summary writing(原文及范文)

summary writing(原文及范文）

Writing

Directions: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of two articles that are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be 150-200 words. Remember to write neatly.

Science and Humanity

The twentieth century saw more momentous change than any previous century: change for better, change for worse; change that brought enormous benefits to human beings, change that threatens the very existence of the human species. Many factors contributed to this change but—in my opinion—the most important factor was the progress in science.

Academic research in the physical and biological sciences has vastly broadened our horizons; it has given us a deep insight into the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous evolution. Technology—the application of science—has made fantastic advances that have affected us beneficially in nearly every aspect of life: better health, more wealth,

less drudgery (单调沉闷的工作), greater access to information.

Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has

been employed to the detriment(损害) of mankind. The application of science and

technology to the development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction has created a real threat to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use in combat has so far occurred only in 1945—when two Japanese cities were destroyed—during the four decades of the Cold War, obscenely huge arsenals(武器库) of nuclear

weapons were accumulated and made ready for use. The arsenals were so large that if

the weapons had actually been detonated (爆炸) the result could have been the

complete extinction of the human species, as well as of many animal species.

William Shakespeare said: "The web of our life is of a mingled (混合的) yarn,

good and ill together. " The above brief review of the application of only one strand of

human activities— science—seems to bear out this adage (格言). But does it have to be

so? Must ill always accompany good deeds? Are we biologically programmed for aggression and war?

I am not an authority in genetics, but from my readings and life-long observation I do not see any evidence that we are genetically condemned to commit evil. On the contrary, on very general grounds I would say that genetically we are destined to do things that are of benefit to the human species, and that the negative aspects are mistakes, transient errors in the process of evolution. In other words, I believe in the inherent goodness of Man.

We are thus faced with a daunting (威吓，使胆怯) dilemma. As a process of

natural evolution, science should be allowed to develop freely, without restrictions. But can we afford the luxury of uninhibited research in the natural sciences, with its

awesome (可怕的) potential of total destruction, in a world in which war is still a

recognized social institution?

The preservation of the human species and its continuing enhancement demand that we learn to live with one another in peace and harmony. But this learning process

has been slow and arduous (费力的), and is not yet complete. Due to the harsh

conditions under which primitive man lived, he often had to fight with other human beings for survival. Individual killing and, later, collective killing—war—thus began to be seen as a natural phenomenon.

We are still not organized for a war-free world. But in the meantime, the human species may be brought to an end by the use of the tools of destruction, themselves the product of science and technology.

In my opinion, the problem has to a large extent arisen from the uneven rate of advance in the different areas of human activities, in particular, between the progress in the natural sciences—which include the physical and biological disciplines, and the various social sciences—economics, sociology, politics (with psychology perhaps at the interface between the two major groups). Undoubtedly, there has been much faster progress in the natural sciences than in the social ones.

Why have the natural sciences, especially the physical sciences, advanced so much faster than the social sciences? It is not because physicists are wiser or cleverer than, say, economists. The explanation is simply that physics is easier to master than economics. Although the material world is a highly complex system, for practical purposes it can be described by a few general laws. The laws of physics are

immutable (不可改变的). They apply everywhere, on this planet as well as

everywhere else in the universe, and are not affected by human reactions and emotions, as the social sciences are.

How can we tackle this unevenness in the rate of progress of different.areas of science? Two ways come to mind:one, by accelerating the rate of progress in the social sciences; two, by slowing down the rate of advancement of the natural sciences in some areas, for example, by the imposition of ethical codes of conduct.

Clearly, the former is by far the preferable way. What we would like to see is faster progress in the social sciences, leading to the establishment of a social system which would make war not only unnecessary but unthinkable; a system in which the existence of old, or the invention of new, weapons of mass destruction, would not matter, because nobody would dream of using them; a system in which people will be able to say: “nuclear weapons: who cares?”

Responsibility for one's actions is, of course, a basic requirement of every citizen, not just of scientists. Each of us must be accountable for our deeds. But the need for such responsibility is particularly imperative for scientists, if only because scientists

understand the technical problems better than the average citizen or politician. And knowledge brings responsibility.

In any case, scientists do not have a completely free hand. The general public, through elected governments, have the means to control science, either by withholding (抑制) the purse, or by imposing restrictive regulations harmful to science. Clearly it is far better that any control should be exercised by the scientists themselves, through a self-imposed code of conduct. The establishment of an ethical code of conduct for scientists is an idea whose time has come.

