2015年6月托福真题回忆及解析

2015年6月托福真题回忆及解析

【导语】人生就像一杯没有加糖的咖啡，喝起来是苦涩的，回味起来却有久久不会退去的余香。没有人陪你走一辈子，所以你要适应孤独，没有人会帮你一辈子，所以你要奋斗一生。与其用泪水悔恨昨天，不如用汗水拼搏今天。当眼泪流尽的时候，留下的应该是坚强。不求与人相比，但求超越自己!以下是无忧考网为大家搜集整理的2015年6月托福部分真题，希望可以帮到你！2015年6月托福共举行了3场考试，分别是6月13日、6月14日、6月27日

6月13&14日托福口语真题回忆：

Task 1

Research shows that people are supposed to sleep for at least 8 hours a day, but as a matter of fact, some people sleep for only 6.5hours. What do you think is the impact of sleeping to people's lives? Use specific details and examples to explain your answer.

Task 2

Some people think it's better to take classes in the daytime and have a part-time job in the evening, some people prefer to have a part-time job in the daytime and take classes in the

evening. Which do you think is better? Use specific details and examples to explain your answer.

Task 3 Reading:

The university should offer an online Math tutorial class. Because there

are only a few tutors on campus and the time is not flexible.

Listening:

The woman agrees with the proposal. She states that many students have to take classes in the day and have a part-time job in the evening, and they don’t have extra time to take the tutor’s class on campus. She also mentions that many postgraduates would be like to work as a volunteer

tutor online. She furthers explains that they live in a place far away from the university which cost them 15 minutes to drive, so they are unwilling to take the tutor’s class on campus, she thinks the online course would be much better.

Enclothed Cognition: A systematic influence that clothes have on

the wearer's psychological processes.

Listening:

An experiment was carried out to illustrate the concept of the terminology.

In the experiment, one group of participants wear a doctor’s coat; and the other two groups of subjects not only wear a doctor’s coat, but also their identity is manipulated, they are physician identification group and patient group respectively. There were no significant differences between participants in the wearing-a-doctor’s-coat condition and participants in the identifying-with-doctors condition in the duration and the degree of attentional blink, while participants in these two conditions had shorter duration and lower degree of attentional blink than participants in the identifying-with-patients condition.

Task 5

The woman is an art major student, she left her drawing assignment home. The first solution is to drive back home and take it back, but it takes one and a half hours to drive, which is a waste of time and gas money. Another solution is to draw a new one, but she has little time and she’s not sure she is able to paint a better one, because she thinks the old one

is her best performance.

Task 6

The professor discusses two types of adaption of the plants in the tropical rainforest, which prevents bacteria from growing because of the accumulation of rain. One adaptation is that they have a kind of special coding leave, which enables rain to drop.Another adaptation is that they have a special shape,

which also enables rain to drop easily.

6月13&14日托福写作真题回忆：

独立写作：

It's better to spend money on traveling and vacations thansave money for the future.

综合写作：

美国打算通过一项法律用来限制进口和销售外来物种（nonnative species）

Reading：抵制外来物种入侵的法律不好

一些人需要把自己的宠物交给当局

1.需要花很多钱调查美国国内数以万记的外来物种

2.全国都用同一标准，是不公平的，还要考虑地区差异。比如巴西的兔子没有办法忍

受北方的寒冷，根本没有办法繁殖。

Listening：听力反驳

1.已经成为了宠物的外来物种不需要上交，比如你已经买了热带鱼，不用上交，但是

因为它对环境有威胁，以后就别买了。

2.解决外来物种造成的破坏花得钱更多。比如加利福尼亚的蟒蛇数量多到已经威胁其

他物种了，清理这些蛇的费用比调查的费用高多了。而且那些消失的物种所造成的环

境损失是无法估量的。

3.是公平的。比如巴西的兔子，就算在那么寒冷的情况下，还是传播了 M 病毒给当

地的动物，99%的当地动物都死了。

6月13&14日托福写作真题回忆：

独立写作：

Agree or Disagree：playing sports teaches people the most important lessons about life.

