当代研究生英语下课文翻译及选择题答案

UNIT 1 PASSAGES OF HUMAN GROWTH (I)

1 A person’s life at any given time incorporates both external and internal aspects. The external system is composed of our memberships in the culture: our job, social class, family and social roles, how we present ourselves to and participate in the world. The interior realm concerns the meanings this participation has for each of us. In what ways are our values, goals, and aspirations being invigorated or violated by our present life system? How many parts of our personality can we live out, and what parts are we suppressing? How do we feel about our way of living in the world at any given time?

1．一个人在每一特定时期内的生活都是由外部生活和内心生活这两个方面结合而成的。外部生活是指我们在文明社会中的实际生活（对文明社会中实际活动的参与），其中包括我们的工作、社会地位、家庭生活、（担当的）社会角色、我们如何向社会展现自己，以及如何参与到社会中去等。内心生活是指我们所参与的种种外部活动对我们个人产生的影响。例如，我们目前的生活体系是符合我们的价值观、目标和理想呢，还是与之相违背?我们的个性能在多大程度上得到发挥，还是受到某种程度的压抑? 在每一特定时期，我们对自己的生活方式又有何种感受?

2 The inner realm is where the crucial shifts in bedrock begin to throw a person off balance, signaling the necessity to change and move on to a new footing in the next stage of development. These crucial shifts occur throughout life, yet people consistently refuse to recognize that they possess an internal life system. Ask anyone who seems down, “Why are you feeling low?” Most will displace the inner message onto a marker event: “I’ve been down since we moved, since I changed jobs, since my wife went back to graduate school and turned into a damn social worker in sackcloth,” and so on. Probably less than ten percent would say: “There is some unknown disturbance with in me, and even though it’s painful, I feel I have to stay with it and ride it out.” Even fewer people would be able to explain that the turbulence they feel may have no external cause. And yet it may not resolve itself for several years.

2．正是在人的内心世界这个领域中，一些重大的和基本的转变开始使人失去自我平衡，这就意味着必须进行调整，以步人人生发展的下一个阶段。∕人的是阶段性的：在人生必经的一些重大转折关头，如果一个人觉得失去自我平衡，这就意味着要进行调整，以步人人生发展的下一个阶段，这些重大转折贯穿人的一生，只是是人们往往不承认自己具有这样一种内在的生命系统。如果你问一个看来不得志的人：“你为何如此消沉?”大部分人总是把那些内心因素解释成比较明显的外部因素——他会对你说：“我之所以以不高兴，是因为我最近搬家了，我原来的工作也换了，我的妻子又回学校去读研究生，还要干什么倒霉的社会工作，还因为其他一些乱七八糟的事，”或许只有不足十分之一的人会说：“我感到有一种不可名状的烦恼，尽管很痛苦，可我还得设法忍受它、克服它”更少有人会承认这些思想情绪的波动和外界因素没有什么关系。然而这种痛苦可能需要好几年才能熬过去、

3 During each of these passages, how we feel about our way of living will undergo subtle changes in four areas of perception. One is the interior sense of self in relation to others. A second is the proportion of safeness to danger we feel in our lives. A third is our perception of time—do we have plenty of it, or are we beginning to feel that time is running out? Last, there will be some shift at the gut level in our sense of aliveness or stagnation. These are the hazy sensations that compose the background tone of living and shape the decisions on which we take action.

3．在这些变化和转折中，我们对生活方式的看法要经历四个感知方面的微妙变化：第一，通过与他人比较（交往）形成的自我意识（对自己的看法）；第二，在生活的各种威胁面前所具有的安全程度（的变化）；第三是我们时间的认识，是感到来日方长，还是开始感到时日无多? 最后是对自己的精力和活力的直觉意识，是感到精力充沛，还是感到力不从心? 这些

都是在我们内心里产生的若明若暗的感觉，它构成了我们生活的基调，影响着我们（作为）采取行动前的（依据的）种种决定。

4 The work of adult life is not easy. As in childhood, each step presents not only new tasks of development but requires a letting go of the techniques that worked before. With each passage some magic must be given up, some cherished illusion of safety and comfortably familiar sense of self must be cast off, to allow for the greater expansion of our own distinctiveness.

4．成年后的生活（心理发展）很不容易。正如童年时代一样，每一步不但提出新的发展仟务，还要求我们放弃对从前有效的方法。在每一发展阶段，一些不切实际的幻想得放弃，一些虚幻的安全感和舒适良好的自我感觉也得放弃，以便能有更大的空间发展自己的独特个性。Pulling Up Roots

5 Before 18, the motto is loud and clear: “I have to get away from my parents.” But the wo rds are seldom connected to action. Generally still safely part of our families, even if away at school, we feel our autonomy to be subject to erosion from moment to moment.

5．不到18岁，我们的座右铭就已非常明确而响亮：“离开父母，自力更生。”话虽如此，实际情况未必尽然。一般说来，我们依然还是家庭中无法自立的成员。即便是离家在外上学：，我们也经常感到自主权不时地要受到客观因素的限制和侵犯。

寻求自立

6 After 18, we begin Pulling Up Roots in earnest. College, military service, and short-term travels are all customary vehicles our society provides for the first round trips between family and a base of one’s own. In the attempt to separate our view of the world from our family’s view, despite vigorous protestations to the contrary—“I know exactly what I want!”— we cast about for any beliefs we can call our own. And in the process of testing those beliefs we are often drawn to fads, preferably those most mysterious and inaccessible to our parents.

6．18岁之后，我们便开始认真考虑如何才能真正地离家独立自主。上大学、服兵役以及短期外出旅行等自然是社会为我们提供的第一次在家庭和自己的基地之间进行的双程旅行。为了显示自己对社会的看法与父母不同，我们常常急于寻找一切可称之为独立见解的看法。我们大声抗议“我很清楚我该做什么!”但实际上对此并不确定。我们为证实自己的信念，常常追求“一些时尚概念，尤其是在父母感到神秘或者不懂的问题上更想独树一帜。

7 Whatever tentative memberships we try out in the world, the fear haunts us that we are really kids who cannot take care of ourselves. We cover that fear with acts of defiance and mimicked confidence. For allies to replace our parents, we turn to our contemporaries. They become conspirators. So long as their perspective meshes with our own, they are able to substitute for the sanctuary of the family.But that doesn’t last very long. And the instant they diverge from the shaky ideals of “our group”, they are seen as betrayers. Rebounds to the family are common between the ages of 18 and 22.

7．无论在社会上尝试什么角色我们都时时有一种恐惧，即自己还是个孩子，无力照管自已。于是我们就采取了对什么都不在乎的态度，假装信心十足，以此掩盖我们的恐惧心理。为了寻求支持以摆脱父母的羁绊，我们求助于同伴，于是他们便成了为我们出谋划策的参谋。只要同伴与我们的看法一致，意趣相投，他们就可以取代家庭的庇护。但这种关系一般长不了。一旦彼此的看法出现矛盾，双方便会分道扬镳。这时我们就又有可能回到家里。对于18到22岁的青年人来说，这种去而复返的现象司空见惯。

8 The tasks of this passage are to locate ourselves in a peer group role, a sex role, an anticipated occupation, an ideology or world view. As a result, we gather the impetus to leave home physically and the identity to begin leaving home emotionally.

8．人生这一阶段的任务是，在同龄人中、在性别角色中、在期望的职业中、以及化思想意识和世界观方面确立自己的位置。这样，我们既有离家独立的动力，也有了离家独立的心理准备。

9 Even as one part of us seeks to be an individual, another part longs to restore the safety and comfort of merging with another. Thus one of the most popular myths of this passage is: We can piggyback our development by attaching to a Stronger One. But people who marry during this time often prolong financial and emotional ties to the family and relatives that impede them from becoming self-sufficient.

