际的需求越来越纷繁复杂,需要表示的事物越来越多,有限的单音节形式就必然造成语言中同音词的大量出现。因而给人们的交际带来许多不便,汉语词的双音化就此发展起来。

3、实词虚化现象的发展。主要表现在两个方面:一方面是由实词类变为虚词类,如“因”原为

“原因”,而后发展为“因为”,充当连词使用;另一方面,是由可以充当词根词素的实词虚化成了附加词素,如“了”原为“了结”虚化成了“好了”。“了结”是实词,后来虚化成了词尾词素,读为“le”附在动词后面,表示完成体的语法意义,如“看了”、“做了”。

4、造词和构词方面的发展。汉语造词和构词的情况发展到今天已有了很大的变化,不但造词方法

已多样化,而且构词的方式也更加丰富和精密了。如新词语的创制、汉语的造词法和构词法也是不断丰富和发展的。

5、同义词、多义词和抽象词语的发展。同义词组的不断出现,多义词和抽象词语的不断增多,都

是人们认识能力发展的结果,同时,这些现象也标志着语言极大词汇的丰富和完善。其中汉语词汇中很早就存在着同义词现象,多义词的发展是语言词汇发展的必然趋势之一。抽象词语的发展不但取决于人们认识的发展,而且和社会科学文化的发展也分不开。

6、词义的发展。词义的发展是词汇发展的一个重要方面。词义的发展可以从很多方面促成整个词

汇系统的变化和发展。

7、旧要素的消亡。词汇的发展和变化不但表现为新要素的不断发展和增加,同时也表现在旧要素

的消亡。一般表现为旧词的消亡、义项的消亡和词素的消亡。汉语词汇的发展纷繁复杂,我们在认识和分析词汇的发展时,不能只看由简趋繁的一面,也应同时注意由繁趋简的发展现象。

只有这样,才能更好的认识、更正确的理解词汇的发展。

三、词汇的系统性(P13)

1、词的结构的系统性。词的结构由共性,这个共性可以概括为类型,如并列、表述、偏正、支

配等等。每一类型都联系一大批词。绝大多数词都可以归入少数几个结构类型中。由此可以

看出,词杂I结构上是很有规则地联系在一起的,表现出词的组织结构的系统性。

2、词义关系的系统性。一般认为,从词的意义关系来说,词可以构成层次关系词群和非层次关

系词群。层次关系有上下位关系(如:植物—树木—柳树)、整体部分关系(如:手—手掌

—手心)、亲属关系(如:祖父—父亲—儿子)、等级关系(如:军长—师长—团长)等。

非层次关系词群的成员一般都是同位关系,同位关系中词义叠合或大部分叠合的词就是同义

3、同族词的系统性。同族词中各个合成词意义上有联系,如“网”以不同的意义作为联系的线

索进行归类;在结构平面上,“网”按照语言中原有的构词方式,与不同的语速结合,组成

并列、偏正、支配、附加等结构的合成词,表现了现代汉语词汇结构平面上的规律性、系统

性。

四、词义发展的类型(P135)

1、词义深化。概念义适用对象不变,表示的对象特点深化,主要是一些表示最基本的自然现象,

表示动物植物的词,它们的适用对象古今基本上是一样的,但词的概念义所表示的对象特点,

则随着人的实践和认识的发展而深化。如“土”、“牛”、“人”。

2、词义扩大。A表名物的词适用对象从整体变为部分(指空间),表示的对象特征也随着变化,

如“脸”、“腿”;B表名物的词适用对象从整体变为部分(指成员),表示的对象特征

也随着变化,如“妇人”、“火花”;C表名物的词其适用对象从单一的事物发展到一般的

事物,其表示的对象特征也随着变化,如“河”、“江”;D表性状的词适用对象的扩大,

如“动听”、“平衡”;E表动作行为变化的词的行为变化的主体扩大,如“瞎”、“缺”;

F表动作行为的词关系对象扩大,如“洗”、“容纳”。

3、词义缩小。A表名物的词适用对象从整体变为部分(指空间),表示的对象特征也随着变化,

如“肌肉”、“脚”;B表名物的词适用对象从整体变为部分(指成员),表示的对象特征

也随着变化,如“学者”、“烈士”;C表性状的词适用对象缩小,如“皎洁”、“皑皑”;

D表动作行为的词行为主体缩小,如“结婚”、“休养”;E表动作行为的词关系对象缩小,

如“报复”、“营业”。

4、词义转移。词义转移有两类:一是词性不变,原义和后起义的适用对象之间没有整体和部分,

类和种,多类对象和其中一类对象的关系,表示的对象特征不同,例如“主人公”是名词,

本义和后起义的适用对象不同类,表示的对象特征也不同;二是词性转换所造成的词义转移,

如“布告”原义是动词,发展出来的意义是名词,“秀才“原义是形容词,发展出来的意义

是名词。

5、感情色彩变化。例如“爪牙”从“中性或褒义”变为“贬义”,词义的变化是:原指“武

臣”,发展出来的意义指“坏人的党羽”,词义转移了。

五、词义发展的原因(P147)

