(完整word版)光学外文文献及翻译
学号2013211033 昆明理工大学
专业英语
专业光学
姓名辜苏
导师李重光教授
分数
导师签字
日期2015年5月6日
研究生部
专业英语考核
In digital holography, the recording CCD is placed on the ξ-ηplane in order to register the hologram
x ',y 'when the object lies in
the x-y plane. For
the reconstruction of
the information of
the object wave,phase-shifting digital holography includes two steps:(1) getting object
wave on hologram plane, and (2) reconstructing original object wave.
2.1 Getting information of object wave on hologram plate
Doing phase shifting N-1 times and capturing N holograms. Supposing the interferogram after k- 1 times phase-shifting is
]),(cos[),(),(),,(k k b a I δηξφηξηξδηξ-?+= （1） Phase detection can apply two kinds of algorithms:synchronous phase detection algorithms [9]and the least squares iterative algorithm [10]. The four-step algorithm in synchronous phase detection algorithm is in common use. The calculation equation is
)2/3,,(),,()]2/,,()0,,([2/1),(πηξπηξπηξηξηξiI I iI I E --+=
2.2 Reconstructing original object wave by reverse-transform algorithm
Object wave from the original object spreads front.The processing has exact and clear description and expression in physics and mathematics. By phase-shifting technique, we have obtained information of the object wave spreading to a certain distance from the original object. Therefore, in order to get the information of the object wave at its initial spreading position, what we need to do is a reverse work.
Fig.1 Geometric coordinate of digital holography
exact registering distance.
The focusing functions normally applied can be divided into four types: gray and gradient function, frequency-domain function, informatics function and statistics function. Gray evaluation function is easy to calculate and also robust. It can satisfy the demand of common focusing precision. We apply the intensity sum of reconstruction image as the evaluation function:
min ),(11==∑∑==M k N
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The calculation is described in Fig.2. The position occurring the turning point correspondes to the best registration distanced, also equals to the reconstructing distance d '.
It should be indicated that if we only need to reconstruct the phase map of the object wave, the registration distance substituted into the calculation equation is permitted having a departure from its true value.
4 Spatial resolution of digital holography
4.1 Affecting factors of the spatial resolution of digital holography
It should be considered in three respects: (1) sizes of the object and the registering material, and the direction of the reference beam, (2) resolution of the registering material, and (3) diffraction limitation.
For pointx2on the object shown in Fig.3, the limits of spatial frequency are λ
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max tan sin sin sin sin z x f R R Fig.2 Determining reconstructing distance
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Considering the resolution of registering material in order to satisfy the sampling theory, phase difference between adjacent points on the recording plate should be less than π, namely resolution of the registration material.
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4.2 Expanding the spatial resolution of reconstruction image
Expanding the spatial resolution can be realized at least in three ways: (1) Reducing the registration distance z0 can improve the reconstruction resolution, but it goes with reduction of the reconstruction area at the same ratio.Therefore, this method has its limitation. (2) Increasing the resolution and the imaging size of CCD with expensive price. (3) Applying image-synthesizing technique[11]CCD captures a few of images between which there is small displacement (usually a fraction of the pixel size) vertical to the CCD plane, shown in Fig.4(Schematic of vertical moving is the same).
This method has two disadvantages. First, it is unsuitable for dynamic testing and can only be applied in the static image reconstruction. Second, because the pixel size is small (usually 5μm to 10μm) and the displacement should a fraction of this size (for example 2μm), it needs a moving table with high resolution and precision. Also it needs high stability in whole testing.
In general, improvement of the spatial resolution of digital reconstruction is Fig.3 Relationship between object and CCD
still a big problem for the application of digital holography.
5 Testing results
Fig.5 is the photo of the testing system. The paper does testing on two coins. The pixel size of the CCD is 4.65μm and there are 1 392×1 040 pixels. The first
is one Yuan coin of RMB (525 mm) used for image reconstruction by phase-shifting digital holography. The second is one Jiao coin of RMB (520 mm) for the testing of deformation measurement also by phase-shifting digital holography.
5.1 Result of image reconstruction
The dimension of the one Yuan
coin is 25 mm. The registration
distance measured by ruler is
about 385mm. We capture our
phase-shifting holograms and
reconstruct the image by
phase-shifting digital holography.
Fig.6 is the reconstructed image.