9．在这个阶段，我们想离开家庭独立生活，而另一方向又渴望与另一个人结合以重新找到安全和舒适感。因此，在这段时间里，最神秘、最令人神往的事之一莫过于同一个出众的异性想结合，来带动我们事业的发展。然而，在这个阶段内结婚的青年人，越发延长同家庭及亲属在经济和感情上的维系，无法实现真正独立的愿望。

10 A stormy passage through the Pulling Up Roots years will probably facilitate the normal progression of the adult life cycle. If one doesn’t have an identity crisis at this point, it will erupt during a later transition, when the penalties may be harder to bear.

10．在力图自立的阶段中，风风雨雨的锻炼也许有利于促使一个人正常地长大成人。如果一个人没有在这一阶段遇到任何自立的危机的话，那在将来某个发展阶段他一定还会遇到，但那时他要付出的代价将可能更加沉重。

The Trying Twenties

11 The Trying Twenties confront us with the question of how to take hold in the adult world.Our focus shifts from the interior turmoils of late adolescence—“Who am I?” “What is truth?”—and we become almost totally preoccupied with working out the externals.“How do I put my aspirations into effect?” “What is the best way to start?” “Where do I go?” “Who can help me?” “How did you do it?”

迷惘求索的二十几岁

11．到了二十几岁，我们面临的难题是如何在这成年人的世界中生存（自立）。再内心波功的青春期后期，我们关注的焦点是：“我究竟是怎样的一个人?”“生活的真谛到底是什么?”而此时我们几乎全沉浸在有关外部生活的问题上：“怎样才能使自己的抱负得以实现?”“最好从何处着手？”“我们应该朝什么目标努力?”“谁能帮我的忙?”“别人是如何走过来的?”

12 In this period, which is longer and more stable compared with the passage that leads to it, the tasks are as enormous as they are exhilarating: To shape a Dream, that vision of ourselves which will generate energy, aliveness, and hope. To prepare for a lifework. To find a mentor if possible. And to form the capacity for intimacy, without losing in the process whatever consistency of self we have thus far mustered. The first test structure must be erected around the life we choose to try.

12．与前一阶段相比，这个阶段的时间更长，也更稳定一些。在这个阶段中，人们的任务既艰巨而又令人振奋：绘制一幅美妙的生活蓝图，这种美好的憧憬会使我们充满活力、激情和希望；为毕生的事业做好准备；如果可能的话，找一个良师益友。还要培养一种既不丧失自己固有的风格，又能做到善解人意的能力。最初的实验基地必须围绕自己设计的生活监图去建立。

13 Doing what we “should” is the most pervasive theme of the twenties. The “shoulds” are largely defined by family models, the press of the culture, or the prejudices of our peers. If the prevailing cultural instructions are that one should get married and settle down behind one’s own door, a nuclear family is born.

13．“做我们‘应该’做的事。”这是二十儿岁的人的生活基调。但我们应该做什么主要取决于家庭的类型，文化的影响，以及同龄人的特定见解。如果当时最盛行的社会时尚就是到了这种年龄要结婚成家，那么年青人就会去建立小家庭。

14 One of the terrifying aspects of the twenties is the inner conviction that the choices we

make are irrevocable. It is largely a false fear. Change is quite possible, and some alteration of our original choices is probably inevitable.

14．二十几岁的人内心有一种可怕的想法，他们认定自已所做的选择将来不能改弦易辙。实际上这种担忧是不对的，因为变化是可能的，改变初衷也常常是必然的。

15 Two impulses, as always, are at work. One is to build a firm, safe structure for the future by making strong commitments, to “be set”. Yet people who slip into a ready-made form without much self-examination are likely to find themselves locked in.

15．这个时期有两个方面的动力在起作用。一种动力是信誓旦旦地要为未求筑造一个坚实而安全的生活构架。不过那些未经深思熟虑就落入一种现成的生活模式的人，往往到头来会发观自己陷入了一个十分狭小的天地里而不能自拔。

16 The other urge is to explore and experiment, keeping any structure tentative and therefore easily reversible. Taken to the extreme, these are people who skip from one trial job and one limited personal encounter to another, spending their twenties in the transient state. 16．另外一种动力就是不断地开拓和尝试。他们把任何生活结构都看成是试验性的，因而可以随意更改的。在极端的情况下，这些人的工作试来换去，人际之间的短暂邂逅接二连三，结果很可能在一种反复不定的状态中度过这二十几岁的时光。

17 Although the choices of our twenties are not irrevocable, they do set in motion a Life Pattern. Some of us follow the locked-in pattern, others the transient pattern, the wunderkind pattern, the caregiver pattern, and there are a number of others. Such patterns strongly influence the particular questions raised for each person during each passage through the life.

17．虽然我们在二十几岁时的选择并不是一成不变的，它们对于我们生活方式的形成还是起着决定性的作用。有的人按照关在自己小天地里的生活模式一直生活下去，有些人则变来变去很难定型；有的人少年得志，成就卓著，有的人一心为他人奉献。当然还有其他一些类型。这些生活模式都极大地影响着每个人在人生每一阶段所面临的具体问题。

18 Buoyed by powerful illusions and belief in the power of the will, we commonly insist in our twenties that what we have chosen to do is the one true course in life. Our backs go up at the merest hint that we are like our parents, that two decades of parental training might be reflected in our current actions and attitudes.

18．由于幻想的鼓舞和支持以及对自己的意志充满信心，我们在二十几岁时普遍认定自己所选择的道路是人生真正的事业所在。如果有人说我们很像自已的父母，说我们的言行举止是父母十多年来教育和熏陶的结果，我们会很不高兴。

19 “Not me,” is the motto, “I’m different.”

L9.“不，我绝不是那样，我与他们不同。”我们总会这样说。

UNIT 2 AIDS IN THE THIRD WORLD A GLOBAL DISASTER

1 In rich countries AIDS is no longer a death sentence. Expensive drugs keep HIV-positive patients alive and healthy, perhaps indefinitely. Loud public-awareness campaigns keep the number of infected Americans, Japanese and West Europeans to relatively low levels. The sense of crisis is past.

1．在富裕的国家里，艾滋病不再意味着死亡。昂贵的药物使HIV呈阳性的患者能够维持生命，保持健康，或许还能长期地延续这种状态。声势浩大的提高公众防意识的运动唤起了人们对艾滋病的关注。在美国、日本以及西欧国家，艾滋病感染人数维持在相对较低的水平上。人们的危机感已成为过去。

2 In developing countries, by contrast, the disease is spreading like nerve gas in a gentle breeze. The poor cannot afford to spend $10,000 a year on wonder pills. Millions of Africans are

dying. In the longer term, even greater numbers of Asians are at risk. For many poor countries, there is no greater or more immediate threat to public health and economic growth. Yet few political leaders treat it as a priority.

2．相比之下，在发展中国家，这种疾病的传播却如同在风中传播的致命毒气。穷人们付不起每年价值1万美元的神奇药物，因此上百万非洲人正面临着死亡。从更长远的时间上看，有更多的的亚洲人也将面临此运。在许多贫穷国家，艾滋病对公众健康和经济增长是最大的、也是最直接的威胁。但一些国家的领导者却很少把它列为头等大事来对待。

3 Since HIV was first identified in the 1970s, over 47 million people have been infected, of whom 1

4 million have died. Last year saw the biggest annual death toll yet: 2.

5 million. The disease now ranks fourth among the world’s big killers, after respiratory infections, diarrhea disorders and tuberculosis. It now claims many more lives each year than malaria, a growing menace, and is still nowhere near its peak. If India and other Asian countries do not take it seriously, the number of infections could reach “a new order of magnitude”, says Peter Piot, head of the UN’s AIDS programme.

