惩罚性赔偿的解释与比较 Punitive Damage 英语论文

惩罚性赔偿的解释与比较Punitive Damage Explanation

and Contrast

Introduction to Punitive Damage

Punitive damage is the damage which is accessed to punish any defendants for any kind of outrageous conduct to bring in reformation to the defendant and to the others who are also engaged in such outrageous conduct. It is quite similar to that of the punishments given under legal regulations. Punitive damages are also known as exemplary damages.

The main objective of punitive damage is to provide compensation to the plaintiff and to make the plaintiff able to receive some kind of

punitive damage award. Punitive damages are generally awarded if it is observed that compensatory damages are inadequate remedial options. The court can impose punitive damage award to protect the plaintiff from under-compensations.

The court also allows an opportunity for redressing undetectable civil wrongs under the norms of the criminal justice system. In case of violation of any law, punitive damages seem to be most commonly used remedial options to the plaintiffs. In the cases where violations to any law are difficult to get identified, punitive damages are considered as effective. But punitive damages are awarded to any plaintiff in a country can vary from punitive damage awarded in another country.

For example, in the European Court punitive damages considered in the cases where violations to any private international law or public policy doctrine take place. Punitive damage awards are generally found to be more than the provable injuries of the plaintiffs or claimants. Hence, punitive damages are only awarded in some specific cases. Punitive damages mainly observed in the case where civil wrong conducts results in loss or harm to the claimant and it is a legal obligation for the individual who has committed any kind of tortious act as per common law jurisdictions. Sometimes, financial losses, emotional distress, injuries, negligence, invasion of privacy, etc. are also considered to be civil wrongdoings under the regulations and norms of common law jurisdictions. In these cases, punitive damages are awarded to the claimants or plaintiffs. A

plaintiff is an individual initiating a lawsuit in a court to seek any kind of legal remedy. The term plaintiff is mainly used in civil cases. The legal investigation is conducted as per the instructions of the court to identify whether the claim of the plaintiff is truthful or not. The court allows punitive damages to the plaintiffs or claimants if the compensatory damages are found to be inadequate as compared to the loss suffered by the plaintiffs or claimants.

Punitive damages can be defined as monetary rewards to be ordered by the court and to be paid to the plaintiff by a defendant in a lawsuit case. It is highly common for the claimant or the plaintiff to be awarded as compensation or money for any wrong committed by the defendants. The money of the compensation which is to be paid to the plaintiffs can include

property damage award, medical bills, and even damages to be awarded only to punish the defendants for their misconduct. The punitive damage award is paid by the defendant to the plaintiff. Punitive damages are the compensatory damages which are paid in addition to the actual loss suffered by the plaintiff or claimant. This is paid by the defendant to the plaintiff. It is also an act of giving punishment to the defendant for any kind of reckless and willful misconduct. The concept of punitive damages has been originated somewhere between 1970 and 1975.

These damages are also known as exemplary damages because the monetary amount which is awarded to the plaintiffs under the norms of a civil lawsuit is paid to punish the defendants for their willful misconduct. The defendants are

given punishments because their misconduct is willful and intentional and the consequences of such actions are adverse on the part of the plaintiffs or claimants.

Punitive damages are awarded to provide an example in the society that any individual or an entity can be punished if found engaged in any wilful misconduct or wrong actions causing harm to any other individual or organization. Compensatory damages are generally paid in such cases. But when compensatory damages become inadequate to remedy the courts to apply punitive damage awards. The egregious conducts of the defendants can never be tolerated and the courts demand appropriate compensation in addition to compensatory damages to be paid to the plaintiffs by the defendants. Now our experts from Online

Assignment Help will tell you more about the punitive damage and contract law.

Punitive Damage

Punitive Damage and Contract Law

Punitive damages are generally awarded as additional compensation to the actual damages suffered by the claimants of plaintiffs under certain circumstances. These damages are considered as punishments and typical awards as per the discretion of the court when the behavior of the defendant is declared to be harmful. Punitive damages fundamentally not awarded in case of any breach of the claim of any contract. In the tort liability cases, the court main adopts punitive damages to be applied.