综合写作：

有个船叫 M 什么的，被发现 float 在海上，但是船长和十个船员都失踪了。

Reading：提出三个theory

1.pirate theory 海盗截了他们的船索要财物；

2.船上载有有毒物质，这些有毒物质 leak 导致他们乘坐 lifeboat 逃走了。后来lifeboat 出事所以现在找不到了。

3.船渗水了，他们怕沉就乘 lifeboat 逃走了。

Listening：听力反驳

1.海盗抢劫只会把抢钱，会把人留下，贵重物品还留在船上，因此海盗理论是不合理的。

2.如果有液体泄漏会有很强烈的味道，船上的人肯定会 notice 并且不会靠近。虽然渗

水，但是船不一定会沉，而且发现船的时候它已经 float 了 few days 了。船长和

sailor 都是十分有经验的，完全可以让船 float 到附近的岛屿，不会弃船。

6月13&14日托福口语真题回忆：

task 1

同不同意 taking personal computer into class will no longer be allowed。

Task2

学生假期是学习好，还是 get rest/get a job 好。

Task3

Reading：allow students use faculty’s parking lot

1.要花很长时间才能在教学楼旁边找到空位，导致上课迟到

2.教师停车场很空

Listening：反驳

1.有另外一个在体育场旁边的停车场给学生用，有很多的空位，步行十分钟就能去教学楼。

2.中午路过的时候发现教师停车场停满了车。

Task4 Reading:

Frustrationtolerance 指小孩子的 ability to manage/tolerate frustrations Listening:

教授说他帮儿子搭积木，总是倒，儿子每次都哭着寻求他的帮助。他每次都晚一点去

帮他，然后儿子就试着自己搭，最后成功了。

Task5

女生答应男生今天晚上帮他准备化学考试，但是女生忘记了晚上有 school play。有

两个解决办法：1. Meet in the library before the test tomorrow; 2. Cancel the plan tonight and help the man with the test。

Task6

Type of animal groups

一种是 complex，举例 elephant interact with each other。当一头大象

sick，其他的象会take care of it。

另一种是 relative simple one，举例 fish live together 但是不 interact，她们完全不能

recognize 其他fish 谁是谁。

6月13&14日托福阅读真题回忆：

Passage1：比较埃及和美索不达米亚的城市分布格局

埃及：沿着尼罗河零散分布

美索不达米亚：集中分布，内部有竞争。

Passage2：欧洲早期工业化

首先，由于人数激增，收入增长，工业化可满足更多的需求；

其次，供给增加，大量的手工艺人流动，工业化技术生产出更

多的商品；最后，技术发展，包括生产技术发展、采矿业发

展

Passage3：恐龙灭绝的原因

关于恐龙灭绝的原因。恐龙灭绝的同时其他哺乳动物和植物也在减少，对海陆食物链

都有影响。还有最后一个解释是人们认为彗星导致了恐龙的灭绝，因为大量出现了某

种金属。

6月27日托福听力真题回忆：

Conversation1

一个学生找学校管理说我的 meal plan 太多，爸妈不懂买了超级多的导致现在还剩

了 70 多次没有用。能不能换个 meal plan，教授说好多人都这样，不能换。然后同

学说为什么大三大四的可以随意吃，老师说因为他们的由 club 提供，而且可以去校

外吃。而且他们不用

mandatory 的。但你没选有 club 的选项，最后学生说都要放假了剩下的 70 多可以

退款吗，或者下学期用，可惜不行。教授的 solutions 是一直请客，并说可以找dean 反映，学生说期末没时间了。

Conversation2

女生找教授说暑假要做实习，然后切入正题说为啥考试 essay 分低，她本来高中的

时候写作很好，但是教授说高中时候的方式到了大学就显得有点 low 了，然后跟学

生讲应该怎么写，学生表示懂了，她应该把亲戚创业但是倒闭的例子加进去。

Lecture1

讲钻石特别是黑钻石。钻石很硬，有工业用途，而且很纯净都是透明的。学生说看过

有黄色棕色甚至黑的，然后就开始讲神秘起源。黑钻第一不是在钻石矿里发现的，是

在浅的地方小河床 creek bed，而且他们碳原子排列 oppose，所以表面 rough，主

要在巴西和中非发现。起源猜测是外来之客，与一种 pre solar diamond 比较，这

种是在比地球还早的时候形成，而且他们成分相似都是在含有大量氢元素的地方形成（不是水）外星吧尽管黑钻石比较年轻。还有一种是一颗大陨石撞击产生，学生就不

开心了，明明两个大陆怎么可能一颗陨石？教授提醒别忘了之前南美和非洲连在一起的。

Lecture2

Greek 硬币。之前先讲了一下硬币的定义 sculpture 贵金属，当钱用，政府发布，所以有一种

coin 用了金银合金。然后罗马前期硬币上面图案 animal agriculture 等，且图没

有占整个面，后面开始画人了，有 smile，但是太假了 unnatural 还会画人的

movement，还话神宙斯还是赫拉克勒思。一般帝王们不直接画自己，不让人觉得太过

于 proud，比如亚历山大大帝，在神中加入了自己的 feature，真让人觉得 humble 了。但后面的就直接画了 coin 价值在于知道当时的建筑的时间和外观，还可以由签

