高考必考语法精讲精练专题九：定语从句(含解析)

高考必考语法精讲精练

语法专题九：定语从句

定语从句是比较重要的语法项目。《2020年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中将定语从句列为必考项。全国卷新课标Ⅰ对定语从句的考查一般在语法填空和短文改错中，主要考查定语从句引导词的用法。2020年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题（语法填空）考查了定语从句引导词that/which。

2020年高考全国卷Ⅰ第65题（语法填空）考查了定语从句的引导词when。

2020年高考全国卷Ⅰ第70题（语法填空）考查了定语从句的引导词which。

基本概念：

定语从句:在复合句中修饰名词或代词、充当定语的句子叫定语从句。因其功能相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句。

先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。

关系词:引导定语从句的词，也叫引导词。分为关系代词（who，whom，that，which，whose ,as）和关系副词(where，when，why)。关系词要在定语从句中作某个成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。

限制性定语从句：对先行词起修饰限定作用的定语从句。

非限制性定语从句：对先行词或主句起补充说明作用的定语从句，通常引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开。

关系词及其意义：

关系代词和关系副词功能有三个：①用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。②关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。③关系代词和关系副词在从句中代替在他前面的先行词。

一、关系代词引导的定语从句

1．who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。

①The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

②Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way.

③ That is the teacher who teaches us physics.

2．whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。

①Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus.

②Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.

③The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come.

④The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。

The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend.

3．which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语可省略。

①Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

②The factory which makes computers is far away from here.

③He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers.

④The house which is by the lake looks nice.

⑤This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday.

⑥The film ( which ) they saw last night was not interesting at all.

4．that 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。

在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可以省略。

①The number of people that / who come to visit this city every

year reaches one million.

②Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning?

③The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.

④The season that / which comes after spring is summer.

⑤Yesterday I received a letter that / which came from Australia.

5．whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。

①I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.

②He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

③I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen.

注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：

①The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

②The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

③Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?

④Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?

关系代词that 与which的区别

（一）只用that不用which的情况：

1、先行词是everything, nothing, anything, much, little, none等不定代词或由不定代词any, some, no, much, few, little, every, all等修饰时, 引导定语从句用that不用which。例如：

①Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen.

②There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the

world.

③There is little that I can do for you.

2、先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰且指物时, 引导定语从句用that 。例如：

①This is the best book that I have ever read.

②The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.

3、先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that 。如：

①We talked about the things and persons that we saw then.

②Look at the man and his dog that are walking up the street.

4、先行词被the only，the very, just the等修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。例如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.

注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。例如：

He is the only person that I want to see now.

5、当先行词前面有who/which等疑问代词时，只用that。例如：

①Who is the man that is standing there?

②Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?

6、定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。例如：

A plane is a machine that can fly.

（二）只用which不用that的情况

1、指物，介词后。例如：

I still remember the day on which I first got to Paris.

2、用于非限制定语从句中。例如：

She heard a terrible noise，which brought her heart into her mouth.

3、先行词是that, those时。例如：

That is the book which I borrowed from the library.

4、一个句子有两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。例如：Is there anything that is not expensive which we can buy for her as a gift?

二、the way作先行词的定语从句

比较下列句子，理解关系词，并分析原因：

①The way (that/in which/×) he answered the question was surprising.

②I don’t like the way (that /in which) you laugh at her.

归纳：

三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。

①The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.

=The school in which he once studied is very famous.

②I’ll bring here the magazine (which/that) you asked for.

= I’ll bring here the magazine for which you asked.

③This is the boy (whom/who/that) I played tennis with

yesterday.

=This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday.

④We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom /who /that) we

have often talked about.

=We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have

often talked.

1、单个介词（in/with/on/by）+关系代词(whom, which)

①The two thingof which they felt very proud were Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.

②A harvester is a man who is harvesting or a machine with which we harvest crops.

注意：介词确定的依据

A、依从句中的动词,形容词,名词与介词的固定搭配而定；

B、依先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定。

2、介词短语+关系代词(which, whom, whose)

常用的介词短语有:some of, both of, as a result of, at the back of，because of, in front of, in the middle of, at the bottom of, on the top of, at the foot of等。

①There is a great pain in my right foot, because of which I can only limp along.

②They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat an old man.

注意:含有介词的动词短语一般不能拆开,如look after, look for, take care of, take part in, look forward to等。例如：

①This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正)

②This is the watch for which I am looking .(误)

③The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are

very healthy.(正)

④The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy.（误）

3、单个介词+关系代词(which, whose)+名词

介词要依介词与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定。例如：

①He lived in London for three months, during which time he learned some English.