Fig.7 is the curve of the auto-focus
Fig.4 Image capturing by moving CCD along horizontal direction
Fig.5 Photo of the testing system
function, from which we determine the real registration distance 370 mm. We can also change the controlling precision, for example 5mm, 0.1 mm,etc., to get more course or precision reconstruction position.
5.2 Deformation measurement
In digital holography, the method of measuring deformation measurement differs from the traditional holography. It gets object wave before and after deformation and then subtract their phases to obtain the deformation. The study tested effect of heating deformation on the coin of one Jiao. The results are shown in Fig.8, Where (a) is the interferential signal of the object waves before and after deformation, and (b) is the wrapped phase difference.
5.3 Improving the spatial resolution
For the tested coin, we applied four sub-low-resolution holograms to reconstruct the high-resolution by the image-synthesizing technique. Fig.9 (a) is the reconstructed image by one low-resolution hologram, and (b) is the high-resolution image reconstructed from four low-resolution holograms.
Fig.6 Reconstructed image Fig.7 Auto-focus function
Fig.8 Heating deformation results
Fig.9 Comparing between the low and high resolution reconstructed image
6 Summary
Digital holography can obtain phase and amplitude of the object wave at the same time. Compared to other techniques is a big advantage. Phase-shifting digital holography can realize image reconstruction and deformation with less noise. But it is unsuitable for dynamic testing. Applying the intensity sum of the reconstruction image as the auto-focusing function to evaluate the registering distance is easy, and computation is fast. Its precision is also sufficient. The image-synthesizing technique can improve spatial resolution of digital holography, but its static characteristic reduces its practicability. The limited dimension and too big pixel size are still the main obstacles for widely application of digital holography.
外文文献译文：
标题：图像重建中的相移数字全息
摘要：相移数字全息术被用来研究研究艺术品的内部缺陷。相移术被用来从一个粗糙的表面纹理来获得一个清晰的再现物体光波。反向变换算法用来从全息面上重建一个未知距离的原始位置或者是成像位置上的一个物光波信息。通过将强度之和作为聚焦评价函数来获得一定成像距离上的最清晰的重建像。重建图像的空间分辨率受一系列的因素所影响。这里给出了实验室结果下的重建图像的形变。关键词：全息干涉，数字全息，相移技术，反向变换算法，聚焦评价函数，空间分辨率
1介绍
不同的全息干涉技术已经有效地用于艺术品的可视化缺陷诊断了。有案可考的物理波再现领域虽然仅仅只有有限的适用性并且跨行较大的应用在了艺术品保护上面。数码同行们探讨如今物光与参考光之间在CCD上的干扰和重构记录的
参考数值更适合于场的应用上。但是他们不提供对再现对象以及缺陷检测的空间分辨率，虽然这是艺术品诊断评估的关键。为了实现这一目标，本文旨在克服上述限制和扩大使用这样对艺术作品保护的技术领域。
艺术作品在数字全息术方面的一个主要问题是要获得一个清晰的再现像。为此应该解决以下问题：（1）需要一个合适的算法来重建图像，（2）消除零级斑噪声的重建图像和相位图，（3）确定实际的像离，（4）改善重建像的空间分辨率。
前两种问题被称为重建算法。这些算法可以分为两类，一个实现从单个全息图的重建例如菲涅耳算法和卷积算法，这种算法只需要一个全息图，但是零级斑和参考光束的影响并不能完全消除；还有一个结合相移技术和数字全息术在一起实现图像重建，其优势是能完全消除参考光束的影响，所以可以得到一个清晰的重建图像。在艺术品的数字全息中，大多对象有一个粗糙的表面和比较大的幅度变化，因此空间相移技术是不适宜的。因此，尽管相移技术并不适合与动态测量，它还是广泛的被应用。这种方法中，第一步是使用相移技术在全息平面上记录物光波信息，然后再现像可以在原来的或成像位置上被计算出来。为了实现这一目标，我们提出了在重建算法的基础上进行逆向转换算法，这符合数字全息术的原理并且再现像效果也比较好。
在重建过程中，如果再现距离与物到全息面的距离有一个很大的差距，那么我们得到的重建像会很模糊。在第一个近似值中，可以用于在光学系统中的测试或者大致获得重建的清晰的图像，但是这些方法缺乏标准性和准确性。本文提出了一种方法来确定准确的再现距离，这种方法适用于强度之和重建图像的评价函数，从而来确定其真正的价值。提高空间分辨率是一个值得解决的重要问题。
2 基于相移数字全息的重建
物体、全息面和再现面的关系如图1所示，其中x和y代表的是物面，ξ和η代表的是全息面，x'和y'代表的是再现面。d是物体到全息面的距离，d'是再现距离。
在数字全息中，用来记录放在物面上的物体的CCD是放在全息面上的。为了重建物光波信息，相移数字全息包括两步：（1）在全息面试获得物光波，（2）重建原始物光波。
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3 确定物体到全息面的距离
在实验中很难准确地确定物体到全息面的距离。如果再现距离与物体到全息面的距离过远，那么再现像的质量就会下降。因此我们因该精确的确定物体到全息面之间的距离。
评估标准就是再现像的清晰程度。在平常的成像系统中，人们应用聚焦函数作为评价标准。考虑全息重建像之间的相似性和成像过程，从而确定准确的物体到全息面之间的距离，也是本文聚焦函数的评价标准。
聚焦函数通常分为四种类型：灰色和梯度函数、频域函数、信息函数和统计函数。灰色评价函数也容易计算和强大。我们使用重建图像的强度之和作为评价函数：
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图2：确定再现距离
