词汇学复习资料

★1.Lexicology is the study of the structures, origins, meanings and usages of words.

★2.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and

syntactic function.

★3.Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language. It also stands for all

the words used in a particular historical period, of a given dialect or discipline, or possessed by a person.

4.Classification of Words:

（1）by use frequency :A .Basic Word Stock(基本词汇)

B. Nonbasic V ocabulary（非基本词汇）:Terminology 术语/ Jargon

行话/ slang 俚语/ argot黑话/ Dialectal words 方言词/

Archaism 古语词/ Neologism 新词

（2）by notion: Content words and functional words 实义词与功能词

（3）by origin: Native words and borrowed words 本族词与外来词

5.Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系):

Language and Language Families

语言和语系

?Number of languages in the world:

3000-5000

?Number of language families in the world:

300

?Basis for language family grouping:

Similarities in the basic word stock and grammar of the languages

The Indo-European, one of these, is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. (English belongs to Germanic , a Western set )

1）Eastern Set（东部诸语族）：Albanian （阿尔巴尼亚语族）、Balto-Slavic （波罗的海-斯拉夫语族）、Amenian （亚美尼亚语族）、Indu-Iranian （印度-伊朗语族）

2）W estern Set （西部诸语族）：Germanic （日耳曼语族）、Celtic （凯尔特语族）、Hellenic （古希腊语族）、Italic （意大利语族）

6. Three periods of the English language:

1)Old English(450AD—1150AD) when the first Germanic tribes began to settle in

England.

a. Anglo-Saxon—the Germanic tribes

b. Latin –introduction of Christianity at the end of the 6th century.

c. Scandinavian –Norwegian and Danish vikings

d. 5000-6000 words; highly inflected

2)Middle English (1150—1500) during the Norman Conquest.

a. French influence Norman Conquest 1066

b. 9000 French words continually flowed into English

c. Dutch words entered English with the trade relation.

d. English regained position of importance

–Wycliff translation of the Bible (威克利夫)

–Writings of Chaucer and Langland (乔叟、朗兰)

–English gradually came back to schools

Midland is the chief ancestor of Modern English.

3)Modern English (1500—):

Early Modern English (1500-1700) 早期现代英语

?The Renaissance 文艺复兴—a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics

?1500-1700–over 10,000 new words entered English.

?The Bourgeois Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, colonization–absorb words from all major languages in the world

Late Modern English (1700-up to now) 后期现代英语

?World wars

?Advances in science and technology

?Thousands and thousands of new words have been created through borrowing and word-formation

?New words in all walks of life: politics, economy, commerce, culture, entertainment, education, sports, transportation, mass media

?From synthetic language to analytic language

7.Modes of Vocabulary Development 词汇的发展方式

?C reation 创词– formation of new words by using existing materials such as roots, affixes and other elements.

?S emantic changes 旧词新义– an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need.

?B orrowing借词—absorbing words from foreign languages

★8.Morpheme (词素)

1) The minimal meaningful units of language are known as morphemes. 语言的最小意

义单位称为词素。

2) The morpheme is “the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.”(D.

Crystal 1985) 词素是―构词中最小的功能单位。

3)Free morphemes 自由词素:

⊙Free morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.

⊙They are identical with root words.

⊙Examples: man, earth, wind, car, anger.

4)Bound morphemes 粘着词素:bound root + affixes

Bound morphemes cannot occur as separate words but have to combine with other morphemes to form words.

5)Derivational and Inflectional Affixes 派生词缀和屈折词缀

⊙Derivational affixes—they are conjoined to other morphemes new words.

⊙Inflectional morphemes—they are attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship.(P.47)

⊙Modern English is an analytic language, which has only a few inflectional affixes.

Morphemes：1) free---free root

2) bound--- bound root

affixes---derivation (prefix suffix), inflectional

9.Root, stem 词根、词干

1) A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss

of identity.

2) A stem is a form to which an inflectional morpheme can be added.

10. word formation

1）Affixation（词缀法）is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.

