Black American Literature(美国黑人文学)

Black American Literature

The Black American Literature can also called African-American literature, is the body of literature produced in the United States by writers of African descent. It begins with the works of such late 18th-century writers as Phillis Wheatley(菲莉斯·惠特莉)and Olaudah Equiano(阿罗德·爱克伊诺), reaching early high points with slave narratives of the nineteenth century. The Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）of the 1920s was a time of flowering of literature and the arts. Writers of African-American literature have been recognized by the highest awards, including the Nobel Prize to Toni Morrison（托尼·莫里森）. Among the themes and issues explored in this literature are the role of African Americans within the larger American society, African-American culture, racism, slavery, and equality. African-American writing has tended to incorporate oral forms, such as spirituals, sermons, gospel music, blues and rap.

As African Americans' place in American society has changed over the centuries, so, has the focus of African-American literature. Before the American Civil War, the literature primarily consisted of memoirs by people who had escaped from slavery; the genre of slave narratives included accounts of life under slavery and the path of justice and redemption（救赎）to freedom. At the turn of the 20th century, non-fiction works by authors such as W. E. B. Du Bois（杜波依斯William Edward Burghardt Du Bois）and Booker T. Washington（布克·华盛顿）debated whether to confront or appease racist attitudes in the United States. During the American Civil Rights movement, authors such as Richard Wright（理查德·怀特）and Gwendolyn Brooks（格温多琳·布鲁克斯）wrote about issues of racial segregation and black nationalism. Today, African-American literature has become accepted as an integral part of American literature, with books such as Roots: The Saga of an American Family by Alex Haley（亚历克斯·哈利）, The Color Purple (1982) by Alice Walker（艾丽斯· 沃克）, which won the Pulitzer Prize（普利策奖）; and Beloved by Toni Morrison achieving both best-selling and award-winning status.

In broad terms, African-American literature can be defined as writings by people of African descent living in the United States. It is highly varied. African-American literature has generally focused on the role of African Americans within the larger American society and what it means to be an American. As Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）professor Albert J. Raboteau has said, all African-American study "speaks to the deeper meaning of the African-American presence in this nation. This presence has always been a test case of the nation's claims to freedom, democracy, equality, the inclusiveness of all." African-American literature explores the issues of freedom and equality long denied to Blacks in the United States, along with further themes such as African-American culture, racism, religion, slavery, a sense of home，and more.

Characteristics and themes

African-American literature has been created within the larger realm(领域) of post-colonial literature （后殖民文学）, although scholars distinguish between the two, saying that "African American literature differs from most post-colonial literature in that it is written by members of a minority community who reside within a nation of vast wealth and economic power."

African-American oral culture is rich in poetry, including spirituals, gospel music（福音音乐）, blues and rap. This oral poetry also appears in the African-American tradition of Christian sermons, which make use of deliberate repetition, cadence（节奏）and alliteration. African-American literature—especially written poetry, but also prose—has a strong tradition of incorporating all of these forms of oral poetry. These characteristics do not occur in all works by African-American writers.

Some scholars resist using Western literary theory to analyze African-American literature. As the Harvard literary scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr.（小亨利?路易斯?盖茨）said, "My desire has been to allow the black tradition to speak for itself about its nature and various functions, rather than to read it, or analyze it, in terms of literary theories borrowed whole from other traditions, appropriated from without." One trope common to African-American literature is Signification. Gates claims that signifying ―is a trope in which are subsumed several other rhetorical tropes（修辞比喻）, including metaphor, metonymy（转喻）, synecdoche （提喻）, and irony, and also hyperbole（夸张法）an litotes（曲言法）, and metalepsis（进一步转喻法）.‖ Signification also refers to the way in which African-American ―authors read and critique other African American texts in an act of rhetorical self-definition‖

History

Early African American literature

African American history predates the emergence of the United States as an independent country, and African-American literature has similarly deep roots.

Lucy Terry（路西特里）is the author of the oldest known piece of African-American literature: "Bars Fight". Although written in 1746, the poem was not published until 1855, when it was included in Josiah Holland's History of Western Massachusetts（马萨诸塞州）.

The poet Phillis Wheatley(菲莉斯·惠特莉) (1753–84) published her book Poems on Various Subjects in 1773, three years before American independence. Born in Senegal（塞内加尔）, Wheatley was captured and sold into slavery at the age of seven. Brought to America, she was owned by a Boston merchant. By the time she was sixteen, she had mastered her new language of English. Her poetry was praised by many of the leading figures of the American Revolution, including George Washington, who thanked her for a poem written in his honor. Some whites found it hard to believe that a Black woman could write such refined

poetry. Wheatley had to defend herself in court to prove that she had written her work. Some critics cite Wheatley's successful defense as the first recognition of African-American literature.