应该指出的是，我们仅仅需要的是物光波的再现相位信息，物体到全息面距离的计算公式中允许出现一定的误差。
4数字全息术中的空间分辨率
4.1数字全息术空间分辨率的影响因素
应该考虑三个方面：（1）物体的大小和材料，参考光束的方向，（2）物体材料的分辨率，（3）衍射限制。
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4.2扩大重建图像的空间分辨率
扩大空间分辨率至少可以实现在三个方面：（1）减小物距可以提高重建像的分辨率，但是它与重建区域在同一比例上，因此这种方法有局限性。（2）提高CCD的分辨率和成像大小，但是这需要昂贵的价格。（3）通过图像合成技术，CCD俘获有较小位移的几幅图像（通常是像素大小的一部分），这与CCD平面是垂直的，如图4所示，然后结合在一起产生一个高分辨率的图像。
图4水平移动CCD来俘获图像
这种方法有两个缺点。首先，它不适合动态测试，只适合于静态图像的重建。第二，因为像素尺寸小（通常是5μm到10μm）和应该移动这样大小的一部分（例如2μm），它需要一个高精度，也需要在整体测试中保持一个高稳定性。
总之，提高重建像的空间分辨率对数字全息应用依然是一个很大的问题。
5实验结果
图5是测试系统的一个照片。本文测试两个硬币，CCD的最小像素尺寸是4.65μm，并且上面一个有1392×1040个像素点。第一个我们用相移数字全息来重建一个“1元”硬币，第二个我们同样使用相移数字全息来测试一个“1角”硬币。
5.1图像重建的结果
“1元”硬币的直径是25mm。通过尺子测量，硬币到全息面的距离大概是385mm。我们得到全息图和重建像都是使用相移数字全息术。图6是重建像。图7是聚焦评价函数，从哪里我们得到了实际的物距应该是370mm。我们也可以改变控制精度，例如5mm、0.1m m等等来得到更多精确的再现位置。
图6重建像图7聚焦评价函数
5.2变形测量
在数字全息中，测量形变的方法与传统全息不同。它得到物体变形前和变形后的图像，然后相减后得到变形图样。我们测试经过热变形之后的“1角”硬币，得到的结果如图8所示，图（a）是变形前与变形后相干涉的图样，（b）是包裹相位差。
图8热变形结果
5.3提高空间分辨率
为了测试硬币，我们通过图像合成技术应用了四幅低分辨率全息图来重建高分辨率全息图。图9（a）是一个低分辨率全息图，图（b）是通过四幅低分辨率全息图来重建的高分辨率像。
图9低分辨率和高分辨率再现像比较
6结论
数字全息术能够同时获得物体的振幅与相位信息，这与其它技术相比是一个巨大的优势。相移数字全息可以实现图像重建与变形检测只有较低的噪声。但是它不适合于动态检测。应用重建像强度之和作为聚焦评价函数很容易，计算速度也很快同时精度也足够了。图像合成技术能够提高数字全息的空间分辨率，但是它只适用于静态物体降低了它的可实用性。尺寸的限制以及像素点尺寸太过巨大依然是数字全息术广泛应用的主要障碍。
电子信息工程专业课程翻译中英文对照表
电子信息工程专业课程名称中英文翻译对照 （2009级培养计划）
实践环节翻译
高等数学Advanced Mathematics 大学物理College Physics 线性代数Linear Algebra 复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variable and Integral Transforms 概率论与随机过程Probability and Random Process 物理实验Experiments of College Physics 数理方程Equations of Mathematical Physics 电子信息工程概论Introduction to Electronic and Information Engineering 计算机应用基础Fundamentals of Computer Application 电路原理Principles of Circuit 模拟电子技术基础Fundamentals of Analog Electronics 数字电子技术基础Fundamentals of Digital Electronics C语言程序设计The C Programming Language 信息论基础Fundamentals of Information Theory 信号与线性系统Signals and Linear Systems 微机原理与接口技术Microcomputer Principles and Interface Technology 马克思主义基本原理Fundamentals of Marxism 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论 和“三个代表”重要思想 概论 Thoughts of Mao and Deng 中国近现代史纲要Modern Chinese History 思想道德修养与法律基 础 Moral Education & Law Basis 形势与政策Situation and Policy 英语College English 体育Physical Education 当代世界经济与政治Modern Global Economy and Politics 卫生健康教育Health Education 心理健康知识讲座Psychological Health Knowledge Lecture 公共艺术课程Public Arts 文献检索Literature Retrieval 军事理论Military Theory 普通话语音常识及训练Mandarin Knowledge and Training 大学生职业生涯策划 （就业指导） Career Planning (Guidance of Employment ) 专题学术讲座Optional Course Lecture 科技文献写作Sci-tech Document Writing 高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuits 通信原理Communications Theory 数字信号处理Digital Signal Processing 计算机网络Computer Networks 电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Field and Microwave
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
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外文文献的翻译Microsoft Office Word 文档
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学号2013211033 昆明理工大学 专业英语 专业光学 姓名辜苏 导师李重光教授 分数 导师签字 日期2015年5月6日 研究生部
专业英语考核
Fig.1 Geometric coordinate of digital holography 2.1 Getting information of object wave on hologram plate shifting N-1 times and capturing N holograms. interferogram after k- 1 times phase-shifting is
4 Spatial resolution of digital holography 4.1 Affecting factors of the spatial resolution of digital holography considered in three respects: (1) sizes of the and the direction of the reference beam, the registering material, and (3) diffraction limitation. For pointx2on the object shown in Fig.3, the limits of spatial frequency are ξθ??????? ?-'--211tan sin sin x R Fig.2 Determining reconstructing distance