Summary：

Science and Humanity

The twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a basic instinct that man tends to protect oneself by fighting with others. The progress in the nautral sciences is much faster than that in social sciences because laws in natural sciences are immutable and apply everywhere and are not affected by human reactions and emotions. For even developmemt and for a better future of mankind, imposition of ethical codes is necessary. Everyone should be responsible for his behavior, especially the scientists. (166 words)

China Sees Opportunities in Climate Change

UNLIKE America’s leaders, China’s bosses are not much troubled by recalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures. The government has therefore had no difficulty in executing a smart volte face（完全改变）on climate change. Around three years ago its fierce resistance to the notion of any limit on its greenhouse-gas emissions started to soften. It now seems to be making serious efforts to control them.

One reason for this change is the country’s growing awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world. The monsoon（季风）seems to be weakening, travelling less far inland and dumping its rainfall on the coasts. As a result China is seeing floods in the south-east and droughts in the north-west. At the same time the country’s leaders are deeply concerned about the melting of the glaciers on the

Tibetan plateau, which feed not just the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong but also the Yangzi and Yellow rivers .

A second reason is China’s growing sense of global responsibility. The country is not only the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases; it now regards itself, and is regarded, as one of the w orld’s leading powers, and therefore expects to work with the other big powers to tackle global problems such as the economic crisis, nuclear proliferation（核扩散）and climate change.

A third reason is energy security. Although China has large coal reserves, it is also a big importer. Concerns about excessive dependence on foreign fossil fuels sharpened when China’s oil imports rocketed and, in 2005, the attempt by CNOOC （China National Offshore Oil Corporation), China’s largest offshore oil and gas

company, to buy America’s Unocal was rebuffed. China’s push into nuclear and renewable energy has been driven by its need to diversify its energy sources.

The fourth reason is economic. The Kyoto protocol has given China an incentive to clean up its act. China has received $2 billion through the CDM（Clean Development Mechanism) for cleaning up its industrial processes and building clean-energy capacity—half the money that has flowed through the CDM. That is expected to rise to $8 billion by 2012.

But a longer-term economic motive springs from a shift in the way China thinks about growth. In the past, its all-out drive for growth has led it to rebuff pressure to cut emissions. Attempts to control pollution foundered on the performance-assessment system for officials at all levels of government, which prioritises growth. But that has been adjusted to encourage energy efficiency, and at the same time the leadership has started to argue that growth and greenery are compatible.

Since Wen Jiabao took over as prime minister, the leadership has tried to define economic growth as something broader and longer-term than GDP figures imply: the emphasis has been on a “harmonious society” and “scientific development”. Nobody was sure what the latter meant, but Mr Wen has recently been talking about a more “resource-e fficient environmentally friendly society” and Hu Jintao, the president, has referred several times to a “low-carbon economy” and a “green economy”.

Local pollution may help to explain the shift. Residents are infuriated by filthy air and water that kills people and damages unborn children. Policies to cut carbon-dioxide emissions—through reducing the energy used to produce goods—can help clean up China’s cities at the same time.

More interesting is the idea that clean energy might be a source of growth rather than a constraint on it. China, so the argument goes, missed out on the computer revolution. It makes hardware, but American firms own most of the valuable stuff—the intellectual property for the software. “You can’t get rich making socks and toys,” ex plains Lin Jiang, director of the China Sustainable Energy Programme at the Energy Foundation in San Francisco. “They’re looking for the next growth industry. Clean energy clearly has huge potential. And no country dominates the industry yet. It’s a wide-o pen field.” Hu Angang, an economist at Tsinghua University, calls this “a huge opportunity for China. The country will become the largest renewable-energy market, bio-energy market, clean-coal market, nuclear-power market, carbon-exchange market, environmental-technology market, low-carbon economy, exporter of low-carbon products and low-carbon-technology innovator.”

The government is giving the economy a shove in that direction. In 2006 the five-year plan set a target for a 20% cut in the energy intensity of GDP by the end of 2010. The start was slow, but by the end of last year it had managed 10% and it now looks on track for its target. According to Mr Lin, that would mean a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tonnes per year by 2010, more than the Waxman-Markey bill’s caps for domestic industry would take out of America’s economy by 2020. China has relatively tight vehicle fuel-efficiency standards . Electric vehicles are being generously subsidised ($8,800 for a car and $73,500 for a bus) and the government plans to build the capacity to produce half a million a year by 2012.

The most visible changes have come in renewable energy. In 2005 the National People’s Congress passed legislation to offer subsidies for renewable energy—around twice the amount for coal. For wind energy, the target was set at 20GW of capacity by 2020. The subsidy generated so much building that China now expects to hit that target by the end of this year and is aiming for 150GW by 2020. “It’s like a gold rush right now,” say s Mr Lin. The target for solar energy, similarly, has been raised from 1.8GW to 20GW by 2020.

