高英 unit6~8文本大意
Unit 6
1. Golding divides people into three categories: grade-three thinkers, grade-two thinkers,
and grade-one thinkers.
According to Golding, 90 percent of the population represents the largest category, called grade-three thinkers. These people are docile. They follow orders and they obey other people's wishes. They never learn to think for themselves and cannot distinguish truth from lies. A dictator could take control of them and make them do whatever he wanted, as if they were sheep. The resulting mob would be brutal and ugly.
Grade-two thinkers, Golding's second category, are less likely to be influenced by a dictator. These grade-two thinkers, who make up 9 percent of the population, see corruption in the world. For example, grade-two thinkers may question the honesty of religion or political institutions,but they fail to find new ideals to believe in.
The remaining 1 percent of the population are what Golding calls grade-one thinkers. They not only see corruption, but they also know how to seek truth. Their lives are defined by beauty, wisdom and knowledge. Such thinkers are creative and imaginative geniuses, like Mozart, Michelangelo, and Einstein, who opened new worlds in music, art and science.
2. Golding learns to differentiate three types of thinkers while analyzing everyone he
meets. He classifies them into three different “Grades” according to their style of
thinking: Grade-three thinkers, which he describes as people who think with their
feelings, and without analyzing. Grade-two thinkers, who he says to be the people who like to contradict any situation. Golding finds that the age period in which people are most likely to be Grade-two thinkers is in their adolescent years. And Grade-one thinkers who analyze everything without taking feeling into their decision making.
It is important to understand that people fall into different categories when it comes to the way they think. I think that by understanding the type of thinker someone is, it is much easier to treat the individual in a way that will help communicate the message in a better manner. It is also crucial for the receiver to feel that the communicator is aware of his/her type of thinking. This creates some level of comfort that allows both sides to participate on the conversation without the tension of feeling misunderstood.
By having an idea of the type of thinker a person is, there is a better understanding of the type of personality dealing with and thereof there is a greater predisposition to welcome the individual’s reaction. At t he same time, it is important to realize that the three types of thinkers mentioned by Golding are not much complex to be used to determine a person’s personality. By this, meaning that even if someone has the ability to perceive a person’s
“Grade of Thinking,” it does not mean that he/she has the ability to determine the person’s personality.
In my opinion, what Golding created as the “Grade of Thinking,” is a very interesting way to approach the different personality types and to have a better understanding about people’s needs according to their thinking style.
This approach seems to be more of a pleasure for Golding since he refers to it as his “hobby.” After learning about the different types of Thinking, it is obvious that not everyone would probably enjoy being as a detailed observer as Golding is. However, it would be very helpful for anyone to put this “hobby” in practice, since it could be very beneficial at a personal lever. By this meaning that this “strategy” of observing and learning, could help individuals to have a better understanding about how to deal and cope with people that are part of their lives.
Unit7
1. At first, he has the sense that time has not passed because the natural features of the
lake and the woods appear the same. But the confusion of identity that he
experiences is testimony/evidence to the fact that things have changed and that he is
a separate individual, neither his son, at the onset of life, nor his father who has
passed on, but someone at the midpoint on his own path to mortality.
2. The author compares the time he went fishing with his dad and how he's fishing now
with his son. The essay shows author’s engaging in an internal struggle between acting and viewing the lake as he did when he was a boy and acting and viewing it as an adult or as his father would have.
3. Although White sees the lake as having remained nearly the same to the lake of his
boyhood, technology mars his experience and the new, noisier boats disturb the
placid atmosphere at the lake. This could suggest that technology is damaging.
(except that the same paragraph contains a lengthy reminiscence in which White rhapsodizes about his boyhood affection for an old one-cylinder engine. The memory balances the theme of technology, suggesting that certain kinds of technology, if a person can "get close to it spiritually," are able to become almost a natural part of one's self.)
4.He suddenly realizes how death is so close because he is now the father and not the
son. White realizes that although human lives are by themselves transient and
insignificant, experiences are immortal. In spite of the increasing amounts of
technology, his son still has the same experiences that he had when he was a boy.
Furthermore, he realizes the looming death. At this point, White knows that because the cycle that leads from birth to death is universal, he is subject to it, and as he
watches his son ascend the path to maturity and independence, he is approaching the horizon of his own demise.
A universal truth is susceptible to anyone who has the intellect and experience to recognize it. And it is the especial province of the writer to express these universals in unique and individual terms. This is the power of White’s essay. The quality of a literary work is further established when its insights are verified by others who write independently of similar experiences and who express the same universal truth in their own terms.