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Project Budget Monitor and Control Author：Yin Guo-li Nationality：American Derivation：Management Science and Engineering.Montreal: Mar 20, 2010 . With the marketing competitiveness growing, it is more and more critical in budget control of each project. This paper discusses that in the construction phase, how can a project manager be successful in budget control. There are many methods discussed in this paper, it reveals that to be successful, the project manager must concern all this methods. 1. INTRODUCTION The survey shows that most projects encounter cost over-runs (Williams Ackermann, Eden, 2002,pl92). According to Wright (1997)'s research, a good rule of thumb is to add a minimum of 50% to the first estimate of the budget (Gardiner and Stewart, 1998, p251). It indicates that project is very complex and full of challenge. Many unexpected issues will lead the project cost over-runs. Therefore, many technologies and methods are developed for successful monitoring and control to lead the project to success. In this article, we will discuss in the construction phase, how can a project manager to be successful budget control. 2. THE CONCEPT AND THE PURPOSE OF PROJECT CONTROL AND MONITOR Erel and Raz (2000) state that the project control cycle consists of measuring the status of the project, comparing to the plan, analysis of the deviations, and implementing any appropriate corrective actions. When a project reach the construction phase, monitor and control is critical to deliver the project success. Project monitoring exists to establish the need to take corrective action, whilst there is still time to take action. Through monitoring the activities, the project team can analyze the deviations and decide what to do and actually do it. The purpose of monitor and control is to support the implementation of corrective actions, ensure projects stay on target or get project back on target once it has gone off target。
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Sensor technology A sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature , humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have been used to set limits on the performance of machines .Common examples are (a) stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an important aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .It is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring , communication , and computer control of machines and systems . Because they convert one quantity to another , sensors often are referred to as transducers .Analog sensors produce a signal , such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity .Digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be transferred to computers directly .Analog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for interfacing analog sensors with computers . Classifications of Sensors Sensors that are of interest in manufacturing may be classified generally as follows: Machanical sensors measure such as quantities as positions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , and mass . Electrical sensors measure voltage , current , charge , and conductivity . Magnetic sensors measure magnetic field ,flux , and permeablity . Thermal sensors measure temperature , flux ,conductivity , and special heat . Other types are acoustic , ultrasonic , chemical , optical , radiation , laser ,and fiber-optic . Depending on its application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic , organic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or semiconductors .Using the special characteristics of these materials , sensors covert the quantity or property measured to analog or digital output. The operation of an ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the difference between the thermal expansion of mercury and that of glass. Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be detected by breaking the beam of light when sensed by a photoelectric cell . A proximity sensor ( which senses and measures the distance between it and an object or a moving member of a machine ) can be based on acoustics , magnetism , capacitance , or optics . Other actuators contact the object and take appropriate action ( usually by electromechanical means ) . Sensors are essential to the conduct of intelligent robots , and are being developed with capabilities that resemble those of humans ( smart sensors , see the following ). This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the
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XXX 学院 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 学院：计算机与软件工程学院 专业：计算机科学技术(软件工程方向) 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Goy Kakus.THE RESEARCH OFCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT STRATEGY [J]. International Journal of Management Research & Review, 2017, 1(9): 624-635. 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 客户关系管理战略研究 Goy Kakus 摘要 客户关系管理解决方案，通过为你提供客户业务数据来帮助你提供客户想要的服务或产品,提供更好的客户服务、交叉销售和更有效的销售,达成交易,保留现有客户并更好地理解你的客户是谁。本文探讨了客户关系管理模型在获得、保持与发展策略方面的优势。然而,我们对其定义和意义还存在一些困惑。本文通过考察关系营销和其他学科方面的相关文献，解释了客户关系管理的概念基础,从而对客户关系管理的知识作出了贡献。 关键词:客户关系管理模型, 客户关系管理的博弈改变者与关键策略 引言 CRM 是客户关系管理的简称。它的特征在于公司与客户的沟通,无论是销售还是服务相关的。客户关系管理这一术语经常用来解释企业客户关系,客户关系管理系统也以同样的方式被用来处理商业联系, 赢得客户,达成合同和赢得销售。 客户关系管理通常被考虑作为一个业务策略，从而使企业能够: *了解客户 *通过更好的客户体验留住客户 *吸引新客户 *赢得新客户和达成合同 *提高盈利 *减少客户管理成本 *通过服务台等工具软件,电子邮件组织者和不同类型的企业应用程序，企业业务经常寻求个性化的在线体验。 设计精良的客户关系管理包括以下特征: 1．客户关系管理是一种以顾客为中心并以客户投入为基础的服务响应，一对一的解决客户的必需品, 买家和卖家服务中心直接在线互动,帮助客户解决他
互联网金融外文翻译文献
文献信息： 文献标题：INTERNET FINANCE: DIGITAL CURRENCIES AND ALTERNATIVE FINANCE LIBERATING THE CAPITAL MARKETS（互联网金融：数字货币和替代金融解放资本市场） 国外作者：Kim Wales 文献出处：《Journal of Governance and Regulation》, 2015,4(1):190-201 字数统计：英文2505单词，13427字符；中文4405汉字 外文文献： INTERNET FINANCE: DIGITAL CURRENCIES AND ALTERNATIVE FINANCE LIBERATING THE CAPITAL MARKETS Abstract This article discusses how the sudden shift in policy reform and innovation has the potential to liberate the financial markets. The economic potential of internet finance is beginning to take hold across the capital markets as industries like Peer–to–Peer Lending, Equity and Debt based Crowdfunding and virtual currencies and cryptocurrencies which are types of digital currency are quickly transforming the way businesses are being financed. From borrowing and lending, buying and selling securities, to conducting wire transfers internationally, these innovations are creating a new class and generation of investors will source investments opportunities. Helping institutions and governments assess risks and manage performance in order to determine where to deploy capital; and showing signs of lessening the inequality gap. Following the neolithic agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution, this new revolution will enable more people to access financial services in less traditional ways, especially the unbanked world with its huge potential. These new financial opportunities, such as peer –to - peer (P2P) lending, will be discussed and examined, and we will stress how they can allow people to bypass