HND 经济学1宏观与微观的应用报告

1. Oligopoly is a situation where there are only a few sellers of a particular commodity. There are many characteristics of oligopoly. For example, barriers to entering is exist, which large scale of production and existing economies of scale. It means these companies must be very large, which they have already identified as very carefully monitoring one another. Their firms must have anti-risk of price, which if one firm cuts prices another might cut prices more. Another characteristic is the goods or services of these companies may be very similar, such as supermarkets, banking, and so on. So the prices are unlikely to change very often, they only concentrate on small profit but quick turnover.

2.

Price is OP1 and output is OQ1. At prices higher than P1 demand is elastic, for example, line PG, which raising prices will likely cause loss of market share. At prices lower than P1, for instance, line GQ, however

the fear is that cutting prices will force rivals to follow suit and there will be little gain in the way of additional sales.

3. Monopoly means the production is in the hands of one supplier and there is no substitute for the commodity. The main characteristic of monopoly is the market belongs to seller , because there is one seller of the monopolized good who produces all the output, that is to say, the whole market is being served by a single firm, and for practical purposes, the firm is the same as the industry. Another characteristic is the monopoly firm has strong market power. Market power is the ability to affect the terms and conditions of exchange so that the price of the product is set by the firm. Even though a monopoly market power is high, it still limited by the demand side of the market.

4.

From the graph above, it show that output increase cause revenue falls below average revenue and the price decrease. This is because marginal revenue becomes negative and demand because inelastic. The reason

why MR not vertical is the monopoly faces a negatively sloped demand curve not a perfectly inelastic curve. Consequently, any price increase will result in the loss of some customers.

5. Profit is the reward to entrepreneurs and the incentive that encourages them to take risks. Profit generally is the making of gain in business activity for the benefit of the owners of the business.

HND经济学导论

An investigative report on Welfare Policy in the U.K. Market Outcome 3 Candidate Name: WANGGAI Grade and Class: 11 Financial services class 6

Catalog ●Introduce ●Section 1 ●Section 2 ●Research

Introduce：This report is market failure and government's role and the social welfare policy survey report, report the information from the website as well as books, in a report last may elucidate. 1、Market failure：Market malfunction is due to intrinsic functional defects and external conditions caused by the defect of market mechanism in the allocation of resources in certain areas of operation. Because the market monopoly and price distortion or for the public goods character because of the asymmetric information and the external reasons, causes the resources disposition of invalid or small effect, which can realize resource to configure zero opportunity cost of resource allocation state. Usually used for invalid rate of special major, or non market mechanism is more efficient and the ability to create wealth is better when the private choice. On the other hand, the market failure is usually used to describe the market forces can not meet the status of public interest. Market failure establishes the basis for government intervention. The roles of government in attempting to correct these failures: merit goods, public goods, externalities and imperfect competition。Specific policy measures used by the government of the UK, such as competition, health care, transport etc. The market mechanism may fail to provide the optimal mix of output. The optimal mix of output is the most desirable combination of output attainable with existing resources, technology and social values. Government intervention in economic activities, but complementary, grant of. The government in market economy economic role, is to remedy market flaw or insufficient needs a decision. The role of government can be divided into regulation of human character, commonweal character, control characters, the arbitrator roles and role of night watchman. 2、Public goods：The market mechanism works efficiently only if the benefits of consuming the good or service are available only to individuals who purchase it.