To put this in context, wind currently generates only 0.4% of Chinese electricity. Coal generates 80%. And, although China’s government does not have to jump the legislative hurdles faced by America’s president, it sometimes struggles to get policy implemented on the ground. Yet if China’s many layers of government can

be persuaded that green means growth, they will cleave（坚持）to this policy; and the

leadership seems keen to make that happen.

China, thus, is after the same “green jobs” that Americans have been promised as part of their road to economic recovery. America has huge advantages in terms of technology and capital, but China has a couple of things going for it too: cheaper labour and a leadership unconstrained by the need to get re-elected every four

years. China can play a long game, which helps when dealing with climate change.

Summary

China Sees Opportunities in Climate Change

In order to help deal with climate change, Chinese government made a smart change and will make serious efforts to control its greenhouse gas emissions. As a big importer of energy resources, with the raising awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world and the growing sense of global responsibility, with the incentive given by the Kyoto Protocol and $2 billion provided by the CDM for cleaning up its industry processes and building clean-energy capacity, this change is justified for China. Since China's leadership realized that growth and greenery are compatible and advocated to have a "low-carbon" and "green" economy, the government set a target of a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tons per year by 2010 by tightening vehicle-efficiency standards and diversifying its energy sources, such as wind energy. Actually, the practice of "green jobs" is a great opportunity for China to clean up its cities and build clean-energy capacity. In the long run, China will become the largest renewable energy market in the world. With cheaper labours and a stronger leadership, China can play a long game in dealing with climate change. (187 words)

上海财经大学管理学考研考点精编(含历年真题解析)》

目录 Ⅰ序言 (4) Ⅱ考前必知 (6) 一、学校简介 (6) 二、学院概况 (7) 三、专业介绍 (8) 四、师资力量 (8) 五、就业情况 (9) 六、历年报录情况 (9) 七、学费与奖学金 (9) 八、住宿条件 (10) 九、其他常见问题 (11) Ⅲ复习方略 (12) 一、考研专业课 (12) 二、考研政治 (15) 三、考研英语 (18) 四、考研数学 (20) Ⅳ考试分析 (23) 一、考试难度 (23) 二、考试题型 (24) 三、考点分布 (25) 四、试题分析 (29) 五、考试展望 (29) Ⅴ复习指南 (32) Ⅵ核心考点解析 (51) 《管理学》 (51) 第一章管理与组织导论 (51) 第二章管理的昨天和今天 (54)

第三章组织文化与环境：约束力量 (59) 第四章全球环境中的管理 (63) 第五章社会责任与管理道德 (67) 第六章制定决策：管理者工作的本质 (71) 第七章计划的基础 (75) 第八章战略管理 (78) 第九章计划工作的工具和技术 (83) 第十章组织结构与设计 (88) 第十一章管理沟通与信息技术 (92) 第十二章人力资源管理 (94) 第十三章变革与创新管理 (99) 第十四章行为的基础 (102) 第十五章理解群体与团队 (109) 第十六章激励员工 (114) 第十七章领导 (121) 第十八章控制的基础 (128) 第十九章运营及价值链管理 (132) Ⅶ往年真题试卷与答案解析 (135) 往年考研真题试卷 (135) 上海财经大学2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (135) 上海财经大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (138) 上海财经大学2009年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (142) 上海财经大学2010年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (143) 上海财经大学2011年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (144) 上海财经大学2012年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (145) 上海财经大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (146) 上海财经大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (149) 往年考研真题试卷答案解析 (151) 上海财经大学2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (151)

