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南艺学位英语卷8

南艺学位英语卷8
南艺学位英语卷8

English Qualification Test For A Bachelor’s Degree

Nanjing Arts Institute

Part I Vocabulary and Structure (25%) (识记、掌握)Directions: In this part there are 25 incomplete sentences. For each sentence

there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are required to choose the

one that best completes the sentence.

1. She showed a ______ for acting at an early age.

A. ambition

B. talent

C. talented

D. energy

[B] (易)

2. Good food and plenty of exercise are ______ for a healthy life..

A. essential

B. fortunate

C. energetic

D. ambitious

[A] (中)

3. You ______ find that you have to learn new knowledge to keep up

with the times.

A. could well B. must well C. might well D. should well

[C] (难)

4. Gabrielle Coco Chanel is ______ a famous French fashion designer.

A. called

B. known

C. thought

D. known as

[D] (较难)

5. The critics are being ______ critical about the young actor’s acting in

the movie.

A. extreme

B. over

C. complete

D. overly

[D] (较难)

6. The country’s constitution ______ the ideals of equality and freedom.

A. embodies B. embody C. embodied D. embodying [A] (较易)

7. In Europe, the color white ______ purity.

A. symbolized B. symbolizes C. symbolizing D. symbols

[B] (中)

8. The magazine is intended to ______ professional women in their

thirties and forties.

A.appeal for B. appeal about C. appeal to D. appeal

[C] (难)

9. Claude’s work had a major ______ on generations of musicians.

A.affect B. effective C. efficient D. influence

10. An important ______ of Van Gogh’s paintings is their bright color.

A. feature

B. character

C. fashion

D. popular

[A] (较易)

11. A wild animal cannot be tamed unless ______ very young.

A. catch

B. is caught

C. caught

D. being caught [C]

(较难)

12. The girl _______ work was the best was given a prize.

A. whose

B. who

C. which

D. that

[A] (中)

13. While ______ along the street early in the morning, she heard

someone crying for help.

A. walked

B. walk

C. walks

D. walking

[D] (较难)

14. People who ______ warm colors like to be quiet and alone.

A. like

B. dislike

C. likely

D. alike

[B] (中)

15. You will know your friends and enemies better when you ______

what colors they like and dislike.

A. find

B. discover

C. look for

D. find out

[D] (难)

16. ______, women prefer brighter colors than men do.

A. In the whole

B. On the whole

C. About the whole

D. Above the

whole

[B] (中)

17. The bill will allow parents the right to express a ______ for the

school their child attends.

A. prefer

B. preference

C. preferring

D. habit

[B] (较易)

18. People of different ______ may speak different languages.

A. nationalities

B. nationality

C. nation

D. nations

[B] (易)

19. Everything is almost ready for me to make another ______ on the record.

A. attempt

B. attempts

C. intend

D. purpose

[A] (较易)

20. You could go your own way ______ follow their footsteps.

A. more than

B. other than

C. rather than

D. no more than

21. The children ______ differently to the news.

A. react

B. reacts

C. reacting

D. reacted

[D] (易)

22. ______ people are very friendly and enjoy talking to others.

A. Hostile

B. Unfriendly

C. Sociable

D. Quiet

[C] (中)

23. Through science we’ve got the idea of ______ progress ______ the

future.

A. associate … with

B. associated …. With

C. associates … with

D. associating … with

[D] (易)

24. John prefers watching TV to ______ his homework.

A. do

B. doing

C. does

D. did

[B] (较易)

25. Lily would rather go swimming than ______ today.

A. to go skating

B. goes skating

C. go skating

D. went skating [C] (难)

Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (40%) (理解)

Directions: In this part, there are four passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are required to decide on the best choice that best answers the question or best completes the statement.

Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage: (艺术类~~易) Most of the time, magicians give good shows, but every magician has given a show that was terrible or has tried to do a trick that didn’t go right.

Howard Thurston, a famous magician, made some interesting mistakes on the stage.

Thurston did a famous Indian trick with a girl. The girl climbed into a box. Then the box was pulled up above the stage. Thurston shouted, “Iasia, garawallah, go!” The box opened and the girl was gone. “Wonderful!”