HND留学项目回国就业形势怎么样

山东育路网https://www.wendangku.net/doc/df4070819.html, HND留学项目回国就业形势怎么样？ 近年来，越来越多的人喜欢出国留学来提升和充实自我，与此同时带动了很多留学项目的发展，例如HND项目，但很多考生都有类似的疑问：HND留学项目回国后就业形势怎么样呢?下面小编就来为大家解答一下这个问题。 HND项目是国内考生与家长比较关注的留学项目。HND项目回国就业形势是比较好的，就业领域比较宽，考生报名学习的专业也是国内就业率比较高的专业，如济南大学HND项目的国际贸易、国际会计、酒店管理等，就业领域涉及政府外经贸管理部门、会计师事务所等不同的企事业单位。 一、HND项目介绍 HND项目结合中西方教育优势，为学生提供了在国内接受国外优质教育资源的机会。能够帮助考生在短时间内拿到国内认可的学历，既节省留学的费用也节省了考生的学习时间。 该项目是中国(教育部)留学服务中心审批的中英政府间跨境国际教育项目，中国(教育部)留学服务中心负责学生学籍注册及回国后学历认证。 HND项目在课程中引入了英国文化、美国文化等教学内容，以及商务礼仪、红酒品鉴、高尔夫等高端素质课程，培养高素质的复合型人才，打造未来商界精英。 二、HND项目就业形势 HND课程通过英语教学的模式，让考生在英语的学习、生活环境下，英语的听、说、读、写能力达到要求的熟练程度。国外的生活环境也会让考生的应用能力进一步得到提高。这对于考生国内的就业也是一大优势。同时HND课程的设置充分考虑市场需要，并且注重职业与学术的有机结合，拥有国际通用的英国国家高等教育文凭的HND毕业生将是国际化企业急需的国际通用型人才。 1.国际贸易就业方向 政府外经贸管理部门中从事涉外管理的公务员;企业外销部门、外贸公司、外运公司、涉外保险、专业银行等部门的管理人员;外贸业务员、报关员、报检员、国际货运代理、银行国际结算人员、外贸代理人员等 2.国际会计就业方向 国内外注册会计师事务所、外资企业、跨国公司、国有企业、经济管理部门、金融机构、投资银行等从事国际会计和财务管理工作，如注册会计师、会计师、审计师、财务主管、会计主管、审计等工作。

HND经济学导论Outcome1考试题及翻译

Assessment task instructions Read the following passage and answer the questions which follow. SteamScot is a privately run rail company, which provides steam train journeys in Scotland. At present they operate three specific rail journeys in various parts of Scotland. These journeys are aimed at the tourist market and operate throughout the summer months. Around 70% of passengers are domestic tourists with the other 30% overseas visitors. The company has been fairly profitable over the last decade, and with the help of various grants available, they are considering an expansion of its operations. However, it is also aware that within the next five years a major overhaul of its capital stock as well as major repairs will have to be undertaken. It is this dilemma that the board of the company faces. It is estimated that in the coming year it will have ￡2.5 million to spend. This money could be used to open a new line between Inverness and Fort William, or to begin the repair and replacement plan on its current routes. A recent report has highlighted that following recent terrorist threats, visitors from the USA are expected to fall within the next three years, but that European visitors are likely to increase as the Euro rises in value. It is also expected that Visit Scotland (the tourist organization) will mount a major advertising campaign in England to encourage more visitors from that country. The boards of directors of SteamScot are also considering a change in their pricing

HND-Economics The-World-Economy世界经济学报告

Economics 2: The World Economy

Content Introduction----------------------------------------------------------------3 Section 1: International Trade Three gains from trading internationally---------------------------------------3 Free Trade--------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Absolute and Comparative Advantage-----------------------------------------3 Protectionism----------------------------------------------------------------------4 Barriers to trade-------------------------------------------------------------------4 WTO and EU----------------------------------------------------------------------5 Section 2: International Finance Balance of Payments and General trends in UK Trade----------------------6 Relationship between the exchange rate and the balance of payments—14 Single Currency------------------------------------------------------------------15 Effects on individuals and business of the Euro-----------------------------15 Section 3: Less Developed Countries (LDCs) Characteristics of a LDC--------------------------------------------------------16 Current issues that face LDCs--------------------------------------------------16 The impacts of multinationals on LDCs and NICs--------------------------16 Conclusion-----------------------------------------------------------------16 References------------------------------------------------------------------17 Introduction:

浅论宏观经济学与微观经济学-2

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宏观经济学与微观经济学公式大全(最全)