3．自从20世纪70年代HIV首次被发现以来，已有4700万以上的人感染了此病毒，其中1400万人为此丧生。去年的死亡总数达到了最高的年死亡率，即250万人。现在HIV病毒已成为世界上第四号巨型杀手，前三号依次为呼吸系统感染、腹泻和结核病。每年死于HIV 病毒的人数已超过了疟疾，其威胁性正日益增长，并且无法估计何时能达到顶峰。彼得?帕尔德是联合国艾滋病项目的负责人，他认为如果印度等亚洲国家不认真对待此事，受感染的人数可达到一个新的高峰。

4 The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is thought to have crossed from chimpanzees to humans in the late 1940s or early 1950s in Congo. It took several years for the virus to break out of Congo’s dense and sparsely populated jungle s but, once it did, it marched with rebel armies through the continent’s numerous war zones, rode with truckers from one rest-stop brothel to the next, and eventually flew, perhaps with an air steward, to America, where it was discovered in the early 1980s.As American homosexuals and drug infectors started to wake up to the dangers of bath-houses and needle-sharing, AIDS was already devastating Africa.

4．引起AIDS(获得性免疫功能缺损综合症)的HIV(人体免疫缺损病毒)被认为是20∽世纪纪40年代末至50年代初由刚果的黑猩猩传染给人类的。几年之后此病毒从刚果荒蛮浓密的从林爆发出来。一旦流传开来，它就随着反叛部队穿越大陆的各个战区；随着货车司机驶过符个妓院；最终，可能随着空中乘务员飞往美国，并在那里于20世纪80年代初被发现。当美国的同性恋者和开始意识到公共浴池、吸毒者开始意识到公共浴池、共用针头的危险性时，艾滋病已经开始在非洲制造巨大灾难了。

5 So far, the worst-hit areas are east and southern Africa. In Botswana, Namibia, Swaziland and Zimbabwe, between a fifth and a quarter of people aged 15-49 are afflicted with HIV or AIDS. In Botswana, children born early in the next decade will have a life expectancy of 40; without AIDS it would have been near 70. Of the 25 monitoring sites in Zimbabwe where pregnant women are tested for HIV, only two in 1997 showed prevalence below 10%. At the remaining 23 sites, 20-50% of women were infected. About a third of these women will pass the virus on to their babies.

5．到目前为止，受害最严重的地区是非洲的东部和南部。在博茨瓦纳、纳米比业、斯威士兰以及津巴布韦，有五分之一到四分之一年龄在15到19岁的人正在遭受由HIV或艾滋病带来的痛苦。几年以后出生的博茨瓦纳儿童，其寿命将为40年。而如果不是艾滋病，他们本

来可以活到近70岁。在津巴布韦的25个受监控的地区，怀孕的妇女接受了HIV病毒的检测。1997年只有两个地区显示其感染率在10％以下。在其它23个地区，受感染的妇女达到20％到50％，其中大约有三分之一的妇女将会把病毒传染给她们的婴儿。

6 The region’s giant, South Africa, was largely protected by its isolation from the res t of the world during the apartheid years. Now it is host to one in ten of the world’s new infections—more than any other country. In the country’s most populous province, KwaZulu-Natal, perhaps a third of sexually active adults are HIV-positive.

6．非洲大国南非在种族隔离的年代由于很少与世界其他地区往来而免受艾滋病的影响，可是现在它却拥有世界上十分之一的艾滋病感染者，其数量超过其他任何一个国家。在这个国家人口最多的省卡瓦祖鲁一纳塔尔，大约有三分之一的青壮年为HIV阳性患者。

7 Asia is the next disaster-in-waiting. Already, 7 million Asians are infected. India’s 930 million people look increasingly vulnerable. The Indian countryside, which most people imagined relatively AIDS-free, turns out not to be. A recent study in Tamil Nadu found over 2% of rural people to be HIV-positive: 500,000 people in one of India’s smallest states. Since 10% had other sexually transmitted diseases (STDS), the avenue for further infections is clearly open. A survey of female STD patients in Poona, in Maharashtra, found that over 90% had never had sex with anyone but their husband; and yet 13.6% had HIV.

7．亚洲将是下一个受灾地区，现已拥有700万感染者。有着9．3亿人口的印度，处境不容乐观。许多人认为印度的乡村地区相对安全，可以不受艾滋病的袭击，但事实并非如此、泰米尔那都是印度最小的邦之一，只有50万人口。但最近的研究表明这里2％的乡间人口为HIV阳性。由于10％的人口患其他性传播疾病，十分可能产生进一步的感染。在浦那、马哈拉施特拉，人们对女性性病患者进行了一次调查，结果发现90％的人以前从未与她们丈夫以外的任何人发生过性关系，但是13．6％的人呈HIV阳性。

8 No one knows what AIDS will do to poor countries’ economies, for nowhere has the epidemic run its course. An optimistic assessment, by Alan Whiteside of the University of Natal, suggests that the effect of AIDS on measurable GDP will be slight. Even at high prevalence, Mr. Whiteside thinks it will slow growth by no more than 0.6% a year. This is because so many people in poor countries do not contribute much to the formal economy. To put it even more crudely, where there is a huge oversupply of unskilled labour, the dead can easily be replaced.

8．艾滋病将会给贫穷国家的经济造成什么影响，现在无法说清，因为无法预测这种传染病将发展到什么程度。来自纳塔尔大学的艾伦?怀特塞德持一种较为乐观的态度，认为艾滋病对国内生产总值的影响不大，并指出即使是在此传染病的高发期，对其影响也不会超过0．6％，这是因为在贫穷国家许多人对正常的经济发展不起作用。说得再残酷些，在一个拥有大量非技术劳力的国家里，死去的劳力很容易被取代。

9 Other researchers are more pessimistic. AIDS takes longer to kill than did the plague, so the cost of caring for the sick will be more crippling. Modern governments, unlike medieval ones, tax the healthy to help look after the ailing, so the burden will fall on everyone. And AIDS, because it is sexually transmitted, tends to hit the most energetic and productive members of society. A recent study in Namibia estimated that AIDS cost the country almost 8% of GNP in 1996. Another analysis predicts that Kenya’s GDP will be 14.5% smaller in 2005 than it would have been without AIDS, and that income per person will be 10% lower.

9．也有一些研究人员持较为悲观的态度。他们认为艾滋病比瘟疫折磨人的时间更长，所以治疗过程所需的花费就更大。不同于中世纪时的政府，现代政府向健康人征收税款来帮助患者。这样，负担便摊到每个人的头上。同时，由于艾滋病是通过性行为传播的，受害者可能

是社会上那些最年富力强的人。最近一项在纳米比亚进行的调查显示，1996年艾滋病耗去这个国家生产总值的8％。另一项分析预测，肯尼亚2005年的国内生产总值将为艾滋病的影响而减少14．5％，其人均收入将减少10％。

The cost of the disease

10 In general, the more advanced the economy, the worse it will be affected by a large number of AIDS deaths. South Africa, with its advanced industries, already suffers a shortage of skilled manpower, and cannot afford to lose more. In better-off developing countries, people have more savings to fall back on when they need to pay medical bills. Where people have health and life insurance, those industries will be hit by bigger claims. Insurers protect themselves by charging more or refusing policies to HIV-positive customers. In Zimbabwe, life-insurance premiums quadrupled in two years because of AIDS. Higher premiums force more people to seek treatment in public hospitals: in South Africa, HIV and AIDS could account for between 35% and 84% of public-health expenditure by 2005, according to one projection.