The plaintiff needs to prove that the behaviors of the defendants to be intentional tort or the behaviors which are engaged in wilful and went wanton misconduct. One of the examples where punitive damages have been observed is the case between National By-Products Inc. and Searcy House Moving Company.

The supreme court of Arkansas has identified that punitive damages are required to be awarded because the defendant intentionally proceeded with some unlawful behavior and actions even after knowing the fact that such actions would lead to severe injury. The features of Principal-Agent Relationship indicate that the courts are quite reluctant to declare punitive damage award on the principal for the misconduct of the agent. But there is also an exception to the norms where the principal is

found to be causing or encouraging the reckless actions of the agents. It is very important to distinguish punitive damages in the contract law. Some contracts are listed with certain liquidated damages as the consequences of any breach of contract. The court made no such clause if the liquidated damages are similar to punitive damages.

Why Punitive Damages?

The importance of punitive damages can be understood in one example. There can be several examples from where punitive damages could be observed to have been awarded to the plaintiffs by the defendants as per the discretion of the court. In one of the examples, it can be

seen that an organization which is engaged in manufacturing and distributing dietary supplements assures its customers about the safety and effectiveness of its products in losing weight.

The company has advertised its products by mentioning “all-natural” and claiming that the supplement is quite safe. One of the customers named, Amanda had believed in the claims of the company and took the product continuously for 30 days. But she became severely ill after her intake of the supplement. The doctors suggested that there was at least an ingredient or substance in the supplement which reacted with prescribed medications which Amanda was already taking or had taken for her health. Because of the presence of that particular

substance in the supplement amount, Amanda became seriously ill.

The medical bill of Amanda amounted to about $5000 which made her file a case against the company under civil lawsuit to recover the entire medical expenses because she not only lost her wages but also she could not attend the office and work due to her illness. The claims which Amanda had made had been notified to the company and from the investigation, it has been revealed that the company was aware of the content formula of the weight loss supplement.

The company also knew that the particular substance could react negatively with certain prescribed medications and could put the health of the customers in a vulnerable situation.

During trials, the company did not try to breach any of the regulations and laws and also declared that it did not intend to call back the products or to modify its advertising campaign. These actions proved the recklessness and negligence on the part of the company.

This made the court to declare the judgment in favor of Amanda and asked the company to provide her with compensatory damages of $7000. The company had also been admonished by the court which indicated reckless and negligent actions of the company compromising with the health of its customers.

Amanda has been awarded punitive damages of $100000. The punitive damage award in the case of Amanda is much more than the compensatory damages. The court declared

such a big amount as punitive damage award to compel the company to change the way it is marketing its product and to focus on the proactive actions the company should take to eliminate the negative consequences of such products on the population at large. Now our instant assignment help experts will explain you the differences between compensatory damages and punitive damages.

Difference between Punitive and Compensatory Damages

There is a difference between compensatory and punitive damages. Both these damages are monetary compensations which are awarded to the plaintiffs by the defendants in a civil lawsuit.

Compensatory damages are found to be a most common type of damage awards because compensatory damages are provided to the plaintiffs to compensate them for any kind of loss either in terms of property or money due to the actions of the defendants. Compensatory damages can also be considered as actual damages. The actual compensations which are paid to the plaintiffs in case of any car accident or injury because of slip and fall accident or any monetary loss because of breach of contract committed by the defendant.

But punitive damages or exemplary damages are awarded for wrong actions and misconducts of the defendants making the plaintiffs to incur a certain loss. Punitive damages are mainly awarded by the defendants to the plaintiffs in

addition to the compensatory damages or actual damages.

The courts declared as punitive damage awards with the main objective of differing the misconduct or negative behavior of the defendants which have resulted in any civil lawsuit. The court will always award punitive damages to portray the defendant as an example to the entire society when it is believed by the court that compensatory damages are inadequate to give punishment to the defendants.