①Prefixation 前缀法：The formation of words by adding prefixes to stems.

types of prefixes---a. Negative prefixes 否定前缀(a, dis, in, non, un)

b. Pejorative prefixes 表示贬义的前缀(mal, mis, pseudo)

c. class-changing prefixes 改变词性的前缀（a, en, un, be）

②suffixation(后缀法) is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems

The primary function of suffixes is to change the grammatical function of stems.

Types of suffixes: Adjective suffixes 形容词后缀、Adverb suffixes 副词后缀、

Verb suffixes 动词后缀、noun suffixes 名词后缀

2)Compounding（复合法）：

Compounding refers to the formation of new words by joining two or more bases.

复合法指由两个或更多的词基相结合而构成新词。

Formation of compounds:

1.Noun compounds 名词复合词

2.Adjective compounds 形容词复合词

3.Verb compounds 动词复合词

4.Preposition compounds

5.Conjunction compounds

6.Pronoun compounds

Characteristics of Compounds (复合词的特点):

⒈Phonetic features: stress usually occurs on the first element.

⒉Semantic features:express a single idea. Meanings of some compounds

cannot be easily inferred from the components; the meanings can be inferred

from the separate elements of compounds, but the elements are inseparable.

⒊Grammatical features: a compound tends to play a single grammatical role

in a sentence. A verb compound can take 3rd person singular or past tense

mark; in adjective-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take

inflectional suffixes

3)Conversion（转类法）: refers to the formation of new words by converting words of

one class to another class. (zero-derivation 零派生,

functional shift 功能转换)

Conversion is a method of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech.

Types :

1.Conversion to nouns

1.1.Deverbal: nouns converted from verbs

1.2.De-adjectival (adjective to noun):Partial conversion (部分转换)

Full Conversion（完全转换）

1.3.Miscellaneous Conversion

2.Conversion to verbs

2.1 Noun to verb: denominal

2.2 Adjective to verb: de-adjectival

2.3 Miscellaneous conversion

3.Conversion to adjectives

4)Commonization of Proper nouns（专有名词）

5)Blending（拼缀法）:The method of forming a word by combining parts of other words

Four structural types of Blending: head+tail

head+head

head+word

word+tail

Blends are mostly used in: Slang or make-shift words

Words for science and technology

Words used in mass media

6)Clipping （截短法）

7)Backformation（逆构法）

8)Archonymy (initialism) （首字母拼写法）

11.Motivation (词的理据)

★Motivation accounts for the connection between linguistic symbol and its meaning.

The meanings of “meaning”:

?Reference 指称义: relationship between language and the world.

?Concept 概念(the result in human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human

mind)

?Sense 涵义: denotes the relationship inside the language.

“The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships

with other expressions in the language.‖

★4 types: 1) Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声理据

The sounds of some words suggest the meanings, for these words were created by

imitating natural sounds.

2)Morphological motivation 形态理据

Morphological motivation concerns the words whose structures, that is,

composing elements, suggest their meaning.

3)Semantic motivation 语义理据(figurative sense)

【Metaphor、Synecdoche 提喻、Metonymy 借代、Analogy 类比、Color analogy

色彩类比、Number analogy数字类比、Space analogy 地点空间类比、反义类

比、Analogy 近似类比】

Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual

meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and

figurative sense of the word.

4)Etymological motivation 词源理据

By etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word is

related to its origin.

12. Sense relations:

1）Polysemy (一词多义)：is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.

Two Approaches to Polysemy （多义关系的两种研究方法）：

?Diachronic approach 历时方法

–From the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word.

?Synchronic approach 共时方法

–Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in the same historic period of time.

Two Processes of Development （词义发展的两种模式）：

①Radiation（词义的辐射）：Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary

meaning stands at the center and the secondary

meanings proceed out of it in every direction like

rays

②Concatenation（连锁联接）：A semantic process where each of the later meaning is

related to the proceeding one like chains.