艾滋病的治疗费用

10. 总体来说，经济越发达的国家，越难以承受艾滋病带来的大量人员死亡的后果。南非有着发达的工业，可现在已因为技术人才的短缺而受到打击，再也经不起失去更多的人才了。在生活条件较好的发展中国家里，人们可以依赖较多的存款来支付医疗费。而在有健康和人寿保险的国家里，那些保险业会因为大量的赔付遭受损失。于是保险公司为了保护自己的利益就会提高保险费或拒绝给HIV阳性的顾客进行办理保险。在津巴布韦，人寿保险费由于艾滋病在两年内上升了四倍。高昂的保险费迫使更多的人到公共医院寻求治疗。根据一项推算，到2005年南非在HlV和艾滋病方面的公共医疗开支将达到总额的35％到84％。

11 At a macro level, the impact of AIDS is felt gradually. But at a household level, the blow is sudden and catastrophic. When a breadwinner develops AIDS, his (or her) family is impoverished twice over: his income vanishes, and his relations must devote time and money to nursing him. Daughters are often forced to drop out of school to help. Worse, HIV tends not to strike just one member of a family. Husbands give it to wives, mothers to babies.

11．从宏观的角度上看，艾滋病的冲击是逐渐显现出来的，但从一个家庭的角度来看，这个打击是突如其来的，也是灾难性的。当全家主要的挣钱者染上了艾滋病，他或她的家庭损失就不是一个人的事了。因为不只是他的收人没有了，他的亲属还要花时间和金钱去照料他，通常女儿们也不得不辍学在家帮忙。更糟的是HIV感染也不仅仅是一个人的事，它会由丈夫传染给妻子．母亲传染给嘤儿

12 The best hope for halting the epidemic is a cheap vaccine. Efforts are under way, but a vaccine for a virus that mutates as rapidly as HIV will be hugely difficult and expensive to invent. For poor countries, the only practical course is to concentrate on prevention. But this, too, will be hard, for a plethora of reasons.

Sex is fun... Many feel that condoms make it less so. Zimbabweans ask: “Would you eat a sweet with its wrapper on?”

... and discussion of it is often taboo. In Kenya, Christian and Islamic groups have publicly burned anti-AIDS leaflets and condoms, as a protest against what they see as the encouragement of promiscuity.

Poverty. Those who cannot afford television find other ways of passing the evening. People cannot afford antibiotics, so the untreated sores from STDS provide easy openings for HIV. Migrant labour. Since wages are much higher in South Africa than in the surrounding region, outsiders flock in to find work. Migrant miners (including South Africans forced to live far from

their homes) spend most of the year in single-sex dormitories surrounded by prostitutes. Living with a one-in-40 chance of being killed by a rockfall, they are inured to risk. When they go home, they often infect their wives.

War. Refugees, whether from genocide in Rwanda or state persecution in Myanmar, spread HIV as they flee. Soldiers, with their regular pay and disdain for risk, are more likely than civilians to contract HIV from prostitutes. When they go to war, they infect others. In Africa the problem is dire. In Congo, where no fewer than seven armies are embroiled, the government has accused Ugandan troops (which are helping the Congolese rebels) of deliberately spreading AIDS. Unlikely, but with estimated HIV prevalence in the seven armies ranging from 50% for the Angolans to an incredible 80% for the Zimbabweans, the effect is much the same. Sexism. In most poor countries, it is hard for a woman to ask her partner to use a condom. Wives who insist risk being beaten up. Rape is common, especially where wars rage. Forced sex is a particularly effective means of HIV transmission, because of the extra blood. Drinking. Asia and Africa make many excellent beers. They are also home to a lot of people for whom alcohol is the quickest escape from the stresses of acute poverty. Drunken lovers are less likely to remember to use condoms.

12．人们把阻止艾滋病传播的最大希望寄托于廉价的疫苗，目前正在做这方衙的努力。但是，要研制出对付像HIV病毒这样变化无常的疫苗是十分艰难的，代价也会十分高昂。因此，对贫穷国家来说，唯一现实的办法就是注重预防。而这也困难重重，有各种各样的原因，其中包括：

?性生活是享受。许多人认为避孕套妨碍了他们的享受。津巴布韦的人这样问道：“你愿意吃糖果时带着包装纸吗?”

?此话题为禁忌。在肯尼亚，基督教和伊斯兰教徒们公开烧毁那些抵御艾滋的传病的传单和避孕套，因为他们认为这些东西是在鼓励人们性乱交。

?贫穷。那些买不起电视的人晚上会选择其他方式打发时光。另外．由于买不起抗生素，一些由性传播疾病带来的伤病无法治疗，这样就极易感染上HIV病毒。

?流动的劳力。由于在南非打工所得的收人大大高于周围地区，外来人口大量涌入。外来矿工，其中包括那些离家很远的南非矿工，一年中大部分时间生活在常有妓女出现的单一性别宿舍里。矿工们的生命本来就因为矿井倒塌而面临1:40的死亡威胁，他们也就习惯于冒险。可当他们回家时，便将病毒传染给他们的妻子。

?战争。无论是由于卢旺达种族灭绝的大屠杀还是缅甸的政治迫害而逃离家园的难民，在逃离的同时也在传播HIV病毒。军人们有固定的收入，又不惜冒险，因此比平民更容易从妓院里染上爱滋病。当他们参战时，就将病毒传给他人。在非洲，这个问题更为严峻。不下七只军队卷入了在刚果的战争，乌干达军队也在其中帮助刚果的反叛力量。刚果政府指责乌干达军队有意传播爱滋病病毒。这不太可能，但是如果考虑到这七支军队中的高感染率，从发安哥拉部队的50％到津巴布韦的高达80％，便可知道其影响实际是一样的。

?男性至上主义。在贫穷国家中，妇女很难向其性伙伴提出使用避孕套，妻子会因此遭受毒打。强奸是经常发生的事，尤其是双方争执起来的时候。强迫的性生活会因为出血而特别容易传播病毒。

?饮酒。亚洲和非洲生产许多品质很高的啤酒。有许多人靠烈性酒来迅速缓解贫困生活造成的精神压力，但是酒醉之后的性生活是不可能会想到使用避孕套的。

How to fight the virus

13 Pessimists look at that situation and despair. But three success stories show that the hurdles to prevention are not impossibly high.

14 First, Thailand. One secret of Thailand’s success has been timely, accurate

information-gathering. HIV was first detected in Thailand in the mid-1980s, among male homosexuals. The health ministry immediately began to monitor other high-risk groups, particularly the country’s many heroin addicts and prost itutes. In the first half of 1988, HIV prevalence among drug injectors tested at one Bangkok hospital leapt from 1% to 30%. Shortly afterwards, infections soared among prostitutes.

与艾滋病作斗争

13．悲观主义者对目前的形势感到绝望。但是从以下三个成功的事例中人可以看到其障碍并不是不可逾越的。

14．首先来看泰国。泰国的成功原因之一是及时准确地了解情况。HIV病毒是80年代中期男性同性恋者中首次被发现的，卫生医疗部门立即着手对高发人群进行监视，尤其在吸毒者和妓女集中的地区。1988年上半年，在曼古一家医院测试出吸毒者中的HIV阳性比例从1％上升到30％。此后，妓女中的此项比例也在飞速上升。

15 The response was swift. A survey of Thai sexual behaviour was conducted. The results, which showed men indulging in a phenomenal amount of unprotected commercial sex, were publicized. Thais were warned that a major epidemic would strike if their habits did not change. A “100% condom use” campaign persuaded prostitutes to insist on protection 90% of the time with non-regular customers.

15．政府迅速做出反应，开始了一项对泰国公民性行为的调查。接着公布了调查结果：男性中存在大量不加任何防范措施的商业性性行为。因此对他们提出警告：如果他们不改变自己的行为，一种严重的传染病将威胁他们的生命。同时发起了一场“100％使用避孕套”运动，劝妓女在与非固定性顾客接触时，90％的时间里要有防范措施。

16 Most striking was the government’s success in persuading people that they were at risk long before they started to see acquaintances die from AIDS. There was no attempt to play down the spread of HIV to avoid scaring off tourists, as happened in Kenya. Thais were repeatedly warned of the dangers, told how to avoid them, and left to make their own choices. Most decided that a long life was preferable to a fast one.