1、新事物出现,旧事物消灭,阶级斗争的发展。“钱”一词意义的变化,着重说明了新事物出

现,旧事物消亡所引起的词义变化;在阶级社会中,各个阶级,特别是统治阶级,常把本阶

级的思想意识输入语词之中,使词义发生变化,如“崩”,原指山塌,后专指皇帝死。

2、人的思想意识的发展。第一,思想认识的发展,主要是一些反映自然现象、动物、植物的词,

古今词义适用对象大体相当,但表示的对象特征有了很大的发展,如“天”、“云”、

“气”;第二,思维联想规律的作用,如“包袱”,原指用布包衣物的包儿,后用来比喻思

想上的负担。

3、语言内部各个因素的相互作用。语法、语音、词汇、词义的发展变化是互相作用的,汉字字

形的变化对词汇、词义的发展也有相当作用,如“恩典”原指“帝王对臣民的恩惠”是名词,

现可用作动词“给予恩惠”。

六、词义呈现出来的特征

词义呈现出来的特征的多方面的同时又是相互联系的。

1、词义的客观性。客观事物或现象的存在是词义产生的基础和根据,没有这种客观事物或现象

做依据,就不会有词义。例如,如果可过上没有“书、市场、生活、学习”这些事物或现象,

就没有表达这些词的词义。许多新造词的出现,也是因为产生了这些新事物新现象。“软

件”、“电子邮箱”、“克隆”、“多媒体”的意义也是由于客观上出现了这些新事物才产

生的。

2、词义的概括性。如,“人”的词义是会说话、能制造劳动工具、过社会生活的脊椎动物,它

不是专指一个人,而是指具有以上特征的一切人。

完全是由社会成员公同约定俗成的。

4、词义的主观性。有些词所代表的事物在现实社会中并不存在,而是由人们想象出来的,如

“鬼”、“神”、“仙女”、“玉帝”等,但这些词的意义也没有脱离现实社会的客观事物

做依据。这些事物在人们头脑中的想象,仍同人类社会的一些事物有关系,是在客观事物的

基础上加工而成的,是客观事物在人们意识中的曲折反映。“仙女”、“玉帝”是以人的形

象为基础的,“鬼”、“神”是以人或动物的形象为基础的。

5、词义的发展性。词义是一个历史范畴,由于社会的发展变化,词义也必然会有发展变化,这

是语言发展的规律。如,钟是古代的乐器,后来讲钟就专指寺庙里用的一种东西,和时钟。

6、词义的民族性。不同民族语言用什么词表示什么事物可以不同,概括的对象可以不同,这就是

词义的民族性。民族的文化性会对词语产生种种影响。如,英语有参议院,上院,汉语有人代会,政协。

7、词义的概念的对应性和具体事物的对应性。

七、词汇发展的原因

A

B

C

八、判断“商量”、“商榷”的用法(P107选择)

(一)充当句子成分对比

1、商量是必要的(V)商榷是必要的(V)

这种商量是必要的(V)这种商榷是必要的(V)

2、我们同他商量(V)我们同他商榷(V)

我们商量了一会儿(V)我们商榷了一会儿(*)

3、办事要有商量(V)办事要有商榷(*)

我们开始商量了(V)我们开始商榷了(*)

中美双方进行商量(V)中美双方进行商榷(*)

4、商量的意见给大家说(V)商榷的意见给大姐说了(V)

我们要商量的意见给大家说了(V)我们要商榷的意见给大家说了(V)(二)词语搭配对比

对这个问题,我们要同你商量(V)对这个问题,我们要同你商榷(V)

对这个提法,我们要同你商量(V)对这个提法,我们要同你商榷(V)

对这个观点,我们要同你商量(V)对这个观点,我们要同你商榷(V)

对这个论断,我们要同你商量(V)对这个论断,我们要同你商榷(V)

我们商量这个问题(V)我们商榷这个问题(V)

我们商量这个提法(V)我们商榷这个提法(V)

我们商量这个观点(V)我们商榷这个观点(V)

我们商量这个论断(V)我们商榷这个论断(V)

我们商量事情(V)我们商榷事情(*)

我们商量借几块钱(V)我们商榷借几块钱(*)

我们商量要几个人(V)我们商榷要几个人(*)

我们商量买几本书(V)我们商榷没几本书(*)

商量的问题提出来了(V)商榷的问题提出累了(V)

商量的条件踢出来了(V)商榷的条件踢出来了(V)

商量的钱给了(V)商榷的钱给了(*)

(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word ( alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.) 1.2 sound and meaning :symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form : 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分: basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分: content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分: native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号:[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.

词汇学复习整理

Chapter 1 LEXICOLOGY: Lexicology is the science of words, which is concerned with the study of vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, the origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words. Chapter 2 1.The history of English language History of English language can be divided into Old English(450AD-1150AD), Middle English (1150AD-1500AD), and Modern English (1500AD-present). 2.Classification of English words English words can be divided into different groups in terms of the origin, the level of usage and the notion. By origin Native words (Anglo-Saxon/ old English) Loan words (borrowed) By level of usage: 5 categories Standard/ popular word/ common words Literary words Colloquial words Slang words Technical words By notion Content words: They have the independent lexical meaning, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, adverb. Function words: They are determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and grammatical signals, functional makers. Pick up the slang words and explain. 1.Father said nix to our plan, so we couldn’t go to the museum. (nothing, no) 2.When the buck leads, the world suffers. (money, dollars) 3.He says he’ll be a great writer but that’s a lot of boloney; he’ll never be. (nonsense) 4.I’ll clobber you if you don’t do what you’re told, said the angry father. (beat sb. repeatedly) 5.I think I’m just a hick at heart. (a foolish person from the country) 6.He thought his idea was wonderful, but in fact, it was complete rot. (nonsense) Chapter 3 Compounding: refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words, e.g. schoolboy. Derivation: derivation is "Used to form new words, as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. Conversion: the creation of word from an existing word without any change in form, e.g. the adjective clean becomes the verb clean.

词汇学简论摘要笔记

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