西方文化入门

名词解释 (20%)

Homer Epics

荷马史诗是古希腊诗人荷马创作的两部长篇史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的统称。

主题分别是特洛伊战争中阿喀琉斯与阿伽门农间的争端和

特洛伊沦陷后奥德修斯返回绮色佳岛上的王国与皇后珀涅罗珀团聚的故事

Plato

柏拉图（约前427年－前347年），古希腊伟大的哲学家，西方哲学、西方文化最伟大的哲学家和思想家之一

柏拉图认为任何一种哲学要能具有普遍性

自然界中有形的东西是流动的，但是构成这些物质的““理念”是永恒的。

Cleopatra

克利奥帕特拉即埃及艳后，是古埃及托勒密王朝的最后一任法老。

生于公元前69年，因与托勒密十三世争权失和于公元前48年被逐，后遇见凯撒并生有一子，公元前45年前往罗马，公元前44年·凯撒遇刺后逃回埃及。后与安东尼同居达并生有3个子女，公元前30年被屋大维擒回罗马，用毒蛇咬死自己自杀。

Rome Republic

前509，塔克文王权覆灭，建立了罗马共和国.

前264年-前146年和迦太基为争夺地中海沿岸霸权发生了三次战争并胜利。被称为布匿战争,

前48年，恺撒被宣布为终身独裁官

前27年屋大维称帝建立元首制。罗马共和国结束

简答题 (30%)

What are the seven wonders for the ancient Greek people?

1阿迪库斯露天剧场：由罗马大帝时代哲学家Tiberius为纪念妻子而建，为世界上最古老的剧场

2克诺索斯宫：传说宙斯惩罚国王米诺斯残暴狂妄让他的妻子生下牛首人身的怪物米诺陶洛斯。米诺斯将他关在迷宫中。命令雅典进贡儿童供米诺陶洛斯享用。后王子特修斯前去杀死牛怪。公主阿里亚特爱上了勇敢的特修斯，送他一把宝剑一个线团。特修斯杀死米诺陶洛斯，依靠线团走出迷宫，带着公主回国。

3德尔菲神庙：是阿波罗神昭晓其神谕的地方，是“世界之脐“遗址。是古希腊的宗教中心以及希腊统一的象征。

4亚特兰提斯：是一个美丽岛屿，有无比的财富，岛民最初诚实善良，然而时间流逝，人们的野心膨胀，道德沦丧，终于激怒了众神，海神波塞顿将地震和洪水降在岛上，亚特兰蒂斯一夜之间消失。

5罗得斯岛巨像：巨像建在罗德市港口的入口处。它是太阳神赫利俄斯的青铜铸像，高约33米。

6帕特农神庙：为歌颂雅典战胜波斯侵略者的胜利而建，帕特农神庙是供奉雅典娜女神的最大神殿，不仅规模最宏伟，还存放一尊黄金象牙最高大的雅典娜女神像。

7奥林匹亚：首届现代奥运会举行的地区，也是每届奥运会向太阳神阿波罗采集圣火的地点。据说是12奥林匹斯神居住的地点。

How does Greek Mythology influence European literature?

希腊神话是西方的小说、诗歌以及戏剧等文学创作的源泉，神话中人本精神对欧洲文艺复兴时期人文主义思潮有极深的影响。人文主义主张人要

肯定现世生活，个性解放，这些观点都是古希腊神话的人本精神的延续。古希腊神话中的情节也深受作家们的喜爱，成为后代文学的蓝本和雏形。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》明显受到希腊神话中关于皮刺摩斯故事的影响。西方社会20世纪后，社会矛盾日益尖锐，文明的堕落，道德的衰败，西方文学家们借用神话来抨击现实生活

问答题

My understanding of Western Culture (50%)

西方文化有两个源头:一为希腊文化 ,一为希伯莱文化。其中希腊文化中的希腊神话，对英语影响非常广泛。而语言作为文化的载体，无论在口语还是书面中都占有重要地位。很多希腊神话中的人物、典故都被吸收成为英语语言文化的有机组成部分沿用至今。如英语中不少词汇来源于希腊神话中众神的名字

1、Flora :希腊神话中的花神。她嫁给了西风之神Zephyr ,Flora和Zephyr在园子里漫步一路百花齐放。Flora 在现代英语里指代“植物”。衍生

词:flower ,flour , flourish , floral , florist等。

2、Cronos :宙斯的父亲。害怕被子女反抗而吞食后代,就像无情的时间,吞噬一切。因此字根“chron”意指“time”。衍生词:chronic(耗费时间的,慢性的) ;chronology(年代学,年表)。

5．Sparta斯巴达为了准备特洛伊战争，所有市民全年过着简朴而且艰苦的生活Spartan 简朴的，艰苦的，刚强的, 勇敢的; 好战的; 严峻的

又如许多源于希腊神话中的英文习语

1、Pandora’s box ( 潘朵拉的盒子) :普罗米修斯为人类盗来了天火,激怒了宙斯决,于是他命令造出一个美貌的女人Pandora ,去勾引Prometheus 的弟弟,结果Pandora就将手中的盒子打开,放出了里面的罪恶、灾难,只留下了“希望”在盒子里。于是Pandora’s box就成了“灾难的根源”的代名词。

4、Penelop’s web :源自史诗《奥德赛》。泊涅罗珀是奥底修斯忠诚的妻子 ,特洛伊战争后漫长的二十年中 ,许多王公贵族向 Penelop 求婚 ,她都托辞说必须等织完布后才能予以考虑,一到晚上 ,她又将白天织好的布再拆开。因此Penelop’s web 就成了一项永远也完不成的工作。