②Our English teacher, with whose help we have made great progress in English, has completed thirty years of teaching.

4、the+名词+of+关系代词(which, whom)结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系。例如：This is the book the cover of which is designed by Mr Jones.

=This is the book, whose cover is designed by Mr Jones.

5、部分词汇/结构+of+关系代词

(1)all, both, none ,neither ,either, many, most, few, several, enough, half, some, any , one, two, three, the majority, a number, the youngest等。

(2)数词(基数词,序数词,百分数,分数)+名词

(3)the+形容词最高级/比较级

①Here are two pairs of socks, either of which you may choose.

②The football team has 15 members ,the oldest of whom is 25 years old.

③He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

④There are many apples, some of which have gone bad.

⑤There are forty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities.

⑥He has written ten stories，three of which are about country life.

四、关系代词as与which的用法

as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：

1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：

①He married her, as / which was natural.

②He is honest, as / which we can see.

2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主

句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：

①As is known to all, China is a developing country.

②He is from the south, as we can know from his accent.

③John, as you know, is a famous writer.

④The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.(2012·福建高考)

⑤He has been to Paris ten times, which I don’t believe.

注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如①

Tom was late for school again and again, which made his

teacher very angry.

②This table is made of metal, which made it very heavy.

3. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。如：

①I’ve never heard such stories as he tells.

②He is not such a fool as he looks.

③This is the same dictionary as I lost last week.

注意：当先行词受the same 修饰时，也可能用 that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：

She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.

她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。

She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore.

她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。

五、关系副词引导的定语从句

1. when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

①I still remember the day when I first came to this school.

②The time when we got together finally arrived.

③October 1, 1949 was the day when the People’s Republic of

China was founded.

2. where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

①Shanghai is the city where I was born.

②The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.③

I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .

④Is this the place where they fought the enemy?

3.why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。

①Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

②The reason why he was punished is unknown to us.

③I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

注意：引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来替换。例如：

①I still remember the day when(=on which) I first came to this school.

②Great changes have taken place where(in which) we live.

③The reason why (=for which) he refused the invitation is quite clear.

六、一些特殊词之后的where

如果定语从句用来修饰point, situation, part, condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，并且作状语

．．．，要用where 引导定语从句，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”，这种现象

叫做地点模糊化

．．．．．。常见的表地点的模糊化名词还有：occasion, circumstance, state,degree, extent, stage, level, period,aspect等。例如：

①I have come to the point where I can’t stand him.

②The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time.

③We are trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.

④I can think of many cases where students obviously know a lot of English words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay.

⑤It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.

注意：如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。例如：

Remember that there is still one point which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.

高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练·定语从句

考点规律分析:定语从句短文改错考点主要涉及定语从句引导词的误用、缺失以及多余；语法填空主要考查根据先行词及上下文填合适的引导词。

定语从句单句改错之真题训练：

1. …in other places you are limited to a certain number, of that some may be novels. (全国卷)

2. I also enjoyed the evenings when we spent together. (全国卷)

3. I live in Beijing, where is the capital of China. (全国卷)

4. I have a good friend who’s name is Liu Mei. (福建卷)

5.(2020·四川)The dishes what I cooked were Mom’s favorite.

定语从句单句改错之模拟训练：

1. He is the man his car was stolen.

2. That’s the hotel which we were staying last summer.

3. That’s the palace where we visited last summer.

4.It’s really a beautiful place, where everyone hopes to visit.

定语从句单句改错之提升训练：

1. This is the factory where we visited last week.

2. This is the watch for which Tom is looking.

3. The person to who you spoke is a student of Grade Two.

4. The house in that we live is very small.

5. The sun gives off light and warmth, that makes it possible for plants to grow.

6. I’ve read all the books which I borrowed from the library.

7. This is the best film which I have ever seen.

8. My father and Mr. Smith talked about things and persons who they remembered in the country.

9. Everything which we saw was of great interest.

10. His dog, that was now very old, became ill and died.

11. The reason which he didn’t go to scho ol is that he was ill.

12. Those who wants to go with me put up your hands.

13. The boy, his mother died last year, studies very hard.

14. I have two sisters, both of them are doctors.

15. We’re going to visit the school where your brother works there.

16. He is the only one of the students who have been invited to the English Evening.

17. That is the way which they work.

18. Those have questions can ask the teachers for advice.

19. Who is the man who has white hairs?

20. I will never forget the days which we had a goodtime together at the sea.

定语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：

1.(2020·全国Ⅰ，65)My connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid －1980s, ________ I was the first Western TV reporter.