Phillis Wheatley William Wells Brow Our Nig

Another early African-American author was Jupiter Hammon (1711–1806). Hammon, considered the first published Black writer in America, published his poem "An Evening Thought: Salvation by Christ with Penitential Cries" as a broadside in early 1761. In 1778 he wrote an ode to Phillis Wheatley, in which he discussed their shared humanity and common bonds. In 1786, Hammon gave his "Address to the Negroes of the State of New York". Writing at the age of 76 after a lifetime of slavery, Hammon said, "If we should ever get to Heaven, we shall find nobody to reproach us for being black, or for being slaves." He also promoted the idea of a gradual emancipation（释放）as a way to end slavery. Hammon is thought to have been a slave until his death. His speech was later reprinted by several abolitionist groups（废奴组织）.

William Wells Brown (1814–84) and Victor Séjour (1817–74) produced the earliest works of fiction by African-American writers. Séjour was born free in New Orleans（新奥尔良）and moved to France at the age of 19. There he published his short story "Le Mulatre" ("The Mulatto"黑白混血儿) in 1837. It is the first known fiction by an African American, but as it was written in French and published in a French journal, it had apparently no influence on later American literature. Séjour never returned to African-American themes in his subsequent works. Brown, on the other hand, was a prominent abolitionist, lecturer, novelist, playwright, and historian in the United States. Born into slavery in the South, Brown escaped to the North, where he worked for abolitionist causes and was a prolific writer. Brown wrote Clotel; or, The President's Daughter (1853), considered to be the first novel written by an African American. It was based on the persistent rumor that president Thomas Jefferson had fathered a daughter with his slave Sally Hemings（塞利·海明斯）. The novel was first published in England.

The first African-American novel published in the United States was Harriet Wilson's Our Nig (1859). It expressed the difficulties of lives of northern free Blacks.

美国黑人批评文学概述

美国黑人女性主义文学批评综述 摘要：美国黑人女性主义批评在20世纪70年代崛起并迅速发展，成为当代西方文学与批评领域的新思潮。它引入了性别、种族、阶级等共时性话语，并借鉴其它当代文学批评理论，建构了自己独特的文学特色，丰富了女性主义的内涵，不仅推动了当代女性主义文学批评、美国黑人文学批评的发展, 也是美国文学批评中不可或缺的一部分。 关键词：黑人女性主义；文学批评；性别；种族；阶级 （一） 女性主义运动在历史上经历了很长一段发展、成熟的过程。早在文艺复兴时期，薄迦丘、乔叟等人文主义者已开始呼吁家庭婚姻中的“男女平等”。1729年，英国的克雷弗特(Mary Wollstone Craft)发表了题为《女性权利》的论著。19世纪出现妇女解放运动的萌芽。20世纪初开始了更积极争取男女平等和选举权的运动，被称为西方女性主义运动的“第一次浪潮”。在这期间也出现了女性主义批评的声音。以弗吉尼亚·沃尔夫的《一间自己的屋子》(1929)为先声，西蒙．德．波伏娃（Simone de Beauvoir）1949年出版了《第二性》，大大深化了女性主义思想，这对以后的西方女性主义思潮产生了重要的引导作用。 20世纪60、70年代，西方的女性主义运动进入“第二次浪潮”，主要以反对男性在家庭的统治为核心，强调男女平等，鼓励妇女走出家庭，参加工作，实现经济独立。这个时期的女性运动主要是争取白人妇女的权利，白人女性主义者成为所有女性的代言人，她们把自己的生活经历和观点普适化，而忽略了黑人女性和其它第三世界女性的差异性。莫汉蒂在《在西方注视下：女性主义学术研究与殖民话语》一书中指出，西方女性主义者在提到“妇女”这个范畴时，不约而同的把它看作一个先验的、统一的、有一致利益和欲望的整体，而有意忽略它内部包含阶级、种族、文化等差异。美国的白人妇女很难将黑人妇女视为平等的姐妹，甚至很难视她们为女人，这就导致了白人女权主义者不可能真正站在黑人妇女的立场上为她们谋求福利。 20世纪60、70年代正值美国黑人民权运动的高潮，它强调黑人的团结，旨在唤起黑人大众的民族意识和自豪感，最终解放黑人种族，但事实上它所关注的对象主要是黑人男性，忽略了存在于种族内部的性别歧视和性别压迫，忽视了黑人妇女的存在和要求。在这两次运动中，“黑人”成了黑人男性的代名词，而“妇女”一词则成为白人妇女的专利，“所有的女性都是白人，所有的黑人都是男性” 黑人女性地位一直处于双重边缘状态。 早在19世纪30、40年代，美国黑人女性就开始了争取女性权利的斗争。主要代表有；