名知道知名艺术家。

Lecture3

鲸鱼的叫声。鲸鱼唱歌分为好几个 segments，不同的鲸鱼这个 segments DE 组成顺序不同。鲸鱼学唱歌是 from their peers，和鸟不一样，鸟是 from parents。此外鲸

鱼的叫声有一个特点，就是别的动物交流的方式是随时间被慢慢变化的，但是鲸鱼的可能会突然产生变化。此外鲸鱼的语言是分地域性的，因为生活区域有局限，此外其叫

声传播范围小，1km 貌似。能对其他区域的鲸鱼产生影响的话，可能与

population size有关。

Lecture4

人类学

北美的 P 部落的例子。三个 clans，有一个是 host clan，两个 guest clan，举办

P 活动可以分享资源，通过它可以得到 prestige，讲了一个 host 可以 decide the performance song 什么的，但后有一个 brother-in-law,有 marriage，但是不知道

是不是到底是与 host 游戏还是和brother-in-law 有关。

6月27日托福写作真题回忆：

综合写作

Reading：

Coral. Bay形成的原因是陨石爆炸meteorite impact theory

1.Asymmetrical depressions 沟壑不均匀是由于爆炸的裂缝导致材料填充不足，东

南部沙子多西北部沙子少；

2.陨石的爆炸产生的高温导致沙子没有铁外衣；

3.发现了 buckyball，是由于爆炸是产生的巨大压力导致的。

Listening：听力反驳

1.不均匀的原因可能是水流引起的，而且水流更好地解释了沙子不均匀的方向;

2.如果是高温的话更可能形成玻璃，但是并没有发现玻璃。而且沙子没有铁外衣也可能是

由于化学反应造成的；

3.如果是爆炸导致 buckyball，那么 buckyball 应该广泛存在于所有地带，但实际

上只有少数几个海湾发现了 buckyball。

重点词汇：

presumably = probable

surplus = excess

elaborate = well-planned

lucrative = profitable

merely = only

fulfill = achieve

独立写作：

Do you agree or disagree with the statement: It is better to make friends

who are intelligent than with a good sense of humor.

答题思路

intelligent friends:

1.enlighten us; we can learn from them;

2.they are more helpful, especially when we are in trouble; get useful suggestions from them.

humorous friends:

1.have fun and feel happy when we stay with them;make us laugh and cheer

us up whenever we feeling down;

2.people who have a sense of humor, are normally the one who has positive thinking.

6月27日托福口语真题回忆：

Task 1

Choose between the following three that your school is planning to hold?

1.theater performance by student actors

2.concert by professional musicians

3.lectures by well-known professors

答题思路

Theater performance by student actors: good opportunity for students who major in arts; encourage other students to study harder.

Concert by professional musicians：have more chance to relax and appreciate good music.

Lectures by well-known professors：actually learn something that we could

use in the future.

Task 2

Which one do you prefer? Review your notes after class and keep doing this throughout the whole semester or just review at the end of the semester?

答题思路:

review after class and keep doing:

正：have sufficient time to understand and digest the key points;

正：when I have something that is difficult to understand or confusing, have enough time to work it out with teachers and classmates;

反：If I review at the end of the semester, I can get a good score on exams in a short time.

Task 3

学生提建议，要remove学校最近在dining hall装的电视，因为太吵了，影响学习。听力中男生反对。

1.dinning hall 本来就是用来休闲的，想安静学习的话应该去图书馆；

2.大学生都是成年人了，不应该让学校帮忙拿主意。

重要词汇及表达：

● A student suggests that the university should remove the dining hall's

TVs because they are very noisy.

●the dining hall should be the students' relaxing places.

●Go to library if you need a quiet place to study

●the students are adults and they should not let the university to make

the choice.