An example can be used to explain the difference between compensatory and punitive damages. John while driving his truck was answering a text message. He suddenly slammed the back of another car which made

some children stop from crossing the street. Michael who was driving another car had suffered whiplash and a serious strain to his shoulder. The rear end of his car had also been crushed badly by pickup truck of John.

John tried to explain to the police that Michael had stopped his car out of nowhere and the entire accident was his fault because the brake light of his car did not work properly. John refused to pay compensation for the expenses incurred by Michael. At this incident, Michael filed a civil lawsuit where he requested almost $4500 for the entire repair to his car and $3000 for his medical expenditure.

The court had given a quick judgment and identified the accident had been caused because of the negligence of john. This incident

would have taken even more severe shape and hence, john had been identified to be a defendant the court awarded Michael compensatory damages for the entire amount which Michael had requested.

Furthermore, the court had also pointed out that john was not attentive while driving because he was using his cell phone which is an illegal and reckless act. This act of john could have endangered the lives of many people. Therefore, the judge had ordered john to make a punitive damage award of $10,000 to Michael which could help Michael to recover the total amount of $18,000.

Therefore, in this example, it has been seen that the compensatory damage award is the monetary compensation which is paid by the

defendants to the plaintiff for the actual loss suffered by the plaintiff. The example has also debited the punitive damage which the defendant needs to pay to the plaintiff in addition to the actual loss.

法律英语核心词汇

*Unit One Legal system federation联邦制 federalism联邦制度/政治jurisdiction 管辖权(区) legal system 法律体系 legal tradition 法律传统 legal method 法律方法 civil law system 大陆法系 common law system 普通法系royal court 女王法庭 legislation 立法 petition 申请，诉求 Court of Chancery 大法官法庭、衡平法庭 discretion自由裁量（权） equity 衡平法 Twelve Tables 十二表法 Canon law 教会法 source of law 法律渊源 civil code 民法典 private law/public law私法/公法 law doctrine 法条 legal education 法学教育tribunal 审判员席，法官席；特别法庭 breach of contract 违反合同precedent 先例，前例predictability 可预期性 legal doctrine 法律原则 stare decisis 遵循先例 trial court初审法院、审判法院intermediate appellate court 中级上诉法院 Supreme Court of the United States Res Judicata 已决事件[已裁决的案例] reversal 撤销；推翻[下级法院的裁决] overrule 推翻判决，驳回 judicial precedent 司法先例plaintiff （民事）原告defendant （民事、刑事）被告the accused (刑事) 被告 a right of privacy 隐私权 the losing party 败诉方 bring one’s suit against sb 起诉reverse the decision 推翻裁判binding 有约束力的 reasoning 推理 dictum 法官的附带意见 Unit Two Court System court of last resort 最高上诉法院 Court of Common Pleas普通诉讼法院 out-of-state lawyer州外律师 inferior trial court初级法院 petty trial court小型审判法院 trial court of general jurisdiction 具有一般审判权的初审法院 Superior Court高级法院、上级法院District Court地区法院 Supreme Judicial Court最高法院diversity of citizenship多样公民身份管辖 venue审判地 judicial circuit巡回审判区 Federal Circuit court 联邦巡回法院Court of Customs and Patent Appeals 海关和专利上诉法院 en banc法庭全体法官【出庭审理案件】certiorari 调卷令 barrister出庭律师solicitor初级律师prosecutor公诉人subpoena传票 inquisitional审问的、审问的magistrate地方法官、治安法官 Unit Three Constitutional Law vital role 重要的法条democracy 民主政体

英语中考备考关键--重点词汇辨析(四)