(完整版)美国文学课后答案

1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf. 4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection? It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的). 二、Questions 1.How many characters does Poe include in The Cask of Amontillado? What are these names? Montresor, Fortunato and Luchesi 2. What drink are the French most famous for? Wine 3.Does Montresor have something of great value to him which we might consider to be his treasure? His pride and the pride of his French family heritage. Perhaps his devious plot of revenge. 4.Does Montresor seem to have much respect for Italians? Montresor does not have much respect for Italians. He feels the French are superior, especially with respect to wine. 5.What was Fortunato's insult? Poe does not tell us directly, but only implies it in the third paragraph 6.Which wine does Montresor use to lure Fortunato into the catacombs? "Amontillado" (the Spanish wine; Montresor's ruse to lead Fortunato down into the catacombs. 7.Why does Montresor entertain Fortunato with wines from his collection? Montresor wants to get Fortunato drunk enough to be able to trap him in his plan of vengeance. 8.In what two ways does Montresor imprison Fortunato? He fetters (chains and locks) Fortunato to the wall of the catacombs. He builds a wall to close Fortunato off in a small corner of the catacombs, where Montresor will leave him to die. 9.In what ways is The Cask of Amontillado grotesque? First, which of Montresor's actions are abnormal? The whole obsessive plot of vengeance. The fettering and entombment of Fortunato. Montresor's sick sense of humor. 10.Is there anything grotesque about Fortunato? His obsession with alcohol. His drunkenness. His tendency to berate Luchesi (he may have been drunk and may have insulted Montresor in a similar