Task 4

Reading:讲prototype matching，就是在自己uncertain的时候看别人的选择确定自己

的选择。Listening：教授举例，一个人工作地点离家很远，有开车或者是骑自行车两

种选择。开车很贵，骑自行车很冷，这个人不知道要怎么选择。但是他旁边有个很athletic的人选了自行车，于是这个人也选了自行车。

Sample:

The reading illustrates the concept of prototype matching, which is people make choices to follow others' behaviors. The professor tells a story that

a man's working place is very far from his home. He has two ways to go to work, driving a car or taking a bicycle. Driving is expensive and riding

is very chilly, so he does not know how to make a choice. His neighbor chooses to ride a bike and he also chooses bike to go to work.

Task 5

男的是校报的主编。现在有个展览，鼓励学生发表更多的文章。但是负责这个板块的reporter 病了。有两个选择：

1.等她病好，但是耽误时间；

2.有个新的reporter，但是没有经验。

重要词汇及表达：

●Recently there is an exhibition.

●Students are encouraged to publish more articles

●to wait until the reporter is healthy, but it’s a waste of time.

●to hire a new reporter without experience.

Task 6

讲动物怎么确定彼此间的status。Stronger的可以得到

更多的资源。有两种方法：

1.fighting，举例sunbird，它们靠近彼此然后开始鸣叫，赢的先吃。

2.其他的鸟在一旁观战，然后have a guess。这些鸟认为自己太弱，所以根本不加入fighting。

重要词汇及表达：

●how the animals determine the status

●the stronger one could get more resources.

●the sunbirds tweet with each other when they come near.

●other birds have a guess to which one could win from observation.

●these birds think they are too weak to win any birds.

6月27日托福听力真题回忆：

Conversation1

学生不知道学校打印机系统做了调整，打印不出来去求助。以前在打印室是直接在电脑上点打印按钮，打印机就会工作。现在打印机旁边有一台电脑，当学生在其它电脑编

辑好文档打印的时候会把自己的 ID 和文档传输到那台打印机电脑，上面会显示所有

要打印的项目，还会告诉你一共几页。所以你需要到那台电脑找到你的条目操作才能打印。接着工作人员发现学生的 paper 是关于 green house 的，说他有个朋友有这个

项目，然后两个人就聊了一些实习、节能减排等问题。

Lecture 1

人类社会的演变。讲述了人类社会从采摘捕猎，到农业社会，以及其中各个过渡阶段

的特点对比分析。

Lecture 2

碳同位素检测。用碳同位素的测定方法检测一种鸟在迁徙过程中进食周期和进食种类的观察，还介绍了如何用碳同位素进行检测：将一个面具套在鸟的鼻子上，上面有碳

12，当鸟呼吸的时候会进入体内，这个同位素在鸟身上的不同含量代表不同的情况。这个方法应用到熊身上，观察他们在捕鱼的时候有什么变化。

Conversation2

学生发现下学期选的四门课都通过提交 paper 进行考核，他觉得在一个星期完成

上百页的paper 很难， adviser 觉得这个问题他应该提早发现。然后学生决定换掉

两门课，其中选了一门高级课（和数学有关），adviser 说这个要求高中学过三年并

且要通过学校测试。同学说他高中全 A，周五测试应该问题不大。

Lecture 3

有关石墨 graphite 的发现，是铅笔芯的原料。Graphite 和 diamond 都是由碳组成的。但是原子的排列方式不一样，特性就不同。Graphite 很灵活，导电导热性很好，可以用来替代硅，但是由于它特性的原因，很难大量生产，因此要继续研究。Lecture 4

电子音乐的发展。讲了二十世纪电子音乐的发展过程。有三个标志性的发展，一个是磁带，一个是合成电子乐，一个是用的电脑软件开发。

6月27日托福阅读真题回忆：

Passage 1：大陆漂移的各种理论

讲相隔很远的两个地方的植物相似，有人提出，大陆是在不断运动的，之前是相连的

一整块陆地。具体例子一个，大叶子植物的生存环境其实不在它所在地。一堆人反

驳。

Passage 2：建造大坝

政府之前造水坝因为便宜的电力，还能灌溉庄稼。之后发现其实对环境危害很大。环

保主义者反对，于是政府不建造新的水坝，然后开始拆除旧的水坝。举例一即将要拆

除的水坝。最后作者问了一个关于是否应该拆除水坝的问题。

Passage 3：考古学

讲一个早于玛雅文明的文明。考古遗迹中有个斧头，上面有人脸，还有很多模仿动物的东西。

听力

一个男学生来找工作，他本来在咖啡厅工作，但是工作时间有限，而他想多挣一些，所以来

问一下有没有暑假相关的工作可以做。工作人员告诉他最近将会有一个job fair，

他可以去看一看，男生说他以为这个job fair只是给大四学生找工作的。工作人员

说的确是这样的，但是有些公司也希望能够找一些非大四的相关专业的学生，提供

一些工作，锻炼一下，或者是做

一些internship。工作人员问他专业是什么，男生说他是biology，并且有一些lab experience。工作人员说太好了，这样可以去一些有实验室的医院找一些internship来做一做。男生说这很好，但是他现在还不想limited himself，毕竟这只是一个暑期工作。