“Wonderful!”

One night, after the show, a man asked the magician, “Please tell me where you learned your magic words?”

Thurston answered, “I’ve traveled in India and often heard ‘garawallah’ in the streets there. I thought it was a good word for an Indian trick.” The man smiled and said, “I’m from India. That word means ‘Hey, bus’!”

Another mistake stayed in Thurston’s show. In one trick, he cut off the heads of two chickens and two ducks and put their bodied inside a magic box.

Then he opened the box and found four living birds with heads on them. This is the way the trick was done. The birds’ heads were tied under their wings.

Then false heads were tied on the birds before they were brought on the stage. Thurston cut off these false heads and put the birds in the box. His helper was also in the box. He could put new false heads on the birds faster than he could untie the true heads. So after Thurston put the birds inside the box, his helper tied on false heads.

One night, the helper made a mistake. He tied the chicken heads on the ducks and then tied the duck heads on the chickens. The birds came out of the box, and the people laughed and laughed.

26. “Garawallah” means ______.

A. after Thurston shouted the words, the girl was gone

B. the people in India ask for the traffic

C. the birds came out of the box and made the people laugh

D. it was a good word for an India trick

27. According to the story, which of the following is true?

A. The tricks of magicians never go wrong.

B. The Indian man wasn’t interested in the magic words at all.

C. The birds’ heads should be tied under the ducks’ wings.

D. The people enjoyed watching magic tricks very much.

28. The best title of the story could be ______.

A. A Careless Helper

B. A Magician’s Mistakes

C. Good Shows

D. Terrible Tricks

29. How many people and how many kinds of birds were there in this

story?

A. Six.

B. Seven.

C. Eight.

D. Twelve.

30. In fact, the second trick was a wonderful show. Could you guess what

excuse the magician would say?

A. Sorry, my helper has made a mistake.

B. Oh, dear! What’s the matter with the birds?

C. Look, How magic my birds are!

D. Oh! I really don’t know what has happened.

答案26-30 BDBAC

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage: The market is a concept. If you are growing tomatoes in your backyard for sale, you are producing for the market. You might sell some to your neighbor and some to the manager of the local supermarket. But in either case, you are producing for the market. Your efforts are being directed by the market. If people stop buying tomatoes, you will stop producing them.

If you take care of a sick person to earn money, you are producing for the market. If your father is a steelworker or a truck driver or a doctor or a grocer, he is producing goods or service for the market.

When you spend your income, you are buying things from the market. You may spend money in stores, supermarkets, gas stations, and restaurants. Still you are buying from the market. When the local grocer hires you to drive the delivery truck, he is buying your labor in the labor market.

The market may seem to be something abstract. But for each person or

business who is making and selling, it’s very real. If nobody buys your tomatoes, it won’t be long before you get the message. The market is telling you something. It’s telling you that you are using energies and resources in doing something the market doesn’t want you to do.

31. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A. Selling and Buying.

B. What is the Market

C. Everything you do Is producing for the market.

D. What the market can do for You.

32. All of the following acts are producing for the market except ______.

A. working in a bank

B. printing a book

C. attending a night school

D. growing beans for sale

33. You are buying from the market when you ______.

A. borrow a book from the library

B. look after your children

C. drive to the seaside for a holiday

D. eat at a restaurant

34. The word “real” in the last paragraph may most probably mean

______.

A. serious

B. true

C. important

D. concrete

35. In what way is the market very real for each person or business who

is making and selling something?

A. It tells you what to produce.

B. It tells you how to grow tomatoes.

C. It provides you with everything you need.

D. It helps you save money.

答案 31-35 BCBDA

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage: (艺术类~~中)Jacques Franck is a virtually unknown, middle-aged artist who now has two claims to fame ------ mastering the techniques of da Vinci and defending

Leonardo’s masterpiece against the restorers.

The news sent shock waves throughout the French art establishment and around the world. French government officials held emergency meetings and denials were swiftly issued. But Franck has held his ground. His sources, he says, are impeccable. The man who paints like Leonardo lives behind half a ton of steel-clad door in a suburb to the southeast of Paris. He prefers the exact location of his modern apartment block to remain unidentified because of what the door protects. Packed tightly into the small living room is a fabulous collection of ornate 18th-century French royal furniture, oil paintings and vases. It’s a bizarre thing to come across in such unassuming surroundings.