7、Helen of Troy :由于是 Helen 导致特洛伊城的沦陷,“Helen of Troy”就成了“红颜祸水 ,倾国尤物”的代名词。

作为英语语言和文化的重要体现者,英美文学作品中渗透着大量的希腊罗马神话用语。弥尔顿(Milton)的《科马斯》(Comus)诗篇不长,却提到了30多个希腊神话人物和故事。在《夜莺曲》(Ode to A Nightingale)一诗中,济慈借用了希腊神话中的一些人物和传说,如树神Dryad,酒神Bacchus,忘河Lethe和赫利孔山的灵泉Hippocrene等来表达他对幻想世界中永恒欢乐的向往,歌颂永恒的美。

完整版欧洲文化入门参考资料

欧洲文化入门参考资料 这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。 《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务： 本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。 三、课程的基本要求： 本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。 了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络； 了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等； 了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物； 将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较； 学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。 四、教学内容、要求及学时分配： 希腊、罗马文化 基督教及其《圣经》 中世纪 文艺复兴与宗教改革 十七世纪 启蒙运动 浪漫主义 马克思主义与达尔文学说 现实主义 现代主义及其它 五、考试考核办法：笔试 六、教材及参考书：

欧洲入门文化试题及答案

欧洲文化入门Exercise3 1．第1题 Mary's pregnancy to Joseph, her husband, was ___. A.a scandal B.a luck C.incredible D.unfortunate 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 It was ____who unified England for the first time. A.King Edward and his successors B.King Arthur and his successors C. King William and his successors D.King Alfred and his successors 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 According to the New Testament, the central message of Jesus was__. A.the kingdom of God B.the human persons C.the Holy Spirit D.God 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0

4．第4题 The religious ministry of Jesus was followed by his 12 apostles for ___. A.12 is a lucky number B.they were the only apostles Jesus had C.they were the only apostles Jesus could select D.Israel was made up of 12 tribes 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 5．第5题 Greek mythology relates the development of the order of the universe to_____ . A.Pandora B.Zeus C.Chaos D.Cronus 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 6．第6题 Which is not true about the heroes in Greek mythology? A.They represented a kind of bridge between gods and mortals B.They never die C.They got gods' favor D.They had some defect to balance out their power 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 7．第7题

西方文化入门大纲

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《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记

《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记 1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture. 2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 第一章 1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour. 3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会) 4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer. 5、The events of Homer‘s own time. (错) (They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.) 6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad. 8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey. 9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。In the 20th century. 10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C. 11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》 ②Sophocles(之首) 《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页 ③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》 B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece. To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides. 12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页 Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游

《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案

欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案 第一章 填空题： 1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian 2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey 3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides 4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus 5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides 6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C. 7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar 8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly. 判断题 1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes 2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians 名词解释： 1. Pax Romana 答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece 答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks mea nt only the adult male citizens. 2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题： 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.

西方文化入门复习题

西方文化入门复习题 填空题 1. The earliest civilization in Greece was the Cretan Civilization, also known as the Minoan Civilization. 2. At the end of Mycenaean civilization, the Trojan War broke out. 3. In the 6th Century B.C. the city of Sparta gained greater control of Peloponnesus by organizing an alliance of almost all the Peloponnesian states. 4. The Persian wars, which were between Greek states and Persia, ended with The Battle of Marathon. 5. In Greek mythology, the Olympian gods include Zeus, Hestia, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Hera, and other six gods. 6. One of the features of Greek mythology is that gods resembled humans. 7. Plato was Socrates’ student and the author of The Republic. 8. The Senate was a political institution started from ancient Rome and still part of the parliaments in some western countries. 9. The first Triumvirate of Rome included Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. 10. The capital city of Byzantine Empire was Constantinople. 11. The exiled Jews systematically recomposed their legends and manuscripts into the book Talmud. 12. The Bible of Judaism is the same as the New Testament of Christianity. 13. Christianity became the sole official religion of the Roman Empire in 392 AD under the emperor Theodosius. 14. Christianity has broken up into several factions, principally the Roman Catholicism, the Eastern Orthodoxy, and the Protestantism. 15. After the destruction of Roman Empire in 476, Europe entered the Middle Ages, which lasted about a thousand years or so and was dominated by Germanic people whom the Romans had called savage. 16. In the 7th Century, Muhammad, an Arabian merchant, founded the religion of Islam. 17. The most striking feature of Renaissance was doubtless the flourishing of humanism, which was exemplified by the developments in science, religion,

欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结

欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结 1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist， one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas

英语介绍 西方文化

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欧洲文化入门

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年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。 4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。 古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。剧作家有埃斯库罗斯、阿里斯托芬、索福克勒斯。这一时期希腊也造就了像阿基米德和欧几里得这样的数学家，以及像希罗多德和修昔底得这样伟大的历史学家。 希腊的艺术和建筑在神庙上得到最高体现。著名的雅典卫城的圣地帕台侬神庙就是卫雅典娜女神建造的。 接下来我们从希腊文明走向罗马文明。 希腊化时代与罗马时代前期相互交融，最终过渡到罗马时代。罗马时代经历了早期共和国（公元前509－公元前264年）、后期共和国（公元前265－公元前27年）、早期帝国（公元前27年－公元284年）和后期帝国（284－476年）。公元前500年，