英语中考备考关键--重点词汇辨析(四) 21. damage, damages damage 不可数名词，损害，损失; damages 复数形式，赔偿金$900 damages 1、——Com.：按以往的概念，单数的damage 和复数的damages 的区别应当较大，前者为损害，后者指损害赔偿(金)，即对一个人所受损害的补偿。但逐渐地，damages也经常在英文词典或著述中被用作当“损失”或“灭失”，即可望得到损害赔偿金补偿的损失或灭失，其等同losses for which damages are recoverable，尽管“Black‘s Law Dictionary”仍对damages 作有较严格界定，说其是“compensation in money for a loss or damage”，但就在该词典内，仍有诸如“diminution of damages”和“mitigation of damages”等词组，其中的damages 均为“损失”或“损害”。 2、——Com.：damages 的种类很多，但最常见的有compensatory damages，punitive damages，nominal damages，以及aggravated damages四种，其中compensatory damages，punitive damages 和nominal damages均为金钱补偿(pecuniary damages)，即均属于赔偿金范畴，只有aggravated damages为非金钱补偿(non-pecuniary damages)，即不属于赔偿金。compensatory damages为补偿性赔偿金，指根据实际损失的多少予以的赔偿;punitive damages 为惩罚性赔偿金，指因过错人所犯过失恶劣等故而处的超出实际损失数量之赔偿，一般用于侵权而非违约之诉;nominal damages为象征性赔偿金，指证明被告有过错但却无法证明实际损失时所处的数额很少的一种赔偿金;而aggravated damages 则为加重的损害赔偿，指如受害人受伤害太深等无法用金钱补偿时所处的除金钱之外的补偿，其中包括如赔礼道歉、合同的实际履行等等。 Damages是damage的复数形式，但是意义发生了重大改变。Damage具有法律术语和日常用语双重用途，是指loss or harm due to injury to persons, property, or reputation, 即对人身，财产，名誉等造成的损害;而damages是专用法律术语，指compensation in money imposed by law for loss or injury, 即损害赔偿金，常用的短语有bring a suit for damages。 值得注意的是，damage可以是对他人人身，财产，名誉的损害，也可以是对本人的人身，财产损害。Damages是金钱赔偿，不包括更换，修理，恢复原状等救济方式。 另外，damage 也作动词，指对…造成损失，常用被动或过去时态 22. cook, cooker

《关于审理生态环境侵权纠纷案件适用惩罚性赔偿的解释》的理解与适用

《关于审理生态环境侵权纠纷案件适用惩罚性赔偿的 解释》的理解与适用 文章属性 •【公布机关】最高人民法院,最高人民法院,最高人民法院 •【公布日期】 •【分类】司法解释解读 正文 《关于审理生态环境侵权纠纷案件适用惩罚性赔偿的解释》 的理解与适用 作者：刘竹梅刘牧晗 作者单位：最高人民法院 目次 一、《解释》起草的背景和意义 二、《解释》起草的指导思想 三、《解释》的主要内容 （一）审理生态环境侵权纠纷案件适用惩罚性赔偿应遵循的原则

（二）生态环境惩罚性赔偿的适用范围 （三）生态环境惩罚性赔偿的适用要件 （四）生态环境惩罚性赔偿金的计算基数 （五）生态环境惩罚性赔偿金的量定因素和倍数 （六）生态环境惩罚性赔偿请求的一并提起、一并解决 为妥善审理生态环境侵权纠纷案件，全面加强生态环境保护，正确适用惩罚性赔偿，根据民法典、环境保护法、民事诉讼法等相关法律规定,结合审判实践,最高人民法院制定了《关于审理生态环境侵权纠纷案件适用惩罚性赔偿的解释》（以下简称《解释》）。 一、《解释》起草的背景和意义 生态文明建设是关乎中华民族永续发展的根本大计，良好的生态环境是最普惠的民生福祉。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央以前所未有的力度抓生态文明建设。党的十八届三中全会提出，“对造成生态环境损害的责任者严格实行赔偿制度”。党的十九大报告要求，“加大生态系统保护力度”“实行最严格的生态环境保护制度”。党的十九届四中全会报告明确，要“加大对严重违法行为处罚力度，实行惩罚性赔偿制度”。2021年1月1日施行的民法典，除在总则编将绿色原则确立为基本原则，在第一百七十九条继续沿用民法总则关于惩罚性赔偿的原则性规定之外，还专门在第一千二百三十二条增加规定了生态环境惩罚性赔偿制度，有力回应了社会发展所提出的环境问题，具有鲜明的中国特色、实践特色、时代特色。