Unit8
Lewis described how the Inner Ring is exclusive and esoteric in nature and the penetration of one ring often opens a door for opportunities of fame, money and status and the feeling of being part of something special. Lewis clarified that the existence of the Inner Ring itself is not necessarily evil and in some ways is inevitable, as at times there must be confidential discussions. Although friendship can grow within this given framework, he asserted how the desire that draws one toward the Inner Ring is a different matter. He saw in the desire to be inside the ring something that can become a predominant force that runs througho ut one’s life and plants the seeds for corruption. This desire is inherent in the impulse to be a part of something special, a kind of belonging, which, in the presence of the inner ring is often experienced as the fear of being left outside.
Lewis warned the University students that often, unless one makes a conscious effort, this desire can dictate one’s life.Now more than ever, Lewis’s advice appears poignant and it should be taken to heart. Lewis spoke of how following what is uniquely in one’s heart, rather than suc cumbing to the surface inner thirst for mere conformity and belonging shaped from outside will lead to something that at first glance may seem a bit like an Inner Ring.This Lewis called friendship, one of the prominent virtues held in high regard by Aristotle.It is human relationship based on friendship, not on privilege and power, where one can find what true inside – that which binds us together is in the higher union of our humanity.
八年级下册6单元笔记
Unit 6 语言基础知识: 1.shoot →shot →shot v. ①射击（中）②开枪（1）shoot sb./sth. “射中，击中” （2）shoot at sb. /sth. “朝…开枪” e.g. The boy is shooting birds. 2. （1）move sth. “搬/移某物” （2）move the mountains “移山” （3）move to sp “搬到某地 earth n. ①泥土②地球 1. send →sent→sent vt. ①发送，邮寄②提醒send sb. to do sth. “派某人做某事” 2. move v.①搬（移、挪）动②感动 moved adj. “感动的”moving adj. “令人感动的” be moved by sb./sth. “被…所感动” 3. remind vt. ①使…想（记）起②提醒 （1）remind sb. of sth. “使某人想起…” （2）remind sb. to do sth. “提醒某人做…” （3）remind sb. 实从“提醒某人…” e.g. The old photos remind me of my childhood . 7. This /Here is what I said .“这是我所说的话” 8. work on (doing)sth. “从事/忙于（做）…” 9. solve a /the problem “解决问题” 7.（1） a good way to do sth. “做某事的一个好的方法” （2）many other ways “许多其它的方法” 8. a bit of U “一点，少量” a bit o f milk “少量牛奶” 9. 有点, 稍微（四个程度adv.) kind of = a little= a bit= a little bit adj./adv. a little bit silly “有点愚蠢” 10.seem adj. = seem to be adj.“似乎…” （1）seem to do sth. “似乎做…” （2）It seemed /seems that 句子“似乎…”
高级英语课文翻译
青年人的四种选择 Lesson 2: Four Choices for Young People 在毕业前不久，斯坦福大学四年级主席吉姆?宾司给我写了一封信，信中谈及他的一些不安。 Shortly before his graduation, Jim Binns, president of the senior class at Stanford University, wrote me about some of his misgivings. 他写道：“与其他任何一代人相比，我们这一代人在看待成人世界时抱有更大的疑虑 ,, 同时越 来越倾向于全盘否定成人世界。” “More than any other generation, ” he said, “ our generation views the adult world with great skepticism, there is also an increased tendency to reject completely that world. ”很 明显，他的话代表了许多同龄人的看法。 Apparently he speaks for a lot of his contemporaries. 在过去的几年里，我倾听过许多年轻人的谈话，他们有的还在大学读书，有的已经毕业，他 们对于成人的世界同样感到不安。 During the last few years, I have listened to scores of young people, in college and out, who were just as nervous about the grown world. 大致来说，他们的态度可归纳如下：“这个世界乱糟糟的，到处充满了不平等、贫困和战争。 对此该负责的大概应是那些管理这个世界的成年人吧。如果他们不能做得比这些更好，他们又能拿 什么来教育我们呢？这样的教导，我们根本不需要。” Roughly, their attitude might be summed up about like this:“ The world is in pretty much of a mess, full of injustice, poverty, and war. The people responsible are, presumably, the adults who have been running thing. If they can’ t do better than that, what have they got to teach our generation? That kind of lesson we can do without. ” 我觉得这些结论合情合理，至少从他们的角度来看是这样的。 There conclusions strike me as reasonable, at least from their point of view. 对成长中的一代人来说，相关的问题不是我们的社会是否完美（我们可以想当然地认为是这 样），而是应该如何去应付它。 The relevant question for the arriving generation is not whether our society is imperfect (we can take that for granted), but how to deal with it. 尽管这个社会严酷而不合情理，但它毕竟是我们惟一拥有的世界。 For all its harshness and irrationality, it is the only world we’ ve got. 因此，选择一个办法去应付这个社会是刚刚步入成年的年轻人必须作出的第一个决定，这通 常是他们一生中最重要的决定。 Choosing a strategy to cope with it, then, is the first decision young adults have to make, and usually the most important decision of their lifetime. 根据我的发现，他们的基本选择只有四种： So far as I have been able to discover, there are only four basic alternatives: 1）脱离传统社会