认识海派文化 上海历史文化浅谈剖析

认识海派文化上海历史文化浅谈 "两千年历史看西安，一千年历史看北京，一百年历史看上海。"近代上海在短短一百年的时间迅速崛起，在中国城市发展史上可谓是一奇迹。文化是城市的生命，城市有了文化就有了生命，海派文化就是上海勃勃生气和活力的源泉。 追溯上海的文明渊源，可以发现在上古时期其文明已有相当水平。据考古资料表明，上海文化的滥觞时期始于据今5900-4900年的"崧泽"文化。崧泽文化属于新石器时期母系氏族社会过渡的阶段。在崧泽文化的古遗址中，发现了捕渔的网坠，织网用的靴形器、捻线的陶纺轮以及狩猎用的剑簇、石刀、骨锥、牙刀等与渔猎有关的遗物，上古时期上海的物质文明程度据此可以略窥一斑。 1843年开埠以前·上海文化从属于中国古代的江南文化，而渊源于长江流域江浙的古吴越文化。吴越文化是一种水文化，水是流动型的，而非静态型的，海派文化传承了吴越文化的亲水性特征，从本质上说是一种动态文化；其次，海派文化还继承了吴越文化的敏感和细腻，对异质文化体现出一种宽容的姿态，善于接受新鲜文化因子，形成海派文化多元性的特点；另外，大量自南而来的浙江人和自北而来的江苏人，构成上海主要的"移民"群。江浙人是古代吴越人的后裔，吴越文化大胆开放的冒险性格及雄健恢宏的拓边精神，构成了"海派"文化的开创性特征。海派画家任伯年的商业画、刘海粟率先使用人休模特、开创机关布景等等，俱是"敢为天下先"的行为。开埠后，西方文明又于此首先登陆华夏大地，上海由一个小镇迅速蜕变为全国的商业经济重心，中西大汇融的 "海派"文化随之渐趋形成。 "海派"一词，是20世纪20茸代北京一些作家的创造，用于批判上海某些文人和某种文风，海派的对立面是京派，海派和京派象征着申国两种风格迎异的文化。京派是传统的正宗，海派则是叛逆的标新立异、中西结合的产物，充满浓郁的商业色彩和民间色彩。上海的曹聚仁先生对之有一个生动点评:"京派如大家闺秀，海派则如摩登女郎。" 上海文化在外来文明和中国传统文明之间，在精英文化和通俗文化之间呈现出开放的姿态，敢于打破成规，锐意革新，广采博纳，"海纳百川，兼容并蓄"成为 "海派"文化的精髓，并体现于上海文化的方方面面。

上海财经大学管理学试卷样卷

诚实考试吾心不虚 ，公平竞争方显实力， 考试失败尚有机会 ，考试舞弊前功尽弃。 上海财经大学《管理学》课程考试卷（A ）闭卷 课程代码 课程序号 2014 ——2015学年第一学期 姓名 学号 班级 一、选择题（每题1 分，共20 分） （请将答案写在方格内） 1、“在下个月里，一定要把浪费损失降低到最小程度”的目标，存在的缺陷是： A. 没有时间规定 B. 内容不够具体 C. 缺乏挑战性 D. 没有定量化 2、对于业务广泛的中型公司，要应付复杂多变的环境，以下哪一种组织形式是最合适的（ ） A 直线职能制 B 矩阵制 C 事业部制 D 学习型组织 3、权变理论的领导关注的是（ ） A 、领导者与被领导者及环境之间的影响 B 、领导者的个人特性对领导有效性的影响 C 、领导者的行为对领导有效性的影响 D 、领导方式的易变性 4、汪力是企业的职员，他工作中经常接到来自上边的两个有时甚至相互冲突的命令，以下哪种说法指出了这一现象的根本原因：（ ） A 该公司在组织设计上采取了职能型结构； B 该公司在组织运作中出现了越级指挥问题； C 该公司的组织层次设计过多； …………………………………………………………… 装 订 线………………………………………………

D 该公司组织设计中有意或无意地违背了统一指挥原则 5、销售部经理将顾客对本公司产品质量的投诉转交给了生产厂长，这是组织间的 A. 上行沟通 B. 下行沟通 C. 横向沟通 D. 斜向沟通 6、计划工作领先于其它各项管理工作，它是以下哪类管理者参与的主要管理工作： A. 高层管理者 B. 中层管理者 C. 基层管理者 D. 所有层次的管理者 7、Y 理论假设人们本质上是（ ） A ．需要满足归属的需要而不是其它. B ．逃避责任，需要进行严格的控制 C ．喜欢工作并且能够进行自我指导 D ．为了满足保健因素而工作 8、A 公司为了鼓励员工参加体育锻炼，并取得良好成绩，老总向员工宣布，若能够在行业运动会上取得单项冠军，将获得5000元奖金，这种做法，从期望理论分析，是由于( ) A ．提高了员工夺取冠军的效价 B. 提高了员工夺取冠军的期望值 C ．提高了员工夺取冠军的满足感 D ．提高了员工夺取冠军的公平感。 9、为了减少企业一再出现的产品质量问题，公司决定针对出现质量问题的原因建立起一套责任制度，这是一种：( ) A 现场控制 B 过程控制 C 预先控制 D 反馈控制 二、多选题（每题 2分，共20 分）： （请将答案写在方格内） 1 2 3 4 5 1. 张小姐是在服装公司供职，该公司主要制作成人服装，是属于批量生产的且规模较大（有2000多人）的公司。那么这家公司的组织结构，应该选择 。 A ．较高的专门化 B ．较低的专门化 C ．机械式 D ．有机式 E. 更集权化 F. 更分权化 2. 管理定义中的效率和效果，应该是指 。 A ． 效率是指正确地做事，不浪费资源 B ． 效率是指做正确的事，有助达成组织目标 C ． 效果是指做正确的事，有助达成组织目标 得分 ……………………………………………………………装 订 线…………………………………………………

浅谈海派文化

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