从比较法的角度看我国惩罚性赔偿制度的必要性

从比较法的角度看我国惩罚性赔偿制度的必要性 陈旭潇 【期刊名称】《犯罪研究》 【年(卷),期】2011(000)004 【摘要】惩罚性赔偿金是英美法上的一项重要制度，具有损害填补、惩罚被告的作用，而德、法等大陆法系国家奉行单纯的补偿性民事责任制度，排斥对于惩罚性赔偿金合法性的认同。我国最早在《消费者权益保护》第49条对其加以规定，取得较好的社会效果，然而2009年颁布的《侵权责任法》并未将惩罚性赔偿原则写入总则，而是局限于产品责任之中。因此，完善惩罚性赔偿金制度有其必要性，通过对惩罚性赔偿制度的介绍以及英美法规定的研习，对我国惩罚性赔偿制度提出建议。%Punitive damages in Anglo-American law is an important system, with the role of filling damage and punishing the defendant. However, continental law system country like Germany and France pursues pure compensatory civil liability system for punitive damages, rejects the legality of identity. It was first provided in the consumers＇ rights and interests protection article 49 in our country, achieved good social effect. The Tort Liability Law promulgated in 2009 did not include punitive compensation into the General, but is confined to general products liability. Therefore, it is necessary to perfect the system of punitive damages, through the introduction of punitive compensation system and studying Anglo-American law, we can give suggestion for our country punitive compensation system.

最高人民法院关于审理侵害知识产权民事案件适用惩罚性赔偿的解释-法释〔2021〕4号

最高人民法院关于审理侵害知识产权民事案件适用惩罚性赔偿的解释 正文： ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 最高人民法院关于审理侵害知识产权民事案件适用惩罚性赔偿的解释 《最高人民法院关于审理侵害知识产权民事案件适用惩罚性赔偿的解释》已于2021年2月7日由最高人民法院审判委员会第1831次会议通过，现予公布，自2021年3月3日起施行。 最高人民法院 2021年3月2日 最高人民法院关于审理侵害知识产权民事案件适用惩罚性赔偿的解释 法释〔2021〕4号 （2021年2月7日最高人民法院审判委员会第1831次会议通过，自2021年3月3日起施行）为正确实施知识产权惩罚性赔偿制度，依法惩处严重侵害知识产权行为，全面加强知识产权保护，根据《中华人民共和国民法典》《中华人民共和国著作权法》《中华人民共和国商标法》《中华人民共和国专利法》《中华人民共和国反不正当竞争法》《中华人民共和国种子法》《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》等有关法律规定，结合审判实践，制定本解释。 第一条原告主张被告故意侵害其依法享有的知识产权且情节严重，请求判令被告承担惩罚性赔偿责任的，人民法院应当依法审查处理。 本解释所称故意，包括商标法第六十三条第一款和反不正当竞争法第十七条第三款规定的恶意。