2.(2020·全国Ⅱ，阅读A)Simon is a comedian and actor _______has 10 y ears’ experience of teaching comedy.

3.(2020·全国Ⅱ，阅读D)Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of ________have never before been published.

4.(2020·全国Ⅲ，47)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，________lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C, influenced the development of chopsticks.

5.(2020·全国Ⅲ，完形)When I was 13 my only purpose was to become the star on our football team.That meant beating out Miller King, ________was the best player at our school.

6.(2020·北京，22)I live next door to a couple________children often make a lot of noise.

7.(2020·四川，阅读C)I prefer to work in black and white, ________ allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.

8.(2020·四川，阅读D)Res earchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), ________has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.

9.(2020·江苏，23)Many young people, most of________were well－educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.

10.(2020·浙江，11)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears, none of ________ has been proved.

11.(2020·江苏，21)The number of smokers, ________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

12.(2020·湖南，29)It is a truly delightful place, ________ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.

13.(2020·浙江，19)Creating an atmosphere in ________ employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.

14.(2020·重庆，14)He wrote many children's books, nearly half of ________ were published in the 1990s.

15.(2020·四川，3)The books on the desk，________ covers are shiny，are prizes for us.

16.(2020·安徽，28)Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon________school education depends.

17.(2020·福建，34)ChinaToday attracts a worldwide readership，________ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.

18.(2020·安徽，22)The exact year ________ Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.

19.(2020·北京，26)I borrowed the book SherlockHolmes from the library last week，________ my classmates recommended to me.

20.(2020·山东，10)A company ________ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.

21.(2020·重庆，9)We'll reach the sales targets in a month ________we set at the beginning of the year.

22.(2020·四川，4)Until now，we have raised 50,000 pounds for the poor children，________ is quite unexpected.

23.(2020·陕西，13)Please send us all the information ________ you have about the candidate for the position.

24.(2020·北京，24)Opposite is St.Paul's Church, ________ you can hear some lovely music.

25.(2020·陕西，15)As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time ________he should be able to be independent.

26.(2020·天津，15)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.

27.(2020·福建，31)Students should involve themselves in community activities ________ they can gain experience for growth.

28.(2020·浙江，5)I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade，________ I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree.

学习札记：

_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

参考答案及解析

定语从句单句改错之真题训练：

1.that 改为which，因介词后要用which 来引导定语从句

2.去掉when 或将when 改为that，因这里的定语从句中谓语动词(spent)缺宾语，故只能用关系代词that或将其省略

3.where 改为which，因此处要填关系代词作主语

4.who’s 改为whose，因who’s=who is，不仅结构错误，而且意思也不通；whose 引导定语从句，表示“……的”

定语从句单句改错之模拟训练：

1. his 改为whose，whose 在此引导定语从句。

2.which 改为where，where引导定语从句且在从句中用作状语；此题还可在staying后加in。

3. where 改为which / that，也可去掉where，因visit为及物动词，此处应用关系代词作其宾语（也可省略）。

4.where 改为which，which 在此引导非限定性定语从句，且在从句中用作宾语(用作visit 的宾语)。

5．what→which/that或去掉what考查定语从句，并在从句中作宾语，指物，用关系代词that/which，也可省略。

定语从句单句改错之提升训练：

1. where→that/which或去掉where。

2. 把for放在looking之后。英语中,有些短语动词,介词或副词不可与动词相分离。又如:look after, run into等。

3. who→whom。尽管在口语中who, whom都能作宾语,但在介词后只能用whom。

4. that→which。

5. that→which。that不可以引导非限制性定语从句。

6. which→that或去掉which。当先行词被all, every, no,some, any, little等修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。

7. which→that或去掉which。当先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级或the only,the very等所修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。

8. who→that。如果先行词既指人又指物时,常用that引导定语从句。

9. which→that或去掉which。当先行词为something,anything,everything, nothing, all等时,常由that引导定语从句。

10. that→which。

11. which→why/which前加for或去掉which。

12. wants→want。定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词一致。

13. his→whose。

14. them→whom或both前加and。

15. 去掉there。

16. have→has。当one of+名词复数作先行词时,从句的谓语用复数;但是当one前有the (only)时,从句谓语要用单数。

17. which→that/which前加in或去掉which。

18. Those后加who。

19. 第二个who→that。当主句是以who 或which开头的疑问句时, 定语从句常用that 引导, 以避免重复。

20. which→when或which前加in。

定语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：

1．when[由句子结构可以判断这是一个定语从句，先行词是表示时间的in the mid－1980s，从句中缺少状语，因此填写关系副词when。]

