电子商务外文翻译文献
文献信息：
文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）
国外作者：?eri? Slavko
文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4
字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字
外文文献：
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
SUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.
Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, Internet
INTRODUCTION
Today, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional labor
intensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.
Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.
ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
Today’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.
Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.
E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means of
telecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.
Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.
ELECTRONIC MARKET
Milicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,
services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.
MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
There are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.
B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;
B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;
B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;
C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;
C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;
B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;
C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.
LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
The most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problem
is solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.
ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.
The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in the
production of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.
Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.
CONCLUSION
With the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.
中文译文：
电子商务
摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。任何定义都有助于更好地理解和解释这一概念。电子商务是利用电子手段实现金融交易自动化的一套程序和技术。另外，根据一些作者的说法，电子商务被定义为一个正在发展的新概念，其中包括，通过计算机网络以及互联网进行的买卖、交换产品、服务或信息的过程，电子商务不仅仅局限于买卖，还包括供应链中的所有售前和售后服务。在商业中，引进电子商务，利用互联网和网络服务，从而实现了一种全新的经济形式——互联网经济。
关键词：电子商务，开发，采购，销售，经济，互联网
引言
今天，现代通信手段的发展，特别是电子技术，彻底改变了现有的权力关系和全球市场的力量，在全球化的进程中发挥了重要作用。通信与信息资源的发展对世界经济的影响，可能暗示出这样一个事实，它正在渗入到之前没有机会应用现代信息技术的传统劳动密集型活动中。
大型企业以及中小企业的管理者首先需要了解现代数字技术的重要性和诸多优点，利用现代数字技术，能够使他们创造出新的商业理念及成就。在新的数字时代，电子商务的优势和机遇代表了一个巨大的潜力，应该以最好和最有效的方式使用。由于互联网，商业方式发生了一些变化，地理边界正在消失，语言障碍和货币限制正在下降。
电子商务
如今做生意的方式被彻底改变了，这主要得益于互联网。在全球化的进程中，在现代通信手段特别是电子技术的发展中，电子商务通过从根本上改变现有的权力关系和全球市场的力量，从而发挥着重要作用。现代商业正处在从机械到电子商务的过渡时期。除了技术方面，还应该要强调经济方面，将电子商务定义为一个提供新型商品和服务的新市场，例如通过数字化流程的数字产品。实体商品卖家也被纳入到数字化流程，如在线订购、市场调研与支付，这些都是新市场的组成部分。
电子商务不仅是一套互联网技术，而且还是以通信网络为媒介而进行的商业信息交换，商业关系维护，以及不同组织之间的商业交易。
电子商务可以从狭义上和广义上来理解。从狭义上来讲，电子商务是指通过互联网进行的商业买卖；而从广义上来讲，电子商务包括以通信网络为媒介而进行的商业信息交换，商业关系维护，以及商业交易。在履行任务时，电子商务使用电子传播媒介，如互联网、外联网、电子邮件、数据库和移动电话。电子商务包括多种活动，例如商品和服务的电子销售与采购、数字内容的在线支付、电子资金转账、公共采购、直面消费者营销，以及其他售后服务。电子商务的基础通
常被称为全数字化业务，它包括三个部分：产品、过程和参与者；它有两个组成部分：实体和数字。通过互联网发送和接收的所有东西都被认为是数字产品。
电子商务创造了新的市场和经济活动，其特点是快速的信息处理和市场动态。电子网络为收集和传播信息提供了基础设施，同时电子网络还是产品、服务销售与推广的新渠道。此外，网络集成了管理公司各级商业活动的信息，并与供应链中的客户和合作伙伴建立了新的电子联系。通过遍布全球的电子网络，越来越多的经济增值活动出现在了网络空间中。互联网扩大了企业的活动场所。由于从互联网获得了许多额外的商业信息，管理者可以发现更多的商业机会。
电子市场
米利塞维奇（2002）指出，互联网和新的信息技术正在导致全球一级市场以及一些工业和服务业的重组。除了传统（实体）市场，客户和卖家也在电子市场为货币或其他商品或服务进行交易，只不过是以电子方式来交换商品和服务。电子市场使用电子交易，为终端消费者带来了一种新的商品和服务的配货销售方式。电子市场是指进行电子商务的地方，也就是交换信息、产品、服务和支付的互动网络。近年来，电子市场在现代商业中越来越重要。而说到电子商务，商业中心实际上只是网络上的一个点，它那里拥有客户、卖家以及其他参与者，他们都通过电子方式找到彼此并进行商业活动。
电子商务模式
根据贸易参与者（公司、客户、员工、政府）之间的关系，电子商务的模式可以分为很多种：B2B，B2C，B2E，C2C，C2B，不过最近还出现了更复杂的组合形式，更新了现有模式，例如B2B2C和C2B2C。
B2B（企业对企业）是指不同组织之间自动交换信息；
B2C（企业对消费者）是指向终端消费者出售商品和服务；
B2E（企业对员工）是一种称为内部网的模式，也是向员工提供产品或信息的网站；
C2B（消费者对企业）是消费者要求卖方提供产品或服务的一种模式；
C2C（消费者对消费者）是消费者互相推销的一种模式；
电子商务的发展【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 The development of e-commerce Material Source:The Economist, 2003 Author:Laudon, K.C When the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dot-cons are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true. The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Departme nt of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “brick s-and-mortar” world. But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/df17752482.html, and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/df17752482.html,, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online. Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada. And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献
零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：
电子商务企业文化中英文对照外文翻译文献
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市场营销策略论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
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市场营销策略外文文献及翻译
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文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照
外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：Electronic Commerce 外文文献： Electronic Commerce Electronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond. 1. What is Electronic Commerce? Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet. Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and
电子商务英语专业外文资料翻译--电子商务战略
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网络营销策略外文文献翻译
文献出处：Guzzo T, D’Andrea A, Ferri F, et al. Evolution of Marketing Strategies: From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing[C]//On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2012 Workshops. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012: 627-636. 原文 Evolution of Marketing Strategies:From Internet Marketing to M-Marketing Tiziana Guzzo, Alessia D’Andrea, Fernando Ferri, and Patrizia Grifoni 1 Introduction Marketing is “the process which creates, communicates, delivers the value to the consumers, and maintains the relationship with consumers. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. It is “an integrated process through which companies build strong consumers relationships and create value for their consumers and for themselves” Marketing strategies have a long history and mainly interested economists and sociologists. The wide use of Internet, pervasiveness of social networks and the evolution of mobile devise are implying a wider involvement of interdisciplinary competences enlarging the interest toward ICT competences. This paper is to describe the evolution of marketing strategies from the advent of the Web (Internet Marketing) - through the advent of Social Networks (Marketing 2.0) - to the evolution of Mobile Social Networks (M-marketing). In particular, the paper analyses the use that Italian people make of mobile devices and the user perception and acceptance of M-marketing.
跨境电商外文文献综述
跨境电商外文文献综述 跨境电商外文文献综述跨境电商外文文献综述(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目
标。关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链跨境电商外文文献综述 1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。术语B2B，描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口
在的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束。 2.背景在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。B2B电子商务在伊朗如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。伊朗和许多其他国家接壤，它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路，铁路，海上和空中的方式来完成。因此，这个国家的中部和战略作用，使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。今天，在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成，商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。今天，伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的，商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电