第二条原告请求惩罚性赔偿的，应当在起诉时明确赔偿数额、计算方式以及所依据的事实和理由。 原告在一审法庭辩论终结前增加惩罚性赔偿请求的，人民法院应当准许；在二审中增加惩罚性赔偿请求的，人民法院可以根据当事人自愿的原则进行调解，调解不成的，告知当事人另行起诉。 第三条对于侵害知识产权的故意的认定，人民法院应当综合考虑被侵害知识产权客体类型、权利状态和相关产品知名度、被告与原告或者利害关系人之间的关系等因素。 对于下列情形，人民法院可以初步认定被告具有侵害知识产权的故意： （一）被告经原告或者利害关系人通知、警告后，仍继续实施侵权行为的； （二）被告或其法定代表人、管理人是原告或者利害关系人的法定代表人、管理人、实际控制人的； （三）被告与原告或者利害关系人之间存在劳动、劳务、合作、许可、经销、代理、代表等关系，且接触过被侵害的知识产权的； （四）被告与原告或者利害关系人之间有业务往来或者为达成合同等进行过磋商，且接触过被侵害的知识产权的； （五）被告实施盗版、假冒注册商标行为的； （六）其他可以认定为故意的情形。 第四条对于侵害知识产权情节严重的认定，人民法院应当综合考虑侵权手段、次数，侵权行为的持续时间、地域范围、规模、后果，侵权人在诉讼中的行为等因素。 被告有下列情形的，人民法院可以认定为情节严重： （一）因侵权被行政处罚或者法院裁判承担责任后，再次实施相同或者类似侵权行为； （二）以侵害知识产权为业； （三）伪造、毁坏或者隐匿侵权证据； （四）拒不履行保全裁定； （五）侵权获利或者权利人受损巨大； （六）侵权行为可能危害国家安全、公共利益或者人身健康； （七）其他可以认定为情节严重的情形。 第五条人民法院确定惩罚性赔偿数额时，应当分别依照相关法律，以原告实际损失数额、被告违法所得数额或者因侵权所获得的利益作为计算基数。该基数不包括原告为制止侵权所支付的合理开支；法律

中美产品责任惩罚性赔偿制度构成要件的比较

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grossly reckless. Examples of acts warranting exemplary damages： publishing that someone had committed murders when the publisher knew it was not true but hated the person; an ex-husband trashes his former wife’s auto and threatens further property damage; a stockbroker buys and sells a widow’s stocks to generate commissions resulting in her losing all her capital （money） These damages are awarded both as a punishment and to set a public example. They reward the plaintiff for the horrible nature of what she/he went through or suffered. Although often requested, exemplary damages are seldom awarded. There have been major awards in egregious （remarkable or outs tanding） cases, such as fraud schemes, sexual harassment or other intentional and vicious actions even when the provable actual damages were not extensive.ive. >> >>

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发展，两大法系的法律思想和法律制度也在不断地融合，大陆法系国家逐渐关注惩罚性赔偿，并在立法中有所倡导。④我国自清末变法以来，一直跟随大陆法系国家的脚步，在民法方面我国坚持同质赔偿，在法律体制方面借鉴德国实行公私法严格分立。因而，在惩罚性赔偿最初引入我国的那段时间，曾引发过很大的争执。⑤但事实证明，《消费者权益保护法》中的惩罚性赔偿规定已然发挥了它的重大作用，产生了良好的社会效果，并且推动该制度在我国其他法律部门的发展。 ⑥二、惩罚性赔偿的补偿、制裁与遏制功能惩罚性赔偿制度的形成并得到不断发展的原因即在于其所发挥的功能能够达到社会公平的目的。关于惩罚性赔偿具体的功能，中外学者各有争执，但共识都认为其中的惩罚和补偿是其最主要的功能。外国学者例如Owen认为惩罚性赔偿有四项功能（惩罚、遏制、执行法律及补偿），⑦Bruce Chapman认为功能有三种（补偿、报应和遏制）。⑧美国法官Ellis则将惩罚性赔偿的功能归纳七项（惩罚被告；吓阻被告再犯；吓阻他人从事相同行为；维护和平，即禁止私人间复仇；诱导私人追诉不法；补偿被告依照其他法律不能填补的损害；支付原告的律师费用）。⑨我国王利明教授支持三元论学说，他认为惩罚性赔偿制度的功能包括赔偿、制裁和遏制三个方面。⑩杜称华在其博士论文中指出，惩罚性赔偿的功能可以分为原生功能与衍生功能。其原功能包括制裁（惩罚）、（超损失）赔偿（报复）、威慑（遏制、阻吓、预防）以及补偿等四种功能，而衍生功能包括强化法律执行、维护社会和平秩序、鼓励市场交易以及教育等四种功能。?本文认为惩罚性赔