人教版八年级下册英语第四单元笔记
八年级下册Unit 4单元笔记 【词汇学习】 1．mad adj．极为愤怒的；十分恼火的 She was mad with me for losing my keys．她为我丢了钥匙而生我的气。 2．anymore adv．再；还（用于否定句） He doesn't come here anymore．他再也不到这儿来了。 3．however adv．无论如何 He can answer the question however hard it is．不管问题有多难他都能回答。 4．suppose v．假定；认为；料想；期望 What do you suppose you will do after school? 你放学后想干什么? 5．nervous adj．紧张的；神经质的 I felt very nervous when I went into his office． 当我走进他的办公室时，我感到很紧张。 6．semester n．一学期；半年 We will have ten subjects in this semester．这个学期我们将学十门功课。 7．disappointing adj．令人失望的 Maybe this news is disappointing ．也许这是一个令人失望的消息。 8．be supposed to 认为必须；认为应该 You are supposed to be successful．你应该成功。 9．get mad 变疯；变得着迷 She gets mad about going to dance．她对跳舞着了迷。 10．get over 恢复，克服困难 Can we get over this difficulty? 我们能克服这个困难吗? 11. first of all 首先
(完整版)高级英语第二册课文翻译
高级英语第二册课文翻译 Unit1 Pub Talk and the King's English 酒吧闲聊与标准英语 亨利?费尔利 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语vcau)。即便我们的菜单没有为了装洋耍派头而写成法语，我们所用的英语仍然是诺曼底式的英语。这一切向我们昭示了诺曼底人征服之后英国文化上所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。 撒克逊农民种地养畜，自己出产的肉自己却吃不起，全都送上了诺曼底人的餐桌。农民们只能吃到在地里乱窜的兔子。兔子肉因为便宜，诺曼底贵族自然不屑去吃它。因此，活兔子和吃的兔子肉共用rabbit
人教英语 八年级下册 5单元知识点笔记
Unit5 What were you doing when the rainstorm came? 1.过去进行时定义：表示在过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间内正在 进行的动作。 结构：was/were+ v.ing 句型结构：肯定句：主语+was/were+ v.ing….. 否定句：主语+was/were+not+ v.ing…. 一般疑问句：Was/Were+主语+v.ing…….? 回答：Yes，主语+was/were. No, 主语+wasn’t/weren’t. 时间标志词：at this time yesterday, at that time, at nine+过去的时间，when, while等引导的时间状语从句等。 2.When与while的区别: while引导的时间状语从句只表示时间段，while要与延续性动词、表状态的词或进行时态连用。While 还可以表示“然而，却”，对比关系。When既可以与延续性动词连用，也可以与短暂性动词连用。也可与过去时态和进行时态连用。但是当两个动作同时发生时用While,不用when。（I was doing my homework while my sister was playing.）
3.beat与win的区别： beat意为“打败”，后接比赛的对手、队伍、团体。过去式beat Win意为“获胜，赢得”，后接比赛、奖品、荣誉等。过去式won, 4.句型：find it+adj+(for sb)+ to do sth 发现做某事对于某人来说。。。 Find sb/sth doing sth 发现。。。正在做某事。 5.全部否定：当句子含有否定词no, none, nobody, nothing, nowhere, neither, never等表达绝对否定含义的时候，叫全部否定。 例如：Nobody knows her. 没有一个人认识她。 部分否定：当含有全体意义的代词或副词all, each, every, both,, always ，often,等用于否定式谓语的句子中的时候，构成部分否定。 例如：Not everyone in the Africa is very poor. 在非洲，并非每一个人都非常贫穷。 6. 动词固定搭配： 1.remember to do sth 记得去做某事（还未做） Remember doing sth 记得做过某事（已做过） 词汇（红色为重要词汇）： 1.Go off （闹钟）发出响声 2.Rain heavily 下大雨= rain hard
八下6单元笔记
Unit 6 How long have you been collecting shells? Grammar: 现在完成时和现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点，所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点，所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。 现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较： (1)现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果，但前者所表示的结果是直接的，而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。如： We have heen cleaning the classroom. We have cleaned the classroom. (2)现在完成进行时有时有延续性，现在完成时往往没有。如： They have been widening the road. They have widened the road. (3)但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质，如： My mother has been teaching English for twenty years. My mother has taught English for twenty years. (4) 现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复，现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如： Have you been meeting her lately？ Have you met her lately？ (5) 现在完成进行时比较生动，有时含有明显的感情色彩，而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实，一种影响或结果，平铺直叙，没有什么感情色彩可言。如： What have you been doing？ What have you done？ （6）在否定结构中，现在完成时所否定的是谓语动词，现在完成进行时所否定的是状语。如： He hasn't been speaking since three o'clock． He hasn't spoken since three o'clock． Words and expressions: 1.collect v. --- collection n. --- collector n. I tried to collect my thoughts but I was too excited. We are collecting money for the famine victim. This department collects information on political extremists. Why do you collect stamps? The collection of these stamps took ten years. He has a very good collection of foreign coins. 他收藏着不少外国硬币。 2. shell n.. The seashore was covered with shells. 海滩上到处是贝壳。 She was shelling peas. （shell 动词剥去。。。。。。的壳） 这个famous logo 你难道不认识吗？