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⑶用储蓄函数决定国民收入，有： ∵S C Y += ∴Y Y Y C Y S )1()(βαβα-+-=+-=-= 又∵)(0I I S == ∴0)1(I Y =-+-βα β α-+= ?10I Y ——(Ⅱ) 可见，用消费函数推倒国民收入和用储蓄函数推倒国民收入能得到相同的结果。(Ⅰ)式等于(Ⅱ)式。 ⑷加入政府部门后的收入决定： 设G=G0, T=T0，则加入税收后，消费者的个人可支配收入变为Yd=Y=T0，于是有： )(0T Y Y C d -+=+=βαβα 于是：0 00)(G I T Y Y G I C Y ++-+=++=βα β βα-++-= 10 00G I T Y ——很重要的推导基础 3．乘数理论——对“推导基础”中所求变量求导 ⑴投资乘数：对I 求导 β -= 11 dI dY ，即为投资乘数。 于是由于投资变化量导致的收入变化量β β-?= -??=?111I I Y ⑵政府购买乘数：对G 求导 β -= 11 dG dY ，即为政府购买乘数。 于是由于政府购买变化量导致的收入变化量β β-?= -??=?111G G Y ⑶税收乘数：对T 求导 β β--=1dT dY ，即为税收乘数。 于是由于政府税收变化量导致的收入变化量β ββ β -?- =-- ??=?11T T Y

HND_经济学导论_outcome2_标答

Outcome 2 1. 书178，179二个图 Households buy commodities from firms, using the income individuals receive for their labour and capital supplied to firms The firms use the income received from the sale of commodities to pay for the labour and to invest in new premises,plant and equipment. 2. Injections： Investments：Loan from banks, building societies, insurance companies etc. Money saved by household can be re-injected back into the inner flow as investment by business sector (firms) after they borrow the money out of financial institutions. Government Spending：Roads, hospitals, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/df4070819.html,ing the fund largely collected through taxation, the government can be the biggest buyer spending money on the products and services provided by firms If government wishes to expend the flow of income in circulation, it may choose to increase the amount of its spending and probably adopt a tax-cutting. Exports：These are goods and services that are sold abroad. The payment for them will return to the firms in this country. For example, if someone buys textiles of China, then the proceeds of the sale belong to our country. This increases the circular flow and creates more economic activity in the economy for our country. Withdraws： Savings：Amount of income that consumers choose not to spend but retain for the future uses (normally deposit in financial institutions, e.g. banks and building society). Ability or desire to save out of income is measured by …marginal propensity to save (MPS)?. Level of income is the biggest factor affects level of savings, i.e. the higher the income is, the greater savings (withdrawal) out of circular. Taxation：Through forms as personal income tax, V AT, corporate income tax, the disposable money circulated in the economy is drawn out by the government as its revenue. This can be in the form of direct tax on our income or indirect tax on purchases, for example V AT. Imports：Part of the consumption of both households and firms are on foreign products or products contain imported components. So that portion of expenditure will eventually go into foreigners? pockets therefore reduce the total income circulated