Lecture1

教授说之前的课上我们谈论过关于风力发电的一些内容，大部分风力发电机都在wind farm 里，讲到了比较常见的是 horizontal axis wind turbine（有图），今

天我们会讲另外一种风力发电机 vertical axis wind turbine。

教授说从图片可以看出这种风力发电机和第一种不一样，比较新颖。学校里面试着建

一些这样的风力发电机，刚开始的时候很多人拒绝，但是真正了解后，很多人都觉得

这个东西是值得的。

这种 vertical axis wind turbine 的一个优势在于，第一种发电机只能利用中等速度的风进行发电，而垂直轴的发电机可以利用比较低的风速，也可以利用比较高的风

速。另一个优势在于，占地空间比第一种小，所以适合大量建造。这就引发了另一个

问题，就是风机彼此间的相互影响。第一种风机影响比较大，所以风机间的距离都比

较大。

Lecture 2

古罗马的帝国非常有钱，有钱之后就建造很多 villa，但是这些 villa 的功能是不

一样的，对于罗马帝王来说分为两种：一种是 official，一种是 private。有个帝

王建造了非常多的 villa（此处有题），它还有特殊的目的。后来有一些 villa 有

了其他的作用，教授举例说，有一个 villa 有一个特别大的水池，大家猜一下是什

么功能，没有人猜出来。然后教授提示说在那里有

textile 的遗迹以及发现了 dye 的痕迹，所以推测这个地方以前用来做 textile factory。另外有一个地方 villa 水池旁边有很多的小 hole，经过推测，这个地方以

前是用来养鱼的。

教授找一位女生来，说你知不知道我们学期中的时候会有一些研究项目，而现在需要一些人

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诉人们这些坏处，让人们保护环境吗？教授说这只是一部分，在开始环保告知前，我

们需要进一步了解本地的水质情况，所以我们也需要收集一些样本然后再实验室里做

分析，确定一下水的破坏情况。

Lecture 3

看一张图片，是一个建筑师的代表作，是一个 water falling house，在 bank 上面

的一个小别墅，上面是 balcony，下面是小流水和小瀑布。教授说这个建筑师的风格

就是利用自然环境进行建造。第一，用的建筑材料全部都是 nature source，包

括建造的砖头，不过不包括

balcony，这样不会影响到 falling water，另外 bank 上面本来有块大石头，就围

绕这个石头建造屋子，石头正好在屋子中间。后半段教授着重来讲了 balcony，因为

这个很特别，它是在 bank 的基础上延伸出来的，所以需要克服很大的重力，所以建

造的时候需要非常精细的设计。后来好像建筑师想要改变一下这个 balcony，让它

伸得更远，但是因为一开始没有设计好，所以做不到这一点。因此，一开始的时候就

应该把所有的情况都计算在内。

Lecture 4

教授说最近气候变化，环境不好，造成很多生物可能要灭绝，怎么解决呢？有一个方

法是assisted migration。教授先解释了一下什么是 assisted migration，就是有

些生物不能自己进行迁徙，需要人为干涉。当然，目前这种说法存在争议。有个学生说，这种情况是不是很容易造成物种入侵。比如一个湖里引进了一种 shrimp，后来

繁殖过快，造成了不好的影响。教授说有这个可能，所以进行 assisted migration

的时候需要特别谨慎。

教授又说，是有成功案例的。比如有两种蝴蝶，它们的生活环境温度逐年上升，已经不适合

它们继续生存，需要换一个环境，后来结果还是很成功的。不过这个方法依然很有争议。最后教授说最近有个案例非常适合做 assisted migration，当然还只是停留在