《高级英语》课文逐句翻译(12)
《高级英语》课文逐句翻译（12） 我为什么写作 Lesson 12：Why I Write 从很小的时候，大概五、六岁，我知道长大以后将成为一个作家。 From a very early age，perhaps the age of five or six，I knew that when I grew up I should be a writer. 从15到24岁的这段时间里，我试图打消这个念头，可总觉得这样做是在戕害我的天性，认为我迟早会坐下来伏案著书。 Between the ages of about seventeen and twenty-four I tried to adandon this idea，but I did so with the consciousness that I was outraging my true nature and that sooner or later I should have to settle down and write books. 三个孩子中，我是老二。老大和老三与我相隔五岁。8岁以前，我很少见到我爸爸。由于这个以及其他一些缘故，我的性格有些孤僻。我的举止言谈逐渐变得很不讨人喜欢，这使我在上学期间几乎没有什么朋友。 I was the middle child of three，but there was a gap of five years on either side，and I barely saw my father before I was eight- For this and other reasons I was somewhat lonely，and I soon developed disagreeable mannerisms which made me unpopular throughout my schooldays. 我像一般孤僻的孩子一样，喜欢凭空编造各种故事，和想像的人谈话。我觉得，从一开始，我的文学志向就与一种孤独寂寞、被人冷落的感觉联系在一起。我知道我有驾驭语言的才能和直面令人不快的现实的能力。这一切似乎造就了一个私人的天地，在此天地中我能挽回我在日常生活中的不得意。 I had the lonely child's habit of making up stories and holding conversations with imaginary persons，and I think from the very start my literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. 我知道我有驾驭语言的才能和直面令人不快的现实的能力。这一切似乎造就了一个私人的天地，在此天地中我能挽回我在日常生活中的不得意。 I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing unpleasant facts，and I felt that this created a sort of private world in which I could get my own back for my failure 还是一个小孩子的时候，我就总爱把自己想像成惊险传奇中的主人公，例如罗宾汉。但不久，我的故事不再是粗糙简单的自我欣赏了。它开始趋向描写我的行动和我所见所闻的人和事。
八下英语单元笔记
Unit 1 What’s the matter？重点短语、句式 1. have a fever 发烧 2. have a cough 咳嗽 3. have a cold 受凉;感冒 4. have a headache 头痛 5. have a toothache 牙疼 6. have a stomachache 胃疼 7. have a sore throat 喉咙痛 8. have a sore back 背疼 9. talk too much 说得太多 10. drink enough water 喝足够的水 11. hot tea with honey 加蜂蜜的热茶 12. see a dentist 看牙医 13. get an X-ray 拍X 光片 14. take one’ s temperature 量体温 15. put some medicine on sth. 在……上面敷药 16. feel very hot 感到很热 17. sound like 听起来像 18. all weekend 整个周末 19. in the same way 以同样的方式 20. go to a doctor 看医生 21. go along 沿着……走 22. on the side of the road 在马路边 23. shout for help 大声呼救 24. without th inking twice 没有多想 25. get off 下车 26. have a heart problem 有心脏病27. to one’ s surprise使... 某人惊讶/出乎某人意料的 28. thanks to 多亏了；由于；幸亏 29. in time 及时 30. save a life 挽救生命 31. get into trouble 造成（陷入）麻烦 32. right away 立刻；马上 33. because of 由于 34. get out of 离开;从……出萍 35. hurt oneself 受伤 36. put a bandage on sth. 用绷带包扎 37. fall down 摔倒 38. feel sick 感到恶心 39. have a nosebleed 流鼻血 40. cut his knee 割伤他的膝盖 41. put her head back 把她的头向后仰 42. have problems breathing 呼吸困难 43. mountain climbing 登山运动 44. be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事 45. run out (of) 用完;用尽 46. so that 以便.；目的是… 47. so. . . that 如此… …以至于… 48. be in control of 掌管;管理 49. in a difficult situation 在险境屮 50. keep on doing sth. 继续或坚持做某事 51. make decisions 做出决定 52. take risks 冒险 53. give up doing sth 放弃做某事 54. lie down and rest 躺下来休息 55.(go to) see a doctor（去）看病 56.need to do sth. 需要做某事 57.agree to do sth. 同意做某事 agree with sb.同意某人（观点或看法） 58.take breaks 休息 59. wait for 等待 60. think about 考虑 61. cut off 切除 62. be interest in 对…感兴趣。 63. the same as… 和…一样… 64. away from…远离… 65. see sb. do sth.看见某人做某事过程 see sb. doing sth.看见某人正在做某事 66. be good for 对..有好处 67. at least 至少 68. in front of 在…前面 69. used to +v. 过去常常 * be used to+ V.ing或n. 习惯于 *look forward to + V.ing 盼望做某事 *pay attention to + V.ing 专心作某事 70. What’s the matter? Wha t’ s the matter with you? = What’s the trouble w ith you? = Wha t’ s wrong with you?