16．政府最有成效的举措是使人们相信在他们看到自己的伙伴死于艾滋病之前很久，自已就已经面临危险了。泰国政府认为没有必要像肯尼亚那样由于害怕吓走了旅游者而淡化HIV 传播的严重性。泰国人被反复告知HIV的危害性，以及如何避免它，最后由他们自已去做出选择，大多数人还是愿意长寿而不是早死。

17 Second, Uganda. Thailand shows what is possible in a well-educated, fairly prosperous country. Uganda shows that there is hope even for countries that are poor and barely literate. President Yoweri Museveni recognized the threat shortly after becoming president in 1986, and deluged the country with anti-AIDS warnings.

17．再来看乌干达。泰国的经验表明在一个有着良好的教育基础、经济比较繁荣的国家里人们可以如何去做。乌干达的经验则表明在一个贫穷的、几乎文盲的国家里也能看到希望。约韦里?穆塞韦尼在1986年宣誓就任总统时就意识到了艾滋病的威胁，并广泛提醒人们行动起来抵抗艾滋病。

18 The key to Uganda’s success is twofold. First, Mr. Museveni made every govern ment department take the problem seriously, and implement its own plan to fight the virus. Accurate surveys of sexual behaviour were done for only $20,000-30,000 each. Second, he recognized that his government could do only a limited amount, so he gave free rein to scores of non-governmental organizations (NGOS), usually foreign-financed, to do whatever it took to educate people about risky sex.

18．乌干达的成功关键来自两方面：第一，穆塞韦尼要求每一个政府部门严肃对待此事，还要求他们实施自己的计划来防范病毒。接着进行了一系列对性行为的精确调查，每项调查仅花费3万美元。第二，他意识到政府所能做的非常有限，因此他给予许多非政府组织自主权。这些组织大多由外资支持，他们可以采取任何措施来教育人们远离危险的性行为。

19 Third, Senegal. If Uganda shows how a poor country can reverse the track of an epidemic, Senegal shows how to stop it from taking off in the first place. This West African country was fortunate to be sever al thousand miles from HIV’s origin. In the mid-1980s, when other parts of Africa were already blighted, Senegal was still relatively AIDS-free. In concert with non-governmental organizations and the press and broadcasters, the government set up a national AIDS-control programme to keep it that way.

19．最后来看塞内加尔。如果说乌干达的经验表明一个贫穷国家可以如何改变传染病的传播，那么塞内加尔的经验则表明如何当传染病刚出现时就将其阻止。这个西非国家比较幸运，它离HIV的起源地有上千英里。80年代中期，当非洲的其他国家已在遭受磨难时，塞内加尔还几乎是一片净土。政府与非政府组织、报业和广播电台一起制定了全国艾滋病控制计划，以将其防范国门之外。

20 Contrast these three with South Africa. On December 1st, World AIDS Day, President Nelson Mandela told the people of KwaZulu-Natal that HIV would devastate their communities if not checked. The speech was remarkable not for its quality—Mr. Mandela is always able to move audiences—b ut for its rarity. Unlike Mr. Museveni, South Africa’s leader seldom uses his authority to encourage safer sex. It is a tragic omission. Whereas the potholed streets of Kampala are lined with signs promoting fidelity and condoms, this correspondent has, in eight months in South Africa, seen only two anti-AIDS posters, both in the UN’s AIDS office in Pretoria.

20．与以上三个国家相比，再来看看南非。在12月1日世界艾滋病日到来时，总统纳尔逊?曼德拉对卡瓦祖鲁—纳塔尔人说如果不加以控制，HIV会毁灭他们的社区。这个演讲很出色，但不是因为它的内容，因为曼德拉一向有能力感染他的听众，而是因为它的少有。与穆塞韦尼不同，他不太运用自己的权力来鼓励人们过安全的性生活。这个忽略是灾难性的。在坎帕拉（乌干达首都）路面坑洼不平的大街上，随处可见宣传忠诚和使用避孕套的标语。而记者在南非的八个月中只看到两张抵御艾滋病的标语，还都贴在位于比勒陀利亚的联合国艾滋病办公室里。

Unit 5 ANYTHING BUT BEEFS

1 Distraught callers jammed Germany’s consumer hot lines with “mad cow” questions all week. Is milk safe to drink? (Yes.) Can you catch the disease from sitting in leather chairs? (No.) In London, where the panic began, an insurance company introduced customized coverage for humans who are worried about contracting the illness. For a ￡40 annual premium, Millennium Insurance Management promises a ￡40,000 payout to any policyholder upon diagnosis. Shoppers in Britain and across the Continent developed a sudden appetite for spring lamb and veggie burgers—anything but steak. Sales of beef tumbled by a third in France, Spain, the Netherlands and Belgium. In Germany, they plunged 40 percent and slaughterhouses sent their workers home on forced vacations. The World Health Organization announced an emergency meeting to be held in Geneva this week.

由于对疯牛病的恐惧，欧洲消费者仍然对牛排和烤牛肉敬而远之。现在欧盟开始介入解决这一不再只是英国独有的问题。

1．整个星期，焦虑不安的消费者一直不断地给忙得不可开交的德国消费热线打电话询问“疯牛病”的情况：牛奶还能喝吗?(答：能。) 牛皮椅子坐了会得病吗?(答：不会。) 在

首先发生恐慌的伦敦，一家保险公司应消费者要求为那些担心得疯牛病的人提供了相应的人寿保险。黄金时代保险经营公司做出承诺：年度保险费为40英镑，一旦保险单持有者被诊断患有疯牛病，该公司将支付4万英镑保险金。英国和欧洲大陆的消费者一下对早春羊肉和素肉饼胃口大开。人们似乎什么都吃，惟独不吃牛肉。法国、西班牙、荷兰和比利时四国的牛肉销量骤跌了三分之一；在德国，牛肉的销量跌落了40％，屠宰场强令工人回家度假。本周世界卫生组织宣布在日内瓦召开紧急会议。

2 At the center of the storm, Prime Minister John Major flung blame in all directions. “What has happened is collective hysteria—partly media, partly opposition and partly European,” the British prime minister declared. Yet even in the ranks of his own Conservative Party, some members are openly critical of the way Major’s government has handled the crisis．“It has been at best clumsy, at worst catastrophic,”says Edwina Currie, a Tory member of Parliament and former health minister. Two weeks ago press leaks forced the health minister, Stephen Dorrell, to make a hasty disclosure.

2．在这场风暴的中心，英国首相约翰?梅杰遭到了各方面的指责和谩骂。首相宣称：“现在所发生的情况来自各个方面的歇斯底里——其中有媒体的，有反对党的，也有欧洲的。”然而，即使枉保守党内部也有人公开批评梅杰政府处理这次危机的方式欠妥。先前担任过卫生部长，现为国会托利党成员的埃德维纳?卡里说：“梅氏策略说得好听些是愚蠢笨拙，而说得难听些则是祸国殃民。”两周前，新闻媒体对疯牛病问题的透露使得卫生部长斯蒂芬?多雷尔被迫匆匆向外界做出公告。

3 Scientists had found 10 individuals dead or dying from a new strain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD)，a rare but lethal degenerative brain condition. Worse yet, they suspected that the infection might have come from cattle infected with mad-cow disease. That was frightening news in a country where roughly 160,000 cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) have been reported since 1985. It scared other Europeans, too. They consume roughly more than half of Britain’s exported beef—considerably more than 250,000 metric tons in 1995 alone.