HND 大二经济学

The micro economic about Sony 詻筱敉 Summary: As a manager of a company, he should consider the economic of scale. It relation to many problems, like the range of cost in the long run, how to get the profit maximization, how to choose the market structure and the characters of the market and so on. This report will relation to these problems. Also it will talk about the alternatives to profit maximization. Key words: cost, profit, price and output, the structure of market Sony is a famous company in the world. The play station 2 represents a huge gamble that will pay off only if it sells in vast quantities. Sony is conscious that if the product sells in limited quantities, that its costs will be about $ 100 per unit, however , if they sell about 50 million worldwide, that its costs will drop to about $ 10 per unit. Long run is defined as that period of time when all the factors of production can be varied. If for example, a firm had been restricted because of space and now finds it can expand or move to a bigger production unit it could also perhaps purchase more equipment, employ more labor. All the factors of production can be varied a firm should be able to expand the scale of its operations to continue obtaining falling costs as output level increases. These activities should allow reductions in costs, coming about because of size and know as economies of scale. The purpose of a company is to get more profit. Sony hope that their new machine will be a focal point for devices such as TVs, audio systems, digital cameras and will connect customers to the internet. Profits can also be termed ‘Normal’or ‘Supernormal’. Profit is the reward to entrepreneurs and the incentive that encourages them to take risks. It has two functions, one hand is that for an entrepreneur profit is an incentive to undertake a risk in the belief that a gain can be made. On the other hand, profit is also a reward. It must be earned, as we have seen, generally in an imperfect competitive situation. Many business fail and for many different reasons. To some extent we have already touched on this premise in suggesting that profit maximization is not always the main goal of a firm. This relate to alternatives to profit maximization. I will give two theory-Satisficing Behaviour Theory and Sales Revenue Maximization Theory. Satisficing Behaviour theory This particular theory was expounded by H A Simon and his colleague A Cyert. It is based on the fact that achieving specific targets with regard to sale, profit and market share will result in ‘satisficed behaviour’ by those who own and those who run firms. They know that it may be possible to do better but in the long run to press for further profit may result in unintended damage. Sales Revenue Maximization theory Propounded by Professor W J Boumal based on the following: 1. Managers get better perks and salaries from sales than profit. 2. Market share is considered a better sign of progress of a firm. 3. Because of the above, heavy adverting will take place to maximise sales.

宏观经济学与微观经济学的区别

宏观经济学与微观经济学的区别 （1）研究对象不同。微观经济学的研究对象是单个经济单位，如家庭、厂商等。正如美国经济学家J·亨德逊（J·Henderson）所说“居民户和厂商这种单个单位的最优化行为奠定了微观经济学的基础”。而宏观经济学的研究对象则是整个经济，研究整个经济的运行方式与规律，从总量上分析经济问题。正如萨缪尔逊所说，宏观经济学是“根据产量、收入、价格水平和失业来分析整个经济行为。”美国经济学家E·夏皮罗（E·Shapiro）则强调了“宏观经济学考察国民经济作为一个整体的功能。”（2）解决的问题不同。微观经济学要解决的是资源配置问题，即生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题，以实现个体效益的最大化。宏观经济学则把资源配置作为既定的前提，研究社会范围内的资源利用问题，以实现社会福利的最大化。（3）研究方法不同。微观经济学的研究方法是个量分析，即研究经济变量的单项数值如何决定。而宏观经济学的研究方法则是总量分析，即对能够反映整个经济运行情况的经济变量的决定、变动及其相互关系进行分析。这些总量包括两类，一类是个量的总和，另一类是平均量。因此，宏观经济学又称为“总量经济学”。（4）基本假设不同。微观经济学的基本假设是市场出清、完全理性、充分信息，认为“看不见的手”能自由调节实现资源配置的最优化。宏观经济学则假定市场机制是不完善的，**有能力调节经济，通过“看得见的手”纠正市场机制的缺陷。（5）中心理论和基本内容当然也不同。微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论，还包括消费者行为理论、生产理论、分配理论、一般均衡理论、市场理论、产权理论、福利经济学、管理理论等。宏观经济学的中心理论则是国民收入决定理论，还包括失业与通货膨胀理论、经济周期与经济增长理论、开放经济理论等。 国民经济核算体系 从建国初期到改革开放初期，我国国民经济核算采用的是产生于前苏联、东欧国家的物质产品平衡表体系(MPS)。80年代中期以后，随着改革开放的不断深入和国民经济的迅速发展，MPS体系表现出明显的不足，我国在继续实行WPS体系的同时，逐步引进产生于发达的市场经济国家、并被世界大多数国家广泛采用的国民账户体系（SNA）。1984年至1992年，国家统计局会同有关部门在总结我国当时的国民经济核算实践经验和理论研究成果的基础上，制定了《中国国民经济核算体系(试行方案)》。该方案采纳了SNA的基本核算原则、内容和方法，保留了MPS体系的部分内容。1992年1月，国务院组织有关方面专家进行论证，通过了这个方案。同年8月，国务院办公厅发出《关于实施新国民经济核算体系方案的通知》，要求在全国范围内实施这一体系。 1992年10月召开的中国共产党第十四次代表大会，确立了建立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标。随着经济体制的变化，经济分析和管理部门逐步放弃了MPS体系的有关指标，转而采用SNA体系的有关指标研究经济情况、制定经济计划和政策。苏联解体、东欧巨变之后，相应国家纷纷放弃MPS体系，采用丁SNA体系。联合国、世界银行、国际货币基金组织、经济合作与发展组织和欧盟五个国际组织联合制定的1993年SNA正式出版之后，许多国家根据这套新的国际标准对各自原有的核算体系进行了系统的修订。针对国内外客观情况的变化，我国也对国民经济核算制度方法进行了不断的改革。1999年，国家统计局决定对《中国国民经济核算体系(试行方案)》进行修订，《中国国民经济核算体系(2002)》就是这次修订的最终结果。它广泛征求了各方面的意见和建议，总结了十年来我国国民经济核算实践经验和理论研究成果，采纳了1993年SNA的基本核算原则、内容和方法，是我国国民经济核算工作新的规范性文本。 《中国国民经济核算体系(2002)》对《试行方案》进行了全面系统的修订，取消了其中的