高英五课文翻译
Unit1 One Writer's Beginnings作家起步时 1.我从两三岁起就知道，家中随便在哪个房间里，白天无论在什么时间，都可以念书或听人念书。母亲念书给我听。上午她都在那间大卧室里给我念，两人一起坐在她那把摇椅里，我们摇晃时，椅子发出有节奏的滴答声，好像有只唧唧鸣叫的蟋蟀在伴着读故事。冬日午后，她常在餐厅里烧着煤炭的炉火前给我念，布谷鸟自鸣钟发出“咕咕”声时，故事便结束了；晚上我在自己床上睡下后她也给我念。想必我是不让她有一刻清静。有时她在厨房里一边坐着搅制黄油一边给我念，故事情节就随着搅制黄油发出的抽抽搭搭的声响不断展开。我的奢望是她念我来搅拌；有一次她满足了我的愿望，可是我要听的故事她念完了，她要的黄油我却还没弄好。她念起故事来富有表情。比如，她念《穿靴子的猫》时，你就没法不相信她对猫一概怀疑。 2 当我得知故事书原来是人写出来的，书本原来不是什么大自然的奇迹，不像草那样自生自长时，真是又震惊又失望。不过，姑且不论书本从何而来，我不记得自己有什么时候不爱书——书本本身、封面、装订、印着文字的书页，还有油墨味、那种沉甸甸的感觉，以及把书抱在怀里时那种将我征服、令我陶醉的感觉。还没识字，我就想读书了，一心想读所有的书。 3 我的父母都不是来自那种买得起许多书的家庭。然而，虽然买书准得花去他不少薪金，作为一家成立不久的保险公司最年轻的职员，父亲一直在精心挑选、不断订购他和母亲认为儿童成长应读的书。他们购书首先是为了我们的前程。 4 除了客厅里有一向被称作“图书室”的书橱，餐厅的窗子下还有几张摆放百科全书的桌子和一个字典架。这里有伴随我们在餐桌旁争论着长大的《韦氏大词典》、《哥伦比亚百科全书》、《康普顿插图百科全书》、《林肯资料文库》，以及后来的《知识库》。“图书馆”书橱里的书没过多久我就能读了——我的确读了，全都读了，按着顺序，一排接着一排读，从最上面的书架一直读到最下面的书架。母亲读书最重要的不在获取信息。她是为了享受快乐而埋头读小说。她读狄更斯时的神情简直就像要跟他私奔似的。她少女时代读的小说印在了她心头的，除了狄更斯、司各特和罗伯特.路易斯.斯蒂文森等人的作品之外，还有《简爱》、《切尔比》、《白衣女士》、《绿厦》和《所罗门王的矿藏》。 5 多亏了我的父母，我很早就接触了受人喜爱的马克.吐温。书橱里有一整套马克.吐温文集和一套不全的林.拉德纳作品集，这些书最终将父母和孩子联结在一起。 6读摆在我面前的书，读着读着便发现一本又破又旧的书，是我父亲小时候的。书名是《桑福徳与默顿》。我不相信如今还有谁会记得这本书。那是托玛斯.戴在18世纪80年代撰写的一本著名的进行道德教育的故事书，可该书的扉页上并没有提及他；上面写的是《桑福徳与默顿简易本》，玛丽.戈多尔芬著。书中讲的是一个富孩子和一个穷孩子与他们老师巴洛先生之间的冗长的谈话，其间穿插着戏剧性场面——分别写了富孩子和穷孩子如何发火、如何获救。书末讲的道德寓意不是一条，而是两条，都印在环形图案里：“不管发生什么，该做的就去做”，还有“想做伟人，必须先学会做个好人”。 7 这本书没了封面，封底用几条纸片粘牢，有好几层，如今都泛黄了，书页上污迹斑斑，边角处都破碎了；书中花哨的插图脱了页，但都保存良好，夹在书里。即使在少不更事的童年，我就觉得那是我父亲小时候拥有的惟一一本书。他一直珍藏着这本书，或许还枕着这本没了封面的书睡觉：他7岁时就没了母亲。我父亲从来没跟自己的孩子提起过这本书，但他从俄亥俄一路把它带到我们的家，把它放进我们的书橱。 8 母亲则从西弗吉尼亚带来了那套狄更斯：那套书看上去也惨不忍睹——她告诉我，我还没出生，这些书就历经水火之灾，可现在它们还是整齐地排列在那儿——后来我意识到，是等着我去读。 9 从记事起我就收到给自己的书了，那是在生日时，还有圣诞节早晨。我父母真的是送给我再多的书都嫌不够。在我6岁或7岁生日时——那是在我自己能读书之后——他
高级英语1 第二课课文翻译