第二章 法律英语基本特点

第二章法律英语特点 本章教学目的：了解法律英语基本特点。 课堂讲练： 引言： 1、什么叫“法律英语”？ 广义：法律界通用的书面语言，比如法规、协定、判决、诉状等在立法、执法、司法活动中使用的英语。 狭义：律师在执业过程中通常使用的语言。 法律英语在用语、句式结构上都有别于普通英语，甚至“自立门派“，形成一种具备庄重、刻板、甚至神秘特点的特殊文体。 2、“法律英语”怎样用英语表述？ 范例：（1）、legal English; （2）、legal language; （3）、language of jurisprudence; （4）、the English of the law 分析：对于（1），“legal‖的词义过于广泛，可以表示“allowed by law‖: His business dealing is legal.也可以表示”relating to the law‖: the legal system。 对于（3），‖jurisprudence‖太过正式，表示‖the science or study of the law‖. 小结：一般采取（4）的翻译。 具体说来，法律英语基本特点可归纳如下： （一）用词特点 一、经常使用常用词汇很少使用的含义。 例1、1）、（1）、The identity card was issued by the Reception Office. （2）、The parties could not agree on this issue. （3）、The testator died without issue. 思考上述三句话中“issue”的用法。 2）、（1）、He has alienated many friends with his selfishness（略，要求翻译）。 （2）、Party A shall be obliged to alienate（change the ownership of land or property, etc.）property provided for in this contract to party B. 甲方有义务向乙方转让合同项下的财产。 由此可知，许多普通词汇对法律职业者和普通读者具有不同含义。这些普通词汇一旦进入特定语境，写入特定法律文本，就具备了特定的法律意义。比如： 词汇普通含义法律意义 consideration careful thought and attention the cause for a contract action sth that you do lawsuit avoid make effort not to do sth or cancel to stop sth from happening said mentioned 有关例句：(1). About ―avoid ―: In case of Party A’failure to repay each loan due under this Agreement, Party B shall have the right to charge Party B the default interest on the undue amount of this loan and reserve the right to avoid this Agreement. (2) About ―consideration‖: In consideration of the Goods delivered by Party A to Party B in accordance with provisions hereof, Party B shall make payments for the Goods and other costs incurred by Party A for delivery of the Goods.

金融消费者适用惩罚性赔偿的探析

金融消费者适用惩罚性赔偿的探析 张虹玉 【摘要】The new Consumer Protection Law has taken financial consumers into the scope of protection . However ,in the administration of justice in our country ,there are still doubts about whether financial consumers defrauded by the financial institutions can applyArticle 55 of Consumer Protection Law .In the case of applying punitive damages ,it is unfair for consumers that the court will allocate the burden of proof of fraud to financial consumers .T he article first analyzes eligibility issues about financial consumers w ho requests punitive damages . And then , the paper analyzes the proof of fraud , the damage of punitive damages and the causal relationship of the fraud in financial consumer litigation .T he author believes that China's new consumer law for the financial consumer protection is still insufficient , therefore , it is necessary to enact specialized Financial Consumer Protection Law .%新《消法》将金融消费者纳入保护范围 之内，然而在我国的司法审判中，对于金融消费者受金融机构的欺诈能否适用新《消法》第55条仍有疑虑。在适用惩罚性赔偿的案件中，法院将欺诈行为的证明责任分配给金融消费者，判决结果往往对消费者不利。文章首先分析金融消费者请求惩罚性赔偿的适格性问题，在此基础上对金融消费者诉讼中欺诈行为的证明责任、惩罚性赔偿的损害与因果关系的认定作进一步探析。笔者认为，我国新《消法》对于金融消费者的保护仍显不足，因此有制定专门金融消费者保护法之必要。 【期刊名称】《江南大学学报（人文社会科学版）》