讨论层面，没有落实。这个案例 assisted migration 的优势首先在于这个物种栖息

地比较局限，现在面临严重的危机，马上就要灭绝了。另外它的 predator 在新环境

中也是有的，所以危害是可控的。另外最重要的一点迁徙的好处要大于坏处才可以。

但是没有进行 assisted migration，又怎么会知道是否有坏处呢。所以现在很纠结。所以这个案例目前只是处于假设阶段，还需要继续评估它的影响。

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一定要条理清晰地表达，另外需要把握好时间，在有限的时间内把自己的观点陈述完成。另外，平时练习口语，如果能找外教一对一练习，效果也是很不错的。需要注意的是，口语练习一定不要背模板，因为表达起来过于生硬，不如在练习中自己总结模板。五.托福写作：重基础，多练习托福写作分为两块，综合写作和独立写作。综合写作也会涉及到一些听力和阅读，主要考察总结归纳能力。独立写作是需要你自己去完整构思文章的，所以需要自己去构思文章，填充细节，举例论证等等，文章内容越充实越好，自己写的论点要能够自圆其说。另外，不要被写作要求的字数限制住，一定要将自己的思想表达完整，字数超过一些是不会扣分的。托福语法技巧：复合名词1 名词+名词：LondonTransport伦敦公交公司Fleet Street舰队街(伦敦的报馆 街)TowerBridge(伦敦泰晤士河上的)塔楼桥hall door大厅的门traffic warden交通管理员petrol tank汽油桶，汽油罐hitch-hiker沿路搭便车的人，搭顺风车的人sky-jacker劫机者river bank河岸，江岸kitchentable厨房用的桌子winterclothes冬季服装2 名词+动名词：fruit picking摘水果lorry driving开运货汽车coal-mining采煤weight-lifting 举重bird-watching观察/研究鸟类surf-riding冲浪运动3 动名词+名词：waiting list等候者名单diving-board跳板driving licence驾驶执照landing card登陆卡dining-room餐厅，食堂swimming pool游泳池这些组合可用在：1 当第二个名词属于第一个名词或是它的一部分时：shopwindow商店橱窗picture frame镜框college library大学图书馆church bell教堂的钟gardengate花园的大门gear lever变速杆但是一些

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Section Two: Structure and Written Expression 1. crumbles readily when exposed to a moist, acid atmosphere, but the stone is durable in adry atmosphere. (A) The surface of marble is (B) The surface of marble, which (C) Although the surface of marble (D) The surface of marble 2. By using their trunks, elephants can tell the shape of an object and is rough or smooth, orhot or cold. (A) it (B) whether it (C) how (D) since it 3. In 1989 Carret Hongo was chosen as for the Pulitzer Prize in poetry. (A) his being one of the finalists (B) to be one of the finalists (C) one of the finalists (D) the one finalist who 4. The Moon is much closer to Earthis the Sun, and thus it had greater influence on the tides. (A) unlike (B) than (C) but (D) where 5. The brain of an average adult is one of the largest organs of the body, about three pounds. (A) weighs (B) is weighed (C) weighing (D) to weigh it 6. Throughout history different representations for numbers and for the basic process ofcounting. (A) have been many (B) there have been many (C) many (D) when many 7. Democratic governments constantly face the problem of balancing the individual with theneeds of society. (A) the rights of (B) to the rights for (C) for the rights to (D) with the rights by 8. Connecticut was the fifth of the original thirteen states the Constitution of the UnitedStates. (A) ratified (B) ratify (C) to ratify (D) have ratified 9. The chemical composition of sandstone is the same as (A) that of sand (B) that sand is (C) sand is that (D) what of sand 10. Hydrofoils can exceed 75 miles per hour, as compared with conventional watercraft, whosemaximum speeds approach 50 miles per hour. (A) are rarely (B) rarely (C) of rarely (D) they rarely 11. It was novelist and poet in 1968 founded Jackson State University's Institute for theStudy of the History, Life, and Culture of Black People. (A) Margaret Walker did (B) Margaret Walker (C) Margaret Walker who (D) Margaret Walker and 12. Before the Europeans arrived, American Indians were using virgin copper into ornaments,knives, and other artifacts. (A) Which was hammering (B) which hammered (C) was hammered (D) hammered 13. In western North America, form the Great Divide, which separates the areas fromwhich waters flow either eastward to the Atlantic or westward to the Pacific. (A) the Rocky Mountains (B) where the Rocky Mountains (C) the Rocky Mountains in which 1

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308 托福试题 阅读（55minutes） Question 1-11 If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous (5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving matter. The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from 0.1 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive (15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells . As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that