第二课 广岛——日本“最有活力”的城市 (节选) 雅各?丹瓦“广岛到了!大家请下车!”当世界上最快的高速列车减速驶进广岛车站并渐渐停稳时，那位身着日本火车站站长制服的男人口中喊出的一定是这样的话。我其实并没有听懂他在说些什么，一是因为他是用日语喊的，其次，则是因为我当时心情沉重，喉咙哽噎，忧思万缕，几乎顾不上去管那日本铁路官员说些什么。踏上这块土地，呼吸着广岛的空气，对我来说这行动本身已是一个令人激动的经历，其意义远远超过我以往所进行的任何一次旅行或采访活动。难道我不就是在犯罪现场吗? 这儿的日本人看来倒没有我这样的忧伤情绪。从车站外的人行道上看去，这儿的一切似乎都与日本其他城市没什么两样。身着和服的小姑娘和上了年纪的太太与西装打扮的少年和妇女摩肩接踵；神情严肃的男人们对周围的人群似乎视而不见，只顾着相互交淡，并不停地点头弯腰，互致问候：“多么阿里伽多戈扎伊马嘶。”还有人在使用杂货铺和烟草店门前挂着的小巧的红色电话通话。 “嗨!嗨!”出租汽车司机一看见旅客，就砰地打开车门，这样打着招呼。“嗨”，或者某个发音近似“嗨”的什么词，意思是“对”或“是”。“能送我到市政厅吗?”司机对着后视镜冲我一笑，又连声“嗨!”“嗨!”出租车穿过广岛市区狭窄的街巷全速奔驰，我们的身子随着司机手中方向盘的一次次急转而前俯后仰，东倒西歪。与此同时，这
座曾惨遭劫难的城市的高楼大厦则一座座地从我们身边飞掠而过。 正当我开始觉得路程太长时，汽车嘎地一声停了下来，司机下车去向警察问路。就像东京的情形一样，广岛的出租车司机对他们所在的城市往往不太熟悉，但因为怕在外国人面前丢脸，却又从不肯承认这一点。无论乘客指定的目的地在哪里，他们都毫不犹豫地应承下来，根本不考虑自己要花多长时间才能找到目的地。 这段小插曲后来终于结束了，我也就不知不觉地突然来到了宏伟的市政厅大楼前。当我出示了市长应我的采访要求而发送的请柬后，市政厅接待人员向我深深地鞠了一躬，然后声调悠扬地长叹了一口气。 “不是这儿，先生，”他用英语说道。“市长邀请您今天晚上同其他外宾一起在水上餐厅赴宴。您看，就是这儿。”他边说边为我在请柬背面勾划出了一张简略的示意图。 幸亏有了他画的图，我才找到一辆出租车把我直接送到了运河堤岸，那儿停泊着一艘顶篷颇像一般日本房屋屋顶的大游艇。由于地价过于昂贵，日本人便把传统日本式房屋建到了船上。漂浮在水面上的旧式日本小屋夹在一座座灰黄色摩天大楼之间，这一引人注目的景观正象征着和服与超短裙之间持续不断的斗争。 在水上餐厅的门口，一位身着和服、面色如玉、风姿绰约的迎宾女郎告诉我要脱鞋进屋。于是我便脱下鞋子，走进这座水上小屋里的一个低矮的房间，蹑手蹑脚地踏在柔软的榻榻米地席上，因想到要这样穿着袜子去见广岛市长而感到十分困窘不安。
八年级上册英语课堂笔记(1-6单元)
八年级上册课堂笔记（1-6单元） Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation？ 1，一般过去时 基本结构：主语+动词过去式+其他； 否定形式：①was / were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原动词； 一般疑问句：①Was/Were+主语+其他？②Did+主语+动词原形+其他？ 2，动词过去式规则变化：直接加ed；以不发音e结尾的单词，直接加d；以辅音字母+y结尾的，变y为i加ed；以元音字母+y结尾的，直接加ed；以重读闭音节结尾的，双写最后的辅音字母+ed 不规则变化的动词过去式（见书本最后一页） 3，go on vacation去度假be on vacation在度假 4，anyone任何人，只用于指人，一般用在否定句、疑问句中，后面不接of 短语。做主语时位于动词用单数。Eg：Is there anyone at home？ any one任何一个，指人或物，后面接of 短语。Eg：You can take any one of these books. 5，adj修饰不定代词后置anything special something important enough作adv，修饰adj/ adv 后置old enough fast enough else作adj，修饰疑问代词和不定代词后置what else who else something else 6，quite a few/ little 相当多 7，How/ what about+V-ing/ n/ 代词…怎么样？