法律英语单词

单词 1.acceptance n. 接受，承诺，承兑 2.meetting of the minds 合意 3.consideration n. 对价,约因 4.detriment n. 损害，不利 5.void adj. 无效的 6.voidable adj. 可以取消的 7.duress n. 胁迫 8.public policy 公序良俗 9.implied-in-fact 事实默示 10.implied-in-law 法律默示 11.unjust enrichment 不当得益 12.applicability n. 适用性 13.defective performance 不当履行 14.non-conforming goods 与合同要求不符的货物 15.good faith 诚信，善意 16.estoppel 禁止反言 17.force majeure 不可抗力 18.rescission （互相）解除对方义务 19.anticipatory repudiation 先期违约 20.repudiation 否认，拒绝履行 21.restitution 物件归还，恢复原状 22.nominal damages 名义（上的）赔偿，象征性赔偿 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6519016250.html,pensatory damages 补偿性赔偿 24.punitive damages 惩罚性赔偿 25.liquidated damage clause （合同中）违约金条款 26.specific performance 实际履行，依约履行 27.beneficiary 受益人 28.third party beneficiary contract 以第三方为受益人的合同 29.policy n. 保险单 30.assignment n. (合同权利的）让与，转让 31.delegation n. （合同义务的）转让 32.closely held （corporation）封闭型的（公司） 33.publicly held (corporation) 上市的（公司） 34.shareholder n. 持股人，股东 35.board of directors 董事会 36.transferability n. 可转让性 37.incorporation n. 成立公司 38.consequential damages 对间接损失的赔偿 39.offer n. 要约 词条解释 1.contract：a manifestation of the mutual assent of the parties .

惩罚性赔偿制度

惩罚性赔偿制度──兼评消费者权益保护法第49条 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 来源：市院研究室 惩罚性赔偿制度──兼评消费者权益保护法第49条 2011年04月06日14:51 阮涛 核心提示：本文叙述了惩罚性赔偿制度的内涵、产生和发展;并在汲取了众多学者知识的基础上提出了惩罚性赔偿制度的补偿、惩罚、预防三大功能.. 内容摘要：作为一种古老的法律责任制度;惩罚性赔偿制度有着十分重要的理论价值..本文叙述了惩罚性赔偿制度的内涵、产生和发展;并在汲取了众多学者知识的基础上提出了惩罚性赔偿制度的补偿、惩罚、预防三大功能..本文结合国外的惩罚性赔偿制度在实践中遇到的问题分析了我国消费者权益保护法第49条中惩罚性赔偿制度在我国实施的可取之处与不足的地方;以期完善惩罚性赔偿制度在我国的适用.. 一、引言 惩罚性赔偿Punitive damage是指法庭判定的超出实际损害数额

的赔偿;即损害赔偿金不仅是对权利人的补偿;同时也是对故意加害人的惩罚.. 惩罚性赔偿制度最早可以追溯到古罗马等国..在古罗马;侵权行为法的制裁功能不仅在于填补损害;而且在于遏制纠纷当事人之间进行私人报复和械斗..例如;十二铜表法第八表中有将盗窃、伤人等应由国家追究刑事责任的犯罪行为归类为私人间的侵权行为..为制止这类行为;被害人可以请求被盗物品价值的三倍作为损害赔偿..罗马法之所以鼓励此种惩罚性赔偿;原因在于当时的司法力量有限;不能有效的打击各种违法犯罪行为..法律遂鼓励当事人进行诉讼;并规定了高额赔偿;以遏制此类犯罪行为;维护社会秩序..由此可知;在古罗马;惩罚性赔偿制度是作为一种对刑事责任制度的替代;直接调动私人利己之心制裁侵权行为人;对社会治安秩序的维持发挥了一定的积极作用.. 虽然惩罚性赔偿制度的原始形态出现于古罗马时期;然而现代意义的惩罚性赔偿制度却产生于英国;最早起源于1763年英国法官Lord Camden在Huck-le v. Money一案中的判决;也有观点认为最早起源于英国上议院审理的Rookes V.Barnard案件中的规则;惩罚性赔偿后被美国视为普通法而继受;英美联邦国家也纷纷效仿..惩罚性赔偿制度在英国得以确立;与英国普通法的发展历史密切相关..我认为主要由两个因素导致了惩罚性赔偿制度的确立—1;英国的陪审团对