3．科学家已经发现10位患者由于新的克雅氏(疯牛)病死亡或奄奄一息。这是一种罕见而致命的变性（渐衰性）脑病。更糟糕的是，科学家怀疑这种传染病可能源于感染了疯牛病的牛肉。在英国，这一消息令人惶恐不安，因为自1985年以来，英国已报导报道了16万例牛海绵状脑病。这一消息同样使其他欧洲国家惊恐不安，因为他们所消费的牛肉近一半来自英国，而且仅1995年一年就从英国进口了多达25万多公吨的牛肉。

4 Early last week the European Union imposed a worldwide ban on exports of British beef and byproducts, from gelatin to cosmetics. Major howled that the prohibition was illegal, but it scarcely mattered. International demand for British beef had already dropped to just about zero. The ban remained. Farmers and butchers unions in Germany and France applauded. They had complained for years about being undersold by British farm products, and they hailed the Health Ministry’s disclosure as a backhanded vindication.

4．上周头两天，欧盟对英国牛肉及其副产品——从凝胶到化妆品的出口，都实行了全面的查禁。梅杰暴怒，指责这一禁令是非法的，但他的怒号无济于事。国际上对英国牛肉的需求量儿乎降到了零，而禁令依然生效。德国和法国的农民和屠宰商联合会为之欢呼雀跃，因为多年来他们一直抱怨由于国家对英国农产品的进口他们被迫压价。他们很高兴英国卫生部的公告间接证明了他们的抱怨是有道理的。

5 By midweek that attitude began to change. The ban was supposed to protect the European market against fears of tainted beef. Instead, the public regarded the move as an official confirmation of the mad-cow threat. Europe’s homemakers quit buying beef of any sort, whether

British or domestic. The unions began complaining of a “crisis of consumer confidence”. France’s President, Jacques Chirac, and Germany’s chancellor, Helmut Kohl, phoned Major and offered their support. Kohl recalled that the European Union had come up with about $300 million to help Germany and Belgium halt an epidemic of swine fever a decade ago. Last year the European Agricultural Fund produced an unexpected surplus of $5 billion. Some of that money could help compensate Britain’s stricken beef farmers. On the eve of the EU’s Inter-Governmental Conference, such a move might even convince the British that Europe could actually be useful. 5．到本周三，人们的看法开始有所改变。该禁令本旨在保护欧洲市场，使人们不用担心病牛牛肉的侵害。而公众则将此举措看作是官方确认了疯牛病的威胁。欧洲的家庭主妇们不再买任何牛肉，无论是英国牛肉还是本国牛肉。法国总统雅克．希拉克和德国总理赫尔穆特?科尔电告梅杰，表示他们会支持他。科尔回想起十年前欧盟曾提供3亿美元帮助德国和比利时控制猪瘟的蔓延。去年欧洲农业基金获了意想不到的50亿美元的盈余，因此可以用其中的一些资金来补偿遭受牛肉损失的英国农民。在欧盟各政府会联席会召开前夕，这一决定的确让英国人感到了欧盟实实在在的用处。

6 Indeed, at the conference that opened on Friday in Turin, the continent’s leaders turned the summit into a pep rally for Major, for Britain—and for beef. Little business was on the schedule, so the leaders were free t o set their own agenda. Chirac insisted there was “not a shred of scientific evidence” that mad-cow disease can infect human beings. Major, noticeably more cautious, proclaimed British beef “safe in the ordinary meaning of the word”. Jacques Santer, the Eu ropean Commission’s president, called for “a return to consumer confidence” and hinted that Britain’s export ban might be lifted “very soon”. Others denounced the “mass hysteria” sweeping Europe. “Instead of mad cows,” cracked Austria’s chancellor, Franz Vranitzky, “we should be talking about mad reporters.”

6．星期五在都灵召开的大会上，欧洲大陆各国领导人把这次会议开成了主题为积极支持梅杰，支持英国——同时也是支持牛肉（工业）的工作会议。此次会议几乎没有商务活动安排，因此各国领导人可以自行设定自己的议事日程。希拉克认为“没有任何科学证据”表明疯牛痫会传染给人类。梅杰则更谨慎一些，他宣称英国牛肉“从一般意义上说是安全的”。欧洲委员会主席雅克?桑特呼吁“消费者恢复(对牛肉的)自信心”，同时暗示对英国的牛肉出口禁令可能“很快”解除。其他领导人也指责风靡欧洲的“大众心理的极度恐慌”。奥地利总理弗朗兹?乌拉尼茨基在会议上开玩笑说：“我们真正要讨论的不是疯牛病，而是一些疯狂的记者。”

7 But the crisis is no tabloid fantasy. On the contrary, it’s just as serious as the money the summit leaders pledged to rescue the beef industry. They earmarked up to $2.5 billion in EU funds to support beef prices and to compensate British farmers for livestock that may be destroyed in order to eradicate the mad-cow threat. They also ordered a series of emergency round-the-clock talks between Britain’s agriculture mi nister, Douglas Hogg, and representatives of the European Commission. The assignment is to draw up a plan for how to eliminate the disease and how to pay for the job. The plan is supposed to be presented at a full-dress meeting of Europe’s farm ministers this week. If the EU’s Standing Veterinary Committee approves, Britain’s beef embargo may be lifted within days.

7．但是现实危机并不是小报胡编来的。相反，事态已经非常严重，一致参加会议的各国领导要筹集资金挽救（欧洲的）牛肉工业。他们从欧盟基金中特意拨出25亿美元以维持牛肉价格和补偿为了遏制疯牛病危机要杀死其牛群的英国农民。他们还预定在英国农业部长道格拉斯?霍格和欧洲委员会代表之间召开一系列全天会晤。其任务是拟订计划，尽快消除疯牛

综合英语(一)课文及翻译

Lesson One: The Time Message Elwood N, Chapman 新的学习任务开始之际，千头万绪，最重要的是安排好时间，做时间的主人。本文作者提出了7点具体建议，或许对你有所启迪。 1 Time is tricky. It is difficult to control and easy to waste. When you look a head, you think you have more time than you need. For Example,at the beginning of a semester, you may feel that you have plenty of time on your hands, but toward the end of the term you may suddenly find that time is running out. You don't have enough time to cover all your duties (duty), so you get worried. What is the answer? Control! 译：时间真是不好对付，既难以控制好，又很容易浪费掉，当你向前看时，你觉得你的时间用不完。例如，在一个学期的开始，你或许觉得你有许多时间，但到学期快要结束时，你会突然发现时间快用光了，你甚至找不出时间把所有你必须干的事情干完，这样你就紧张了。答案是什么呢？控制。 2 Time is dangerous. If you don't control it, it will control you. I f you don't make it work fo r you, it will work against you. So you must become the master of time, not its servant. As a first-year college student, time management will be your number one Problem. 译：时间是危险的，如果你控制不了时间，时间就会控制你，如果你不能让时间为你服务，它就会起反作用。所以，你必须成为时间的主人，而不是它的奴仆，作为刚入学的大学生，妥善安排时间是你的头等大事。 3 Time is valuable. Wasting time is a bad habit. It is like a drug. The more time you waste,the easier it is to go on wasting time. If seriously wish to get the most out of college, you must put the time message into practice. 译：时间是珍贵的，浪费时间是个坏习惯，这就像毒品一样，你越浪费时间，就越容易继续浪费下去，如果你真的想充分利用上大学的机会，你就应该把利用时间的要旨付诸实践。 Message1. Control time from the beginning. 4 Time is today, not tomorrow or next week. Start your plan at the Beginning of the term. 译：抓紧时间就是抓紧当前的时间，不要把事情推到明天或是下周，在学期开始就开始计划。 Message2. Get the notebook habit. 5 Go and buy a notebook today, Use it to plan your study time each day. Once a weekly study plan is prepared, follow the same pattern every week with small changes. Sunday is a good day to make the Plan for the following week.