（表建议、询问） 8，most students= most of the students “one of +the most +adj +n复数”表示“最…之一” Eg：He is one of the most famous writers in China. A most +adj +n 非常Eg：Hangzhou is a most beautiful city. 9，buy/ get sb sth= buy/ get sth for sb 10，what do you think of/ about…？= how do you like…？你认为…怎么样？ 11，have fun，enjoy oneself，have a good/ great/ wonderful time+V-ing, 12，主语+ seem+（to be）+表语（n/adj）eg：Tom seems to be a smart boy/ happy. It seems that从句eg：It seems that he understand. 主语+ seem to do sth eg：He seems to understand. 13，adj 以-ing结尾“令人…的”exciting，interesting，relaxing，boring 以-ed结尾“人感到…的”excited，interested，relaxed，bored 14，询问价格：How much is…What’s the price of… 表示价格高低：…be expensive/ cheap The price of …is high/ low 15，get to, arrive in/at, reach,到达（如果后面接地点的副词home，here或there,就不用介词in ,at, to） 16，decide（not）to do decide that从句 decide+疑问词+不定式 17，try（not）to do sth尽力 try doing sth 尝试 try/ do one’s best to do sth try it on试穿（动副结构）try out试验have a try试一试 18，feel like感觉像feel like doing sth/ want to do sth/ would like to do sth
高级英语第二册张汉熙课文翻译
第三课 酒肆闲聊与标准英语 人类的一切活动中，只有闲谈最宜于增进友谊，而且是人类特有的一种活动。动物之间的信息交流，不论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交谈的。 闲谈的引人人胜之处就在于它没有一个事先定好的话题。它时而迂回流淌，时而奔腾起伏，时而火花四射，时而热情洋溢，话题最终会扯到什么地方去谁也拿不准。要是有人觉得“有些话要说”，那定会大煞风景，使闲聊无趣。闲聊不是为了进行争论。闲聊中常常会有争论，不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。闲聊之中是不存在什么输赢胜负的。事实上，真正善于闲聊的人往往是随时准备让步的。也许他们偶然间会觉得该把自己最得意的奇闻轶事选出一件插进来讲一讲，但一转眼大家已谈到别处去了，插话的机会随之而失，他们也就听之任之。 或许是由于我从小混迹于英国小酒馆的缘故吧，我觉得酒瞎里的闲聊别有韵味。酒馆里的朋友对别人的生活毫无了解，他们只是临时凑到一起来的，彼此并无深交。他们之中也许有人面临婚因破裂，或恋爱失败，或碰到别的什么不顺心的事儿，但别人根本不管这些。他们就像大仲马笔下的三个火枪手一样，虽然日夕相处，却从不过问彼此的私事，也不去揣摸别人内心的秘密。 有一天晚上的情形正是这样。人们正漫无边际地东扯西拉，从最普通的凡人俗事谈到有关木星的科学趣闻。谈了半天也没有一个中心话题，事实上也不需要有一个中心话题。可突然间大伙儿的话题都集中到了一处，中心话题奇迹