He has little money ------ but of an amazing ability to spot the real McCoy in unlikely places. “ I seem to have incredible luck with antique shops and flea markets. It is a product of my artist’s eye.”

That eye was something he discovered early on. Franck was born fifty-four years ago in Boulogne, the son of an electrical engineer who hated the thought of his child becoming an artist. His mother, however, encouraged him. When he was about seven she handed him a book of Italian masterpieces, including the Mona Lisa. “I immediately felt it was the most beautiful picture in the world and that I understood everything about it. I also knew that I wanted to understand the technique.” Thus Franck began his life work. His copies of Leonardo’s paintings soon revealed a precocious talent which gained him entry to the local fine art school when he was 11 years old. Later he went to Paris and then, taken by the idea of becoming an actor, to London in the early sixties. But throughout he continued his work on replicating Leonardo’s technique.

36. Did French government recognize his claims?

A. Yes, it did.

B. No, it didn’t.

C. French government didn’t show its attitude.

D. French government was very angry when hearing the news.

37. His living room is full of ______.

A. fashionable furniture

B. oil paintings and vases

C. ornate 18th-century French royal furniture

D. both B and C

38. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Franck’s father encouraged him to be an artist when he was

young.

B. Franck is an unknown, middle-aged artist with a lot of money.

C. Franck was born in France.

D. Franck’s mother was an electrical engineer.

39. What revealed that Franck had a precocious talent when he was a

child?

A. His hard work in painting.

B. His cleverness.

C. His discovery of the techniques of Leonardo’s paintings.

D. His copies of Leonardo’s painting.

40. He went to London because he wanted to ______.

A. improve himself

B. study art further

C. sell his paintings

D. become an actor

答案 36-40 BDCDD

Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:

In London, in his attic flat, he had started a copy of the Mona Lisa and that was occupying all his time. It was there that he made the breakthrough.

The discovery was, he says, horrendous and liberating at the same time: each of Leonardo’s brush strokes had to be less than one tenth of a millimeter, perhaps one twentieth or even one thirtieth. It is this delicacy that gives the artist’s work its unique form and depth.

There can be no doubting the time and effort that has gone into the painting, the concentration of technique, the steadiness of hand that was needed to make the profile appear to float in the frame.

A decidedly young 54 man, with a constantly startled look, Franck is so

earnest that it is hard to challenge him. Ask him how he knows he has mastered Leonardo’s technique and he says only that there is no other way the paintings could have been executed. He knows. Simple as that. He’s worked on it for decades. Who’s to argue?

He believes that Leonardo’s work is so fine, the layer of paint on canvas so exquisitely thin, that it is completely unreasonable, at least using current methods.

“Prior to 1983 I had not thought about the problems of restoration,” he

says. “My understanding was progressive. I eventually realized that most restorers do not know anything about art.” He believes his growing concern that technicians were prepared to strip oil painting off their varnish, without any thought for how the paint beneath had been laid down, was fully justified in September 1992.

In a decision which the Louvre authorities probably now regret, Franck was asked to act as an adviser on the restoration of Leonardo’s Virgin and Child with St John the Baptist and St Anne. Few doubted that something needed to be done. The varnish on the painting was now so thick and dark with age, and so terribly stained by earlier botched attempts at restoration, that it was becoming obscured.

41. Where did Jacques Franck start a copy of the Mona Lisa and made

the breakthrough?

A. In London

B. In Paris

C. In Boulogue

D. In his hometown

42. What gives the Mona Lisa its unique form and depth?

A. The color that the artist used.

B. The special technique that Franck discovered.

C. The light that the artist used.

D. The unusual delicacy.

43. Jacques Franck has worked on Leonardo’s painting techniques for

______.

A. a long time

B. decades

C. some time

D. his whole life

44. Franck began to think about the problems of restoration ______.

A. before 1983

B. in 1983

C. after 1983

D. none of the above

45. Why was the painting Virgin and Child with St John the Baptist and

St Anne becoming obscured? Because the varnish on the painting was

______.

A. too thick

B. too dark with age

C. terribly stained by earlier botched attempts at restoration

D. all of the above

答案 41-45 ADBBD

Part Ⅲ Cloze (理解、识记、掌握)Directions: In this part there is a passage with 20 blanks in it. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B,C and D. You are required to choose the one that best fills into the passage.