HND经济学2

Q1: 1. 原因In article unemployment is structural unemployment. Liverpool was originally a port city, dominated by heavy industry. The industry will shift to the tertiary industry,because of the development of tourism, the unemployment rate in 1996 rose by 22%.And in the supermarket Linda passed the Diploma in hotel management that explain the concern of the hotel industry is also increasing. Structural unemployment is changes in industry demand result of long-term unemployed, people's incomes and consumption levels will have a certain impact. The hazards of unemployment for different age groups are not the same. New industry needs to work experience, pre-employment training, and learning ability of young people is barrier-free. While the elderly will not be able to learn new skills for re-employment, so the structure unemployment for the old age is larger impact. The original industry recession because impact of international competitiveness; such as the American impact of heavy industry, Japan impact of the automotive industry. 2. The New Deal is a programmer of active labor market policies. The purpose is to reduce unemployment by providing training. The New Deal has include: New Deal for Young People, New Deal 25+, New Deal for Lone Parents, New Deal for the Disabled, New Deal 50+, New Deal for Partners and New Deal for Musicians. New deal for unemployed young people is In order to provide policy support for young people 18-24 years of age out of unemployment, promotion of employment. Participate in the project more Dole six months is mandatory. Specifically divided into three stages. A. Gateway stage: this stage no more than four months, every participant can get job-seekers allowance. This training is provided by an external organization such as CSV, YMCA Training. B. Options stage: After the gateway stage, also unemployed young people can choose training. 1) Employment option, The subsidy is ￡60 per week, and lasts 6 months; a ￡750 training allowance. 2) Full time education and training, this is basic vocational skills and human resources to strengthen.time up to 12 months. the people can get NVQ and subsidies. 3) V oluntary sector option, to gain work experience and skills.it maintain at least 13 months, participants can get outside in addition to grants of ￡ 400 to support. 4) Environment task force option, there is work experience, career awareness and the common development of the ecological environment. This is a continuous six months, and will get two weeks officially recognized vocational training oriented courses. C. Follow-through: this is personalized tracking courses. This phase lasted for four months, if you have not found work after 26 weeks to re-enter the New Deal. New Deal 50+ is for the crowd is over 50 years of age but not yet reached retirement age, middle-aged unemployed. This policy is not mandatory, participants must be at least 50 years . The government will send a personal adviser employment assistance to help participants : (1) An established employment plans. (2) to help them find employment for job preparation.(3) Improve their skills, seek training opportunities.(4) seek any voluntary activities. (5) in the plan adjusted to meet market demand. 3. From a personal point of view, unemployment will lose a lot; salaries, and self-esteem, partners and friends. family members are consciously cut spending. Long-term unemployment will cause a decline in the level of consumption.