般地出现了。我记不起她那句话是在什么情况下说出来的——她显然不是预先想好把那句话带到酒馆里来说的，那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话——我只知道她那句话是随着大伙儿的话题十分自然地脱口而出的。 “几天前，我听到一个人说‘标准英语’这个词语是带贬义的批评用语，指的是人们应该尽量避免使用的英语。” 此语一出，谈话立即热烈起来。有人赞成，也有人怒斥，还有人则不以为然。最后，当然少不了要像处理所有这种场合下的意见分歧一样，由大家说定次日一早去查证一下。于是，问题便解决了。不过，酒馆闲聊并不需要解决什么问题，大伙儿仍旧可以糊里糊涂地继续闲扯下去。 告诉她“标准英语”应作那种解释的原来是个澳大利亚人。得悉此情，有些人便说起刻薄话来了，说什么囚犯的子孙这样说倒也不足为怪。这样，在五分钟内，大家便像到澳大利亚游览了一趟。在那样的社会里，“标准英语”自然是不受欢迎的。每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制订一些条条框框时，总会遭到下层人民的抵制。 看看撒克逊农民与征服他们的诺曼底统治者之间的语言隔阂吧。于是话题又从19世纪的澳大利亚囚犯转到12世纪的英国农民。谁对谁错，并没有关系。闲聊依旧热火朝天。 有人举出了一个人所共知，但仍值得提出来发人深思的例子。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时用法语词，而谈到提供这些肉食的牲畜时则用盎格鲁一撒克逊词。猪圈里的活猪叫pig，饭桌上吃的猪肉便成了pork(来自法语pore)；地里放牧着的牛叫cattle，席上吃的牛肉则叫beef(来自法语boeuf)；Chicken用作肉食时变成poultry(来自法语poulet)；calf加工成肉则变成veal(来自法语
人教版八年级下册生物笔记
第七单元第一章生物的生殖和发育 一、植物的生殖 1．有性生殖:由受精卵发育成新个体的生殖方式.例如：种子繁殖（通过开花、传粉并结出果实，由果实中的种子来繁殖后代。）（胚珠中的卵细胞与花粉中的精子结合成受精卵→胚→种子） 2．无性生殖:不经过两性生殖细胞结合,由母体直接产生新个体。例：扦插，嫁接，压条，组织培养3．嫁接的关键:接穗与砧木的形成层紧密结合,以确保成活. 二昆虫的生殖和发育 1．完全变态: 在由受精卵发育成新个体的过程中, 幼虫与成体的结构和生活习性差异很大,这种发育过程叫变态发育. 卵→幼虫→蛹→成虫。举例：家蚕、蜜蜂、蝶、蛾、蝇、蚊 2．不完全变态:卵→若虫→成虫。举例：蝗虫、蝉、蟋蟀、蝼蛄、螳螂 三两栖动物的生殖和发育 1．变态发育:卵→蝌蚪→幼蛙→成蛙 2．特点：卵生，体外受精。 四、鸟的生殖和发育 1．过程:筑巢、求偶、交配、产卵、孵卵、育雏几个阶段。 2．特点：卵生体内受精 3．鸟卵的结构：一个卵黄就是一个卵细胞。胚盘里面含有细胞核。卵壳和壳膜——保护作用，卵白——营养和保护作用，卵黄——营养作用。胚盘——胚胎发育的场所。 第二章生物的遗传和变异 ?遗传：是指亲子间的相似性。 ?变异：是指子代和亲代个体间的差异。 一、基因控制生物的性状 1 生物的性状:生物的形态结构特征、生理特征、行为方式. 2 相对性状：同一种生物同一性状的不同表现形式。 3 基因控制生物的性状。例：转基因超级鼠和小鼠。 4 生物遗传下来的是基因而不是性状。 二、基因在亲子代间的传递 1．基因：是染色体上具有控制生物性状的DNA 片段。 2．DNA：是主要的遗传物质，呈双螺旋结构。 3．染色体：细胞核内能被碱性染料染成深色的物质。 4．基因经精子或卵细胞传递。精子和卵细胞是基因在亲子间传递的“桥梁”。 ?每一种生物细胞内的染色体的形态和数目都是一定的。 ?在生物的体细胞中染色体是成对存在的，基因也是成对存在的，分别位于成对的染色体上。?在形成精子或卵细胞的细胞分裂中，染色体都要减少一半。 三基因的显性和隐性 1．相对性状有显性性状和隐性性状。杂交一代中表现的是显性性状。 2．隐性性状基因组成为:dd 显性性状基因组称为：DD或 Dd 3．我国婚姻法规定：直系血亲和三代以内的旁系血亲之间禁止结婚． 4．如果一个家族中曾经有过某种遗传病，或是携带有致病基因，其后代携带该致病基因的可能性就大．如果有血缘关系的后代之间再婚配生育，这种病的机会就会增加． Aa A a A a A a AA Aa Aa aa 四人的性别遗传 1．每个正常人的体细胞中都有23对染色体．（男：44+XY 女：44+XX） 2．其中22对男女都一样，叫常染色体，有一对男女不一样，叫性染色体．男性为XY，女性为XX．