新职业英语·职业综合英语1的课文翻译

新职业英语·职业综合英语课文翻译 第一课谷歌 上过互联网的人都见过谷歌，许多人要在互联网上查找某方面的信息时，他们都会去“谷歌”一下。作为全世界最有名的互联网搜索引擎，谷歌是网络业界功成名就的最好范例之一。 谷歌始于1996年1月斯坦福大学博士生拉里?佩奇的一个研究项目。为了找到一种能帮助网络用户搜索到相关网页的更好方法，佩奇设想可以通过检索网页之间的关系来实现。他认为其他网页链接最多的那些网页一定是最受欢迎的，这项技术结果看起来是成功的。 佩奇和他的合作伙伴谢尔盖?布林于1998年9月7日创建了自己的公司，并在之后的一周注册了https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ed10428713.html,这一网址。这个搜索引擎很快声名鹊起，2000年谷歌开始在自己的网站出售广告。在投资者的热情资助下，经过几年的发展，谷歌上市了，谷歌的很多雇员一夜之间成了百万富翁。 谷歌最近收购了互联网最大的视频共享网站https://www.wendangku.net/doc/ed10428713.html,，而且每天都在不断增加一些新功能，如工具栏、邮件和广告。当然，成长与成功也带来了竞争。微软最近就试图收购雅虎以便能在互联网搜索引擎领域与谷歌抗衡。 随着公司的壮大与知名度的提高，谷歌在美国公司就业吸引力的排名也上升到第一。他们尝试打破传统的办公室设计，努力把办公室变成员工感觉舒适、并能充分发挥自己才华的地方。 现在，谷歌已拥有YouTube、Blogger和其他一些热门网站，并且成为网络广告收入方面的领头羊。当初两个学生的一个小点子已发展成为一家拥有十亿美元资产的大公司，谷歌也成为全球最著名的商标之一。谷歌的发展史为当今的网络企业家树立了一个完美的典范，也提供了灵感。 第二课秘书 秘书可能会有很多其他不同的头衔，例如行政助理、文员或私人助理。尽管所有这些头衔都以行政工作为主旨，但它们却反映了不同种类的秘书工作。秘书岗位十分古老，例如，古希腊和罗马的商人和政客们就曾雇用私人秘书和文员来管理他们的事务。 秘书的工作就是使办公室顺利运转。秘书的职责范围很广，依据他们所在办公室的不同而各异。就最低要求来说，秘书要处理信函，跟踪日程安排，管理文件系统，操作电话、传真机、复印机等办公设备。许多秘书还要接听电话，并将其转给适当的人员。有些秘书还要负责办公室用品的采购，他们也可能会处理预算、簿记和人事文档。秘书应当具备使用电脑和其他电子设备的经验，因为他们将处理大量的电子资料，包括往来信函。

当代研究生英语读写教程下册英语复习 选择题

Unit 1 (1)In order to strengthen （加强）his argument（论证）, Toffler ______ respectable （值得 尊敬的）social scientists who agree with him. A.quotes（引用） B. confirms（确认） C. recites （背诵） D. convinces （说服） (2)He could scarcely（几乎不）resist （抵抗）taking another drink of the delicious wine, but remembering the doctor’s advice, he___________. A.refrained(节制，克制) B. withdrew（收回） C. avoided D. retreated （撤退） (3)When people have their basic needs satisfied , they begin to think of other things to fulfill their life_________. A.necessities B. requirements C. appreciations （欣赏） D. expectations (期待) (4)Within seconds , the experienced （老练的）instructor（教练）________ the situation and decided to attempt rescue.（营救） A.assumed（假定的） B. assured （确定的） C.assessed(评估) D.affirmed（肯定，断言） (5)Most good writers use every means at their ________to make the reader’s way smooth and easy. A.will B.disposal(处理) C.request D.convenience (6)The new apartment house built a few months ago is large enough to _________ over two hundred people. A.accommodate(容纳) B.locate C.settle D.reside（居住） (7)A river _______ through the narrow wooded（树木繁茂的）valley（山谷）below. A.pours B.twists(弯曲) C.expends D.expands（扩大） (8)To use a Chinese saying, this is “a punishment which they well ______”.

当代研究生英语读写教程答案,上册,外语教学与研究出版社,完整版

一，选择 1，This book (contains) all the information you need. 2，The government (restricts) the number of foreign cars that could be imported. 3，As a teacher you should not show (inclination) towards any of your students. 4，Traffic is (regulated) by police at every intersection. 5，How much do you (charge) for this pair of shoes? 6，We can (leave off) now and return to work in the morning. 7，That matter can be left (over) until our next morning. 8，I learned that he was (on) sick leave from a government office. 9，It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had even set eyes (on). 10, Each week he tried to set (aside) a few dollars of his salary. 11, All this ceremony is just (for show); it doesn’t mean a thing. 12 ,Bill is afraid to (show his face) since Tom threatens to beat him up. 13, She has been behaving foolishly; I hope you will (bring her to senses). 14, The classroom is 30 feet (in length) and 20 feet in breadth. 15, I’m leaving this job because I’m tried of being (pushed around). 16, After the rain, the orchard seems to have (burst into) blossom overnight. 17, The two men stood (glaring at) each other, while the crowd looked on with amusement. 18, When you have any problems in your studies, you can always (look to) John for help. 19, Theodore Roosevelt was a (versatile) man ; he was successful as a statesman, soldier…. 20, The small town has (undergone) many changes during last 10 years. 21, The old farmer (survived) his wife, living until 105 years of ages. 22, Poor eyesight is a (handicap) to many students. 23, The wheat crop will be (decimated) with strong spring rains. 24, The various parts of the essays do not adequately (interrelate). 25, Hot weather (multiplies) the bacteria in the milk rapidly. 26, If something very substantial is not done next month , he cannot (retain) his office. 27, We sent him an invitation but he (declined). 28, The lifeguard pulled the (inanimate) body out of the pool. 29, If you are to be accepted as a member of the club you must (abide) by its rules. 30, (Even if) you dislike ancient monuments, Warrick Castle is worth a visit. 31, The cites will to be (deflated) and the population distributed in villages. 32, He gave a (distorted) account of what has happened. 33, His speech (fermented) trouble among the works. 34, The criminal was told he would be (immune) from punishment if he said what…… 35, If you (strain) the elastic band any more, it will break. 36, The Egyptians (inhabit) an area equal to France and Spain combines. 37, He is (by no means) considered to be a great explorer. 38, It was a long time before scientists could (penetrate) the mystery of the atom. 39, inhale (breathe in) 40, scent (fragrance) 41, beam (smile happily) 42, solid (heavy) 43, suspicious (unbelieving) 44, steady (regular) 45, accomplishment (success)