二十世纪美国成长小说_传承与变革_李琳

MOUNTAIN FLOWERS 化”：个人在经历了一系列的波折后，与社会“妥协”，融入社会，完成自我的“社会化”历程，成长为一个对社会有用的人。二十世纪美国成长小说的主题特点则不尽然，“美国崇尚个人奋斗，‘个人英雄主义’至上，人们按照自己的自然天性行事，竭力表现出个人与众不同，因此，美国成长小说中的主体无法将融入社会作为成熟的最终奖赏”（孙胜忠，２００５：３２２），也不崇尚“妥协”和“社会化”。青少年成长中的困惑是二十世纪美国成长小说反映的主题之一，而这种困惑与社会的发展密不可分，因而二十世纪美国成长小说反映出从世纪初的“迷惘”到战后的“垮掉”到八十年代的多元文化主义的兴起。舍伍德?安德森的代表作《小城畸人》（１９１９），通过乔治的成长反映出美国旧式文化的逐步瓦解，包括清教思想在现代的扭曲和传统男女关系的破裂。费茨杰拉德的《人间天堂》中年青主人公阿莫瑞（Ａｍｏｒｙ）的成长困惑代表了二十世纪二十年代整个一代人的“迷惘”。美国经典成长小说《麦田守望者》则反映出战后“垮掉的一代”的成长困惑。在多元文化主义兴起的背景下，少数族裔文学中的成长小说，在主题上侧重于主人公身份的寻求与确定，探讨“我是谁？我从哪里来？我要到哪里去？”的问题，例如：非裔文学中的《看不见的人》、华裔文学中的《女勇士》等。二十世纪的美国女性成长小说力图呈现女性在现代社会遭受的多型态的压迫，以及女性在现代社会追寻解放与自我定位的主题，例如：《棕色姑娘、棕色砖房》、《我知道笼中鸟为何歌唱》、《秀拉》等。 在小说结局的处理上，二十世纪美国成长小说也有了很大的突破。在传统的欧洲成长小说中，主人公在经历了生活的磨难之后，获得了对社会、对人生的、对自我的认识，在小说结尾处，主人公成长为主流社会的模范或代表，小说一般以主人公与家人团聚、与恋人喜结连理等幸福圆满的结局收尾。但是从对大量的二十世纪美国成长小说文本的分析来看，美国成长小说越来越呈现出一种开放式的结局：主人公对社会、对人生的、对自我的这种认识也可能是不符合社会所约定俗成的那种所谓正确的理念，或者主人公最终并没有获得所谓的成长，他或她仍站在人生的十字路口在彷徨、犹豫，或是拒绝成长，走向“反成长”，甚至死亡的道路。《麦田守望者》中的霍尔顿最后躺在精神病院里，对未来毫无打算，至于未来要做些什么，他认为这是个可笑的问题。 四 二十世纪的美国社会是一个多元化的社会，这种多元化也反映在二十世纪美国成长小说的发展中：作为一种文学类别，成长小说不再拘泥于一种传统的模式，或者我们将这种变革称为“文类逾越”（Ｇｅｎ－ｅｒｉｃｔｒａｎｓｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ）。正如冯品佳（ＦｅｎｇＰｉｎ－ｃｈｉａ）所说：“这种对传统文类的演绎、变奏并不宣示着文类的灭绝；相反地，这种‘文类逾越’又再赋予旧有文类新的契机”（１９９８：１９）。 参考文献： [1]弗朗西斯?约斯特．比较文学导论[M]．廖鸿钧，等，译．长沙：湖南文艺出版社，1988：165-195． [2]孙胜忠．德国经典成长小说与美国成长小说之比较[J]．安徽师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)，2005．5． [3]托妮?莫瑞森．最蓝的眼睛[M]．陈苏东，胡允桓译．海口：南海出版公司，2005． [4]Coyle，William，ed．The young men in the American Litera-ture：The Initiation Theme．New York：The Odyssey Press，1969． [5]Feng Pin-chia．The Female Bildungsroman by Toni Morrison and Maxine Hong Kingston：A postmodern Reading[M]．New York：Peter Lang Publishing，Inc．，1998． [6]Hardin，James，ed．Reflection and Action：Essaysonthe Bil-dungsroman．Columbia：University of South Carolina Press，1991． [7]Howe，Susanne．Wilhelm Meister and His English Kinsmen [M]．New York：AMS Press，1996． [8]Mullane，Janet，et al．，ed．Nineteenth-Century Literature 李琳，（１９７８—），女，河南安阳市人，英语语言文 学硕士，郑州航空工业管理学院外语系讲师，主要研 究英美文学。 作者简介： 家园，作为风雨、寒冷、恐惧和寂寞的庇护所与食物、关心、友好和爱情的保存地，自人类诞生起一直以来是历代人们的奋斗梦想。随着人类社会的发展，这一梦想激励着一代又一代的男人和女人战胜各种苦难和克服无数挫折。文学来源于生活并反映生活，所以追求理想家园这一主题也是各个时代的文人墨客热衷于探讨和求索的话题。 英国女性小说产生于十七世纪末期，十八世纪末十九世纪初开始繁荣起来。十九世纪是英国小说发展的黄金时代，当时的女性作家尤其比以前任何时候都要活跃，涌现出不少杰出的女性作家，这一时期的女性小说也因此出现了史无前例的蓬勃发展。女人的自然天性使其对家园和爱情的感触总是要比男人厚重得多，十九世纪的英国女性作家及其小说中的女主人公更是如此，寻求理想家园成为她们彼此之间的共享话题。不少英国女性作家以女性独有的敏感和细腻，从女性的视角出发，以婚姻问题为基点，再次对寻求理想家园这一普遍、永恒的主题进行了探讨，为广大读者创造出了一系列鲜活的艺术形象，比如简?奥斯汀《傲慢与偏见》中的伊丽莎白?本内特、夏洛蒂?勃朗特《简?爱》中的简?爱、艾米莉?勃朗特《呼啸山庄》中的凯瑟琳?恩肖和盖斯凯尔夫人《玛丽?巴顿》中的玛丽?巴顿。 一、西方文学中家园情结的由来与发展 据《圣经?创世记》记载，上帝创造的人类始祖亚当和夏娃曾经纯真快乐地生活在天堂的伊甸园中，对世事一无所知。后来，夏娃禁不住化身为蛇的魔鬼撒旦的诱惑而偷尝了智慧树上的禁果，还给亚当也吃了一个，他们就此变得心明眼亮，能辨善恶美丑。于是，亚当和夏娃违背了上帝的旨意，犯下了原罪而被愤怒的上帝逐出天堂。从此，亚当和夏娃以及他们的后代就永远失去了水草丰沃的美好乐园，不得不在茫茫大地上为自身的家园而奋斗。 数千年以来，无论是在耶稣诞生之前的未开化时期还是在耶稣诞生之后的文明教化时代，西方人对理想家园的向往和追求从来就没有间断过，而这一切必然会反映在作为生活写照而存在的文学之中。由此，寻找家园成为西方文学中的一个典型主题，许多作家以不同的文学形式不遗余力地讨论和研究它。例如：《旧约?出埃及 十九世纪英国女性小说中的家园情结分析 万永坤 Detroit:Gale Research Inc.,1989. 154 154

5. 二十世纪黑人文学

The Twentieth-Century Black American Literature二十世纪黑人文学 I. The Rise of Black American Literature The literary achievement of African-Americans was one of the most striking literary developments of the post-Civil War era. In the writing of Booker T. Washington, Charles Waddell Chesnutt, Paul Laurence Dunbar, and others, the roots of black American writing took hold, notably in the forms of autobiography, protest literature, sermons, poetry, and song. 1. 华盛顿B.T. Washington Profile (1856.4.5,美国弗吉尼亚州富兰克林县～1915.11.14,亚拉巴马州塔斯基吉) born April 5, 1856, Franklin county, Va., U.S. died Nov. 14, 1915, Tuskegee, Ala. U.S. educator and reformer. 美国教育家和黑人领袖。出生于一个奴隶家庭，在黑奴解放后举家迁往西弗吉尼亚州。9岁

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