2）Homonymy(同形异义关系)

3）Synonymy(同义关系)

4）Antonymy (反义关系)

5）Hyponymy(上下义关系)

★13. Changes of word meaning

1）Widening(extension) 词义的扩大: refers to the process by which a word originally had a

specialized meaning has now become generalized.

2）Narrowing 词义的缩小：is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or

specialized sense.

3）Elevation 词义的升格：refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to

positions of importance.

4）Degradation 词义的降格：is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or

non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense

5）Transfer 词义的转移：Words which were used to designate one thing later changed to mean

something else.

★14. context:refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears, and in a

broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well.

1) Linguistic Context (语言语境):refers to the words, clauses and sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.

a. Lexical Context (词汇语境)

b. Grammatical Context（语法语境/结构语境）

2)Extra-linguistic Context (非语言语境):refers to the physical situation in which a word appears, including people, time, place, even the whole cultural background.

15.Roles of context(语境的作用):

?Elimination of ambiguity

–消除歧义

?Indication of referents

–限定所指

?Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning

–提供线索以推测词义

词汇学的基本知识

词汇学的基本知识 词汇学是研究词语的学问，它是传统语言学（语法、语音、词汇）的一个分支。词汇学的 主要研究的内容是：词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系（同音、同 义、反义等）。 一、什么是词 词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位，它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一 定的困难，因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立运用”而言，许多虚词和量词是 不能独立运用的。于是增加了一条补充，一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去，剩写的也是词。如：“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词 和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语，不能插入的是 词（意义不能变）。比如：钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃 了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。“钢笔”不能插入词，“白菜”插入后意思变了，它们肯定是词。“白布”可以插入且意思不变，可以做为短语。“吃饭”可以插入，“鸡蛋”可 以插入，但“鸡蛋”的频度很高，可以把它做为词。睡觉可以插入，但两个语素的组合是固 定的，把这类词做为离合词（理发、洗澡、打仗等）。 一个语素（有意义的汉字）能独立运用就是词。（米、吃、红、个、从） 两个语素组合后，意义不是它们的简单相加，就是词。（钢笔、金鱼、） 两个语素组合后，不能扩展插入词，就是词。（钢笔，白菜） 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们是不能用别的语素替换的，则是一种特殊的词 ——离合词。 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们的使用频度很高，且大家约定俗成认为它是词。（“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语）。 综上所述，汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。 人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念，词是反映概念的，但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。 比如，“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念，“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。 二、现代汉语词汇的构成 词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。 词可以从不同的角度分类： 1.语法分类——实词、虚词（词类） 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇（基本词汇）、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语 熟语可以包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象，在书面语中广泛运用。它来源 于古代的典故，有的选取原句中最能概括原句意思的成分（乘风破浪——愿乘长风，破万里浪），有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等（刻舟求剑、狐假虎威），有的增加个别字（短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接）。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加（汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说）；多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加，有的意思是约定俗成的（高山流水——表示知己知音），有的是取字面的比喻义（水落石出——比喻真相毕露了）。

(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter

现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.

00832英语词汇学1107全国试题

全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %) 1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. ( ) A. small B. large C. fixed D. free 2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( ) A. agree with B. disagree with C. be the same as D. be different from 3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( ) A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot 4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. Mao jackets D. Watergate 5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( ) A. own B. let C. rent D. lend 6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( ) A. full B. short C. long D. paralleled 00832# 英语词汇学试卷第1页共6页

英文专业词汇学考试复习资料

Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1、The Definition of a Word Lexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words. According to semanticists（语义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning. A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function（句法功能）. 2、 Vocabulary All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary. 3、 Sound and Meaning The relationship between sound and meaning is no logic 4、 Sound and Form There was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English. With the development of the language, more and more differences arose between sound and form. （1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. In different languages, the same concept can be shown by different sounds. “Woman”, for example, becomes “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “fu nv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound [mi:t] is used to mean “meet, meat, mete”, denoting different things.

英语词汇学考试重点整理

Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by

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