新标准大学综合英语2 unit1 课文翻译

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Unit 1 : cyberspace : if you don't love it ,leave it 信息空间：出入随愿 1 someth ing in the America n psyche loves new fron tiers. 美国人的内心深处具有一种酷爱探索新领域的气质。 We hanker after wide-ope n spaces ;we like to explore ;we like to make rules but refuse to follow them . 我们渴求宽敞的场地，我们喜欢探索，喜欢制定规章制度，却不愿去遵守。 But in this age it's hard to find a place where you can go and be yourself without worry ing about he n eighbours . 在当今时代，却很难找到一块空间，可以供你任意驰骋，又不必担心影响你的邻居。 There is such a place : cyberspace . 确实有这样一个空间，那就是信息空间 Formerly a playgro und for computer fans ,cyberspace . Formely a playgro und for computer fans ,cyberspace now embraces every con ceivable con stitue ncy : school childre n , flirtatious ,sin gles ,Hun garia n-America ns, acco untants . 这里原本是计算机迷的游戏天地，但如今只要想像得到的各类人群应有尽有，包括少年儿童、轻佻的单身汉、美籍匈牙利人、会计等。

dayin当代研究生英语下课后close完型中英对照翻译答案

UNIT 1 There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably, some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual—the sort of environment in which he is brought up. If an individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. John, however, was educated in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. John's I.Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. 有两个因素决定一个人的智力。首先是他出生时带的大脑排序。人类的大脑彼此之间有很大不同，有的有比别人多的能力。但不管他出生时有多好的大脑，个人将有低下的智力，除非他有学习的机会。因此第二个因素是在他长大的环境中发生了什么。如果一个人在环境方面有障碍，很可能他的大脑将无法发展，他将永远不会他能够达到的智力水平。同卵双胞胎彼得和约翰的经历可以说明环境对于一个人智力发展的重要性。当这对双胞胎三个月大，他们的父母去世了，他们分别被安置在不同的寄养家庭。彼得被寄养在一个孤立的社区并且教育机会少，低智商的父母家中。然而约翰，在生活富裕、上过大学的父母家中接受教育。这种环境差异继续到这对双胞胎十几岁时，当测试他们的智力时。约翰的I.Q.是125，高于普通人二十五点，比他的兄弟高出整整四十分。 UNIT 2 Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in some interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a way to improve the power of the brain may soon be possible. Scientists have discovered that the brain can make its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substance which can act directly on the brain to change aspects of mental activity. Some may change or improve, for example, creativity,intelligence, imagination, and good memory. Chemicals found in the brain carry messages. In recent years scientists have found chemicals that affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mind. About 25 have been found so far. Today the role of chemicals and protein substance in human behaviour is creating much interest. Research seems to show that they may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illness. They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to conquer deficiencies. They also improve the qualities of memory and learning already in the brain. They hold the secret to mood and emotion. Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better and more efficient brain. 最近对人类大脑的研究报告中有一些有趣的发现：科学家认为一种改善大脑功能的方法可能很快成为可能。 科学家们发现大脑可以产生自己的药物。大脑中含有一种蛋白物质，它可以直接作用于大脑以改变心理活动的各个方面。有些可能会改变或改善，例如，创造力，智力，想象力和良好的记忆力。 在大脑中发现的化学物质携带着消息。近年来科学家们已发现影响情绪，记忆和大脑活动的其它化学物质。目前约25种已被发现。 今天，化学物质和蛋白质物质在人类行为的作用引起了人们很大的兴趣。研究似乎表明，它们可能有助于控制失眠，疼痛，和精神病。它们有一个巨大的能力来刺激大脑克服不足。它们还提高记忆和大脑中应经存在的学习质量。他们保持情绪和情感的秘密。将来有一天，有可能会有一种化学方法来创造一个更好、更有效率的大脑。 Unit 3 By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material i n various representative tissue samples from infected peop le, and extrapolating form these samples to the entire bod y, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500 cells, maybe fe wer, is infected with HIV. This is nowhere near enough for direct cell killing to account for the depletion in their numbers th at leads to AIDS. 通过测试被感染者具有代表性的组织样本中HIV 的遗传材料，从这些样本推算整个身体，哈泽估计，最多1 ／2500，或许更少，感染了HIV。这对于直接杀死细胞引起细胞大量消亡而导致艾滋病是远远不够的。 Haase says that his own work now shows that large n umbers of CD4 cell are becoming trapped in lymph tissue , and he believes that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells. In common with a number of other researchers, he also believes that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected CD4 c ells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell suicide,or apoptosis-a separate process that has been a subject of res earch throughout the 1990s . 哈泽说自己现在的工作表明，大量的CD4细胞被困在淋巴组织，而且他认为，艾滋病病毒会破坏新细胞的产生。研究人员普遍认为，艾滋病毒可以通过触发细胞自毁或消亡，导致未受感染的CD4细胞减少。在20世纪90年代这一过程曾是一个研究课题。 Taken together, these findings clearly suggest that H IV keeps the immune system in a state of constant activati on, and unbalances it in four ways :by trapping mature cells ,b

综合英语教程3课文翻译

U5 Creating a Caribbean Spring Festival 记得在孩提时代，过年前我们都要供奉灶神。妈妈常常告诉我们 不要唧唧喳喳，吵个不休，还叫我们吃点糖，说这样就能讲出些好话来。这时我们不能打闹，也不能惊扰灶神，以免灶神在玉皇大帝面前 道我们家的不是。除夕未到，妈妈已经开始忙着准备诸如包子、馒头 之类的应节食品了。而这时，爸爸就在写春联。全家老小会搞一次大 扫除，大家忙得不亦乐乎。每年的这个时候，家乡的大街小巷里都会 挤满熙熙攘攘的人群；商店门口都会摆满林林总总的应节食物和礼品。 最后，除夕的年夜饭，还有那些装在红包里发给小孩子们的压岁钱，也 是我最快乐的回忆之一。对一个小孩来说，过年是欢天喜地的日子， 充满着各种各样的乐趣。我12 岁就离开了家乡，转眼间20 多年过去了，但是这些记忆不但没有消减，反倒愈加鲜明了。 去年，我跟随丈夫到了加勒比海上的法属瓜德罗普岛。这个小岛 方圆 1200 平方千米，人口 390 000 人。也就是在这里，我和丈夫度过 了一生中最痛苦的一个春节。吃的是爸妈寄来的香肠，因为在海关 里被扣押太久，这些香肠发了霉，对此，我们只有相拥而泣。今年， 我突然心血来潮，灵机一动：在这个没有华人，没有中式食品，因此 也没有节日气氛的地方，我为什么不再过一次那记忆中的春节呢？ 乘着我与丈夫去法属几内亚作商务旅行的便利，我可以买到些中 式食品和印度调料。然后，在瓜德罗普的一个文具店里，我有幸买到 最后的两张红纸。然后，我竭尽所能，邀请我所有朋友，还让那些能 做中国菜的朋友都一展身手。我向一个日本朋友借来墨水，用妈妈去

年给我的一杆毛笔，挥毫写出一副春联。因为怕到时无暇向朋友们解释对联的意思，所以我还写出了它的法语译文。我还让一个英国朋友帮我把买来的红纸折成红包，以备装压岁钱之用。 我们盼望的日子终于来临了。大年初三是星期天，家里来了六十多位客人，老老小小聚在一起，共庆中国牛年的到来。对于来自全球 各地的朋友来说，我们确实做出一道道另人惊讶的菜式。我做了 " 蚂蚁上树 "，一种叫 " 花卷 "的螺旋状的馒头（我第一次做，它们看起来很奇怪，于是我拿不准一个 " 真正 "的中国人看到了会不会吃），还有盐水鸡。法国朋友们准备了宫堡鸡丁，红烧肉和广式炒饭；日本朋友们带来了寿司和鱼生沙拉；印度朋友们做了五香排骨和蚝油牛肉；越南朋友们准备了越南香肠和小月饼；而英国朋友们则带来了各种各样的美味糕点。那些不会做中国菜的朋友们就带来法国红酒和香槟。我们还特别准备了一些红卡片放到桌上，写上各个菜式中文和法语名字，让大家易于辨认。 对于传统菜式 " 蚂蚁上树 " 这个名字，朋友们发现它只是一个奇妙的 想象而已。不到半个小时，我们费了九牛二虎之力做出来的菜就被 一扫而光了。 年夜饭后，我们宣布发红包的时候到了，又向朋友们介绍说如果父母给小孩压岁钱，小孩就要跪下叩头。可是想不到的是当我端出满是红包的托盘时，小孩子们都跪下来向我叩头。我连忙扶起他们，再告诉他们只需要给自己的父母叩头。丈夫说这是他第一次见识到红包有如此大的威力。