2．who/that[考查定语从句的关系代词，先行词是a comedian and actor，在从句中做主语，所以用who或者that。]

3．which[考查定语从句。介词后跟关系代词，先行词为images，所以用which。] 4．who[考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，故用who。]

5．who[考查定语从句。先行词为Miller King，故用who。]

6．whose[考查定语从句。句意：我住在一对夫妇的隔壁，他们的孩子经常弄出很大的噪音。先行词为couple，由句意可知children与couple之间为所属关系，故用关系代词whose。] 7．which[考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词是前面的整个句子。]

8．which[考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词是melatonin。]

9．whom[考查定语从句的用法。句意：很多年轻人前往偏远地区去追逐他们的梦想，他们中的很多人都受过良好教育。根据句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为Many young people，作介词of的宾语，故要用whom。]

10．which[考查定语从句。句意：科学家们已经提出许多关于人类为什么哭泣会流泪的理论，其中没有一个已被证明的。分析句子成分可知，空处引导定语从句，此处是非限制性定语从句，which代替many theories，故应用which引导该定语从句。]

11.as[句意：据报道，吸烟者的数量在一年内下降了17%。as引导的定语从句，在这里作主语，意为“正如……，这一点”，代替整个主句的内容。]

12．which[句意：这真是一个令人开心的地方，它看起来和一百年前一模一样，有着蜿蜒的街道和漂亮的小屋。which代替先行词place，在定语从句中用作主语，引导非限制性定语从句。不可用that。]

13．which[句意：创造一种使员工感到自己是团队一部分的氛围是一大挑战。先行词为an atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，此处in which相当于where。作介词宾语不可用that。] 14．which[句意：他写了很多的儿童书，其中接近一半是在20世纪90年代出版的。根据句子结构以及选项可知是考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语。此处关系代词which 代指前面的books，作介词of的宾语。]

15．whose[考查定语从句。句意：桌上的书是给我们的奖励，那些书的封面闪闪发光。本题考查非限制性定语从句的连接词，先行词为the books，和covers之间是所有关系，故用whose。]

16．which[句意：一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。考查定语从句。depend on/upon依靠，依赖，介词后只能用which或whom来构成定语从句的引导词，先行词为物，故用which。]

17．which[句意：《中国日报》吸引了全世界的读者，这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。先行词是前面的整个主句，在从句中作主语，用which来引导。]

18．which/that/不填[考查定语从句。句意：Angela和她的家人一起呆在中国的那一年是2008年。先行词the exact year在定语从句中作spent的宾语且指物，故用which也可用that 或省略。]

19．which[考查非限制性定语从句。句意：上个星期，我从图书馆借了同学给我推荐的《大侦探福尔摩斯》。先行词the book在定语从句中作recommend的宾语，所以要用关系代词，先行词是物，故用which。]

20．whose[考查定语从句。句意：利润来源于国内市场且在下降的公司可以到国外寻找机会。此处关系代词whose作定语。]

21．which[考查定语从句。句意：一个月之后我们就能完成年初制定的销售目标。先行词targets在从句中作set的宾语，故要用关系代词which。]

22．which[考查定语从句关系词的用法。显然这是一个非限制性定语从句。句意：到目前为止我们已经为贫困儿童筹集了5万英镑，这是我们始料未及的。which指代整个主句。] 23．that[考查定语从句。句意：请把所有有关这个职位候选人的信息发给我们。先行词information在定语从句中充当have的宾语，前面又有all来修饰，故只能用that，不用which。] 24.where[句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在那里你可以听到一些优美的音乐。先行词是St.Paul's Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出关系词在从句中作的是地点状语，故用where。]

25．when[句意：作为家里最小的孩子，Alex总是盼望着他有独立的时间。考查定语从句。定语从句的先行词是time，后面的从句是完整的句子，先行词在从句中充当状语，所以填when。]

26．where[句意：该公司的老板试图创造轻松的氛围，这样他的员工就可以享受工作的乐趣。考查定语从句。先行词为an easy atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故要用where。] 27．where[考查定语从句。句意：学生应该潜心于社区活动之中，在这些活动中，他们可以获取成长的经验。在定语从句中缺少地点状语，故用where。]

28．when[考查定语从句。句意：直到五年级，我才真正会爬树，当时，我爬上一棵树，拿下了挂在树枝上的风筝。后面的定语从句是完整的句子；先行词为the fifth grade，表时间概念，所以填when。]

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