Last October, a young American 46 a conservation Project at Kalimantan in Asia 47 seriously ill, and there was no hospital or even doctor 48 . She 49 waiting for treatment, 50 she knew what to do. A quick telex to Singapore 51 help within 12 hours. Doctors flew 52 , gave her first aid 53 rushed her to a hospital in Singapore.

The organization that provided 54 was a private company based in Switzerland. 55 International SOS Assistance, it offers such an 56 round the clock throughout most of the world. It also gives medical advice and recommends 57 the treatment.

58 into Asia in 1987, SOS has proved a great 59 . Among its 43 operations 60 are “alarm centers” in Beijing, Hong Kong and Singapore. There are plans 61 . SOS people even go into 62 , that is, they have helped people 63 Afghanistan, Lebanon and Iraq during its war with Iran.

64 one of the SOS officials boasts, “We can actually go to more places 65 the International Red Cross.”

46. A. works on B. working on C. worked in D. working in

47. A. falls B. fills C. fell D. felt

48. A. nearby B. near C. nearly D. near to

49. A. could have died B. can have died

C. must have died

D. need have died

50. A. still B. or C. even D. but

51. A. took B. but C. and D. or

52. A. in B. on C. out D. into

53. A. even B. however C. or D. and

54. A. which life-saving care B. his life-saving care

C. whose life-saving care

D. that life-saving care

55. A. Calling B. Called C. Being called D. To call

56. A. emergence service B. emergency service

C. emergence duty

D. emergency duty

57. A. where get to B. where to get C. what to get D. to get what

58. A. Introducing B. Introduced C. Introduction D. Introductive

59. A. succeed B. succeeding C. successful D. success

60. A. worldwide B. world C. wideworld D. worldly

61. A. to spend B. to expand C. to extend D. to expect

62. A. wars B. zones C. war zones D. fight

63. A. out of B. into C. on D. among

64. A. Just B. As C. When D. While

65. A. as B. so C. than D. or

答案46-65 BCAAD BADDB BBBDA BCABC

Part Ⅳ Translation (10%) (识记、掌握)Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.

66. If you had been a very successful banker or businessman during the 1980s, you might well have worn an Armani suit. [易]

67. Having had no formal training, he brought out his first collection of men’s clothing in 1964 while employed by a top Italian design house. [难]

68. In the 1980s, the Armani suit became a powerful fashion statement among those on the make and those who had it made. [较难]

69. A black bridge over the Thames River, near London, used to be the scene of more suicides than any other bridge in the area. [中]

70. Remember, then, that if you feel low, you can always brighten your day or your life with a new shirt or a few cans of paint. [较易]

Part Ⅴ Writing (15%)

Directions: Write a composition on the topic:“Should College Students Do Part-time Jobs?”You should base your composition on the outline below.

1. The benefits of doing part-time jobs

2. The possible problems of doing part-time jobs

3. Your suggestion

南艺学位英语卷9

English Qualification Test For A Bachelor’s Degree Nanjing Arts Institute Part I Vocabulary and Structure ( 25% ) (识记、掌握)Directions:There are 25 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then put your choices on the answer sheet. 1. I met him on my way home ______. A. by accidentally B. in accident C .for chance D. by chance (D)易 2. She seems ______ becoming a musician. A. bend for B. bend on C. bent for D. bent on (D)较易 3. What he said _____ me the days I spent in the countryside. A. reminded for B. reminded of C. remembered for D. remembered of (B)较难 4. The lost bicycle was ______ in a small village four hundred miles away. A. picked out B. picked in C. picked up D. picked on (C)较易 5. He _____ the memory of his dead wife. A. cherished B. cherry C. cheered D. cheek (A)中 6. She lost the election by a ______ 21 votes. A. more B. most C. mere D. merely (C)较易 7. He has been ______ a lot of pressure on me to change my mind. A. exerting B. exerted C. exercised D. exercising (A)中 8. _____ a few words, I do not know any French at all. A. Except B. Apart for C. Apart from D. Without (C)易 9. As I waited for John to arrive, I ______ the clock and saw that he was late. A. glassed at B. glassed for C. glanced for D. glanced at (D)中

南艺艺术英语第一册-课后翻译和答案讲课稿

南艺艺术英语第一册-课后翻译和答案

Unit 1 1. The Taj Mahal is made of fine white marble. 2. Few buildings on earth can compete with the beauty of the Taj Mahal. 3. The green trees in the garden make the white wall look even whiter. 4. By the pool, you can see your own reflection in the water. 5. The house is perfect for our family. Unit 2 1. Ieoh Ming Pei has made great contributions to the architecture of the world. 2. He is someone who has truly influenced the modern architecture world. 3. We have attempted to stop his action, but failed completely. 4. Ieoh Ming Pei is one of the most prolific architects of our times. 5. He has incorporated both eastern and western ideas into his designs. Unit 3 1. Whether you like it or not, you must read over the book. 2. In terms of art collections, the Louvre is the largest and most famous museum in the world. 3. An artist must make contact with the nature so as to be creative. 4. This landscape is similar in color to one of Claude Monet’s. 5. He looks more like a laborer than an artist. Unit 4 1. Different from western paintings, a Chinese painting is not restricted by the focal point in his perspective, proportion or light. 2. According to the means of expression, we can divide Chinese painting into two categories: the xieyi school and the gongbi school. 3. It can be said that the adoption of shifting perspective is one of the characteristics of Chinese painting. 4. He has put forward a unique aesthetic theory. 5. A painting is to convey not only the appearance of an object, but also an artist’s feelings. Unit 5 1. The ancient Chinese artists used bronze to make sculptures, and horses were their favorite subjects. 2. Chinese have turned acrobatics into an art. 3. Colors stand for different characters in Beijing Opera. For example, red is for loyalty and courage and black for uprightness. 4. P ainting is one of “The Three Perfections” of Chinese arts. 5. Beijing Opera, as a traditional artistic form, is extremely popular in China. Unit 6 1. It is imaginable that computer can be used to compose and play music. 2. With appropriate software, computers can be used as teaching aid. 3. Computers are not likely to replace the pianos or pallets. 4. Although computers have been widely used, its application in art area still needs to be discovered further. 5. They have tired all the available means to solve the problem. Unit 7 1. Mozart was one of the greatest composers in the Classical period, and his works (compositions) were typical classical music. 2. In China, the folk music in the east is greatly different from that in the west. 3. As time goes by, he is more and more popular with the young. 4. Listening to music makes them happy. 5. She played the violin, accompanied by her mother on the piano. Unit 8 1. If you combine your talent with your diligence, you’ll succeed. 2. Formed under the influence of the Blues, Rhythm-and-Blues is a type of modern American music with a strong beat. 3. Parents play an important role in their children’s educ ation. 4. With the development of computer technology, computer-generated music has been widely used. 5. You should apply your knowledge to your work.

大学英语(四)重修资料--非毕业班2015.5

大学英语(四)---非毕业班 I.词语填空15% II.单选(四选一)20% III. 阅读理解30% IV.完形填空20% V.作文15% Part I Understanding the Words Directions: Complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate phrase from the list given. Change the form if necessary.(请做在答题卷上) drop out be bound to let’s face it follow one’s lead go too far take the place of have a fit you name it measure up to look up to 1) Don’t lie to him. He ________________ find out about it. 2) The mine-workers went on strike, and the railroad unions threatened to _______________. 3) It is all very well to be frugal (节约), but he _________________. 4) He told us that he would _______________ his father in the company for a while. 5) I haven’t seen that student of mine for some time; do you think she’s ________________? 6) Your mother would ______________ if she knew you were here. 7) These products _________________ the national standards. 8) When we were young, we were taught to ____________________ the police. 9) ______________, we won’t win whatever we do. 10) My father can make anything: chairs, tables, cupboards — _________________. Part II Vocabulary and Structure Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and write down the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 1. His effort of decades began to ________. He came to be well-known for his findings. A) pay off B) die off C) put off D) break off 2. Long ________ to harmful pollutants is most likely to lead to a decline in health. A) contact B) touch C) use D) exposure 3. The new machine can be ________ to the needs of all customers. A) adapted B) adopted C) abused D) addicted 4. The report ________ the local government of hiding the facts and misleading the public. A) accused B) abused C) advertised D) activated 5. On the whole, ambitious students are more ________ to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition. A) possible B) likely C) capable D) probable

南艺英语第一册课文翻译及课后答案

南艺英语第一册课文翻译及课后答案 Unit 1 1. The Taj Mahal is made of fine white marble. 2. Few buildings on earth can compete with the beauty of the Taj Mahal. 3. The green trees in the garden make the white wall look even whiter. 4. By the pool, you can see your own reflection in the water. 5. The house is perfect for our family. Unit 2 1. Ieoh Ming Pei has made great contributions to the architecture of the world. 2. He is someone who has truly influenced the modern architecture world. 3. We have attempted to stop his action, but failed completely. 4. Ieoh Ming Pei is one of the most prolific architects of our times. 5. He has incorporated both eastern and western ideas into his designs. Unit 3 1. Whether you like it or not, you must read over the book. 2. In terms of art collections, the Louvre is the largest and most famous museum in the world. 3. An artist must make contact with the nature so as to be creative. 4. This landscape is similar in color to one of Claude Monet’s. 5. He looks more like a laborer than an artist. Unit 4 1. Different from western paintings, a Chinese painting is not restricted by the focal point in his perspective, proportion or light. 2. According to the means of expression, we can divide Chinese painting into two categories: the xieyi school and the gongbi school. 3. It can be said that the adoption of shifting perspective is one of the characteristics of Chinese painting. 4. He has put forward a unique aesthetic theory.

安徽工程大学《大学英语四》(重修)练习五

《大学英语四》(重修)练习五 Part I.Reading Comprehension Directions:There are two passages in this part.Each passage is followed by5questions,with four choices given for each question.Please decide on the best choice. Passage1 On October12,1989,some Chinese scientists were working at the computers to look for the information they needed.Suddenly they saw a lot of very bright spots crossing the computer’s screens.At the same moment the computers were working much slower.To find out what was happening they stopped their work to look over some parts of the computers.To their surprise, they found out that most of their stored information was got rid of by computer viruses(病毒)!It’s clear that all these computers had been infected(传染)by computer viruses. It is said that the computer viruses were made by a group of young men interested in playing tricks.They all had a lot of computer knowledge.They made the viruses just to show their cleverness.This kind of computer viruses is named Jerusalem Viruses.These viruses can stay in computer for a long time.When the time comes they will hit the computers by lowering the functions,breaking their usual programs or even getting rid of all the information. We now come to know that Jerusalem Viruses often hit computers on Friday and that they are visiting a lot of computers.Among the countries that had computer viruses last year are Britain, Australia,Switzerland and the US.But till now,how to get rid of the terrible viruses is still a problem. 1.On October12,1989,some Chinese scientists operated the computers to_____. A.repair some parts of them B.get rid of the very bright spots C.look for Jerusalem Viruses D.look for what they wanted 2.The group of young men made the viruses to. A.break all the computers B.tell people they hated computers C.show they were clever D.get more knowledge about computers 3.Which of the following is the most serious result by the viruses? A.The computer’s functions are lowered. B.The usual programs are got rid of. C.Some parts of the computer are broken. D.All the information in the computer is missing. 4.When a computer is infected with the viruses,it will. A.stop working B.no longer be useful C.not work as usual D.not keep the information for long 5.According to the passage,computer viruses seem to be.

学位英语考试真题答案完整版全国卷

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Part ⅠDialogue completion (10 points) Dialogue one Tom: Do you go to college Mike: Yes. __1__ Tom: What college do you go to Mike: I go to Pasadena City College. Tom: Do you like it Mike: Oh, yes. __2__ Tom: why do you like it Mike: Because it has great teachers. Tom: __3__ Mike: I like all my classmates, too. Tom: Anything else Mike: Yes. __4__ A. It’s not expensive! B. You bet.

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