汽车转向控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
中英文对照翻译
汽车的转向控制
控制系统稳定性是针对提高驾驶安全性提出的一系列措施中最新的一个。这个系统能够在40毫秒内实现从制动开始到制动恢复的过程，这个时间是人的反应时间得七倍。他们通过调整汽车扭矩或者通过应用汽车左侧或右侧制动，如果需要甚至两者兼用，来实现准确的行车路线。这个系统已被应用于奔驰S600汽车了。
稳定的机械自动系统能够在制动时发现肇端，并且在驾驶人员发现能够反应以前实现车辆的减速。
安全玻璃，安全带，撞击缓冲区，安全气囊，ABS系统，牵引力控制系统还有现在的稳定调节系统。汽车安全系统的连续升级，已经产生了一种为保护汽车所有者安全的设计
模式。稳定调节系统帮助驾驶员从不可控制的曲线制动中解脱出来，从而避免了汽车的摆动滑行和交通事故。
利用计算机和一系列传感器，稳定调节系统能够检测到制动轮的打滑并且比人更快的恢复对汽车的方向控制。系统每百万分之一秒作出一次快速捕捉，以及断断汽车是否在按照驾驶员的路线行驶。如果检测到汽车行驶路线和驾驶员驾驶路线存在一个微小的偏差，系统会在瞬间纠正发动机扭矩或者应用汽车左右制动。过程的标准反应时间是40毫秒----人的平均反应时间的七分之一。
罗伯特博世工程系统负责人安东·范·桑特解释说：“一个稳定的控制系统能够‘感觉到”驾驶员想要运动的方向，通过控制转向角度，油门踏板的位置，制动板的状态来确定汽车实际运动路线的偏航比率（汽车偏离方向轴的角度）和横向加速度”。项目负责人阿明·马勒领导着范桑特的工作小组和奔驰汽车公司的工程师发明了第一个完全有效的稳定调节系统，该系统由发动机扭矩控制系统，制动系统，牵引控制系统组成以实现理想与现实运动之间的最小差距。
汽车安全专家相信稳定调节系统能够减少交通事故的发生，至少是在伤亡严重的事故方面。安全统计表明，多数的单车撞击事故伤亡（占伤亡事故发生的4%），事故能够通过应用这项新技术避免。这项新系统的额外费用主要用于一系列目前汽车日益普遍应用的制动/牵引控制锁组件。
稳定调节系统技术首次应用于欧洲的奔驰S600汽车，是由德国斯图加特市的罗伯特博世公司和奔驰公司在过去几年共同研制的。该系统在博世公司被称为汽车动力控制（VDC），而默西迪称它为稳定电控系统（ESP），作用就是在任何状况下维持车辆的稳定性。博世公司开发了这项系统，奔驰公司把它应用于车辆。工程师默西迪丝在柏林应用戴姆勒奔驰汽车虚拟驾驶模拟器在极限情况下对系统进行评估，例如极强的侧风。然后他们在瑞典的安杰普劳附近的后娜瓦安湖的冰面上进行性能测试。工作通常是在公路上进行以适用于公共汽车和大卡车，例如避免的折合问题。
稳定调节系统将在1995年中应用于欧洲S系列产品上，随后会在1996年进入美国市场（1995年11月产品）。用户可以选择750美元的系统，就像应用于默西迪丝的试验用的V8发动机上的，也可以选择价格为2400美元的应用于六缸发动机汽车的系统。后者的系统中差不多有1650美元是用于牵引控制系统，该系统是稳定性系统的先决条件。
并不是只有博世公司一家在开发这样的安全系统，美国密歇根州的ITT（美国国际电信公司）汽车公司的奥伯恩·希尔，在1995年1月底特律北美国际汽车展览会上展示了了?忣????峂?悇管理系统（ASMS），“车辆控制器应该像空对地导弹的控制器那样，比较而言，事实上那已经实现了，不同的是两者的费用不同”，美国国际电信公司驻欧洲空对地导弹控制工程负责人约翰尼斯·格雷得说。北美ITT公司“汽车制动和底盘工程”主管汤姆·麦兹指出，在未来十年美国国际电信公司的系统要首先出现在车辆上。很多工程师正在六辆特殊制造的精密车辆模型上调试这种系统。
一个比较简单和较低效率的博世的稳定调节系统也在1995年出现在慕尼黑宝马公司的AG系列750iL和850Ci V-12两款车上。宝马公司的稳定调节系统（DSC）运用的车轮速度传感器同牵引控制系统和标准ABS防抱死系统一样能够识别外部情况，使车辆更容易实现曲线行驶和转弯。为了检测出车辆转弯时潜在的危险，DSC系统检测的是两前轮在转弯时的速度差，DSC系统添加了一个更高级的角度传感器利用现有的一个车辆速度，并且引入了它自身带有的关于完全抱死系统，牵引控制系统，稳定调节系统软件控制原理。
新的博世和ITT自动稳定调节系统得益于航空工业高级技术的发展，就像超音速发动机，汽车的稳定调节单元运用一个基于计算机系统的传感器来调和人与系统之间的，还有轮胎与地面之间差异。另外，系统采用了用于导弹制导系统的回旋传感器。
优于ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统之处
根据范·桑特和博世公司的瑞娜·伊哈德，杰瑞·帕夫在《汽车工程师》杂志所提到的，稳定调节系统是ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统的合理扩展。但是ABS系统的作用发生在制动时车轮转向将被锁死时，牵引控制是预防加速时的车轮滑动，稳定系统是当汽车自由转向时能独立于驾驶员作出操作。依靠不同的驾驶状况系统可以使每个车轮制动或者迅速使四个轮转速适合于发动机的扭矩，从而使车辆稳定和减少由于制动失控带来的危险。新系统不仅仅控制完全制动还可以作用与部分制动，行车路线，加速度，车轮与发动机动作的滞后等，这些是ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统所远远不能达到的。
三种主动的安全系统的作用时刻是一致的，那就是一个车轮被锁死或者车轮渐渐失去方向稳定性或者车轮使得行驶更加困难。如果一辆车必须在较低摩擦系数的路面制动，必须避免车轮抱死以保持行驶稳定性和可驾驶性。
ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统能够预防侧滑，而稳定性系统采取减少侧面受力的稳定措施。如果行驶车辆的侧力不再适当的分配在一个或者更多轮上，车辆就会失稳，尤其
是车辆沿曲线行驶时。驾驶员感觉到的“摇摆”起初是转弯或者与车的轴线形成一个纺锤形时。一个独立的传感器必须能够识别这个“纺锤”，而 ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统通过车轮的转速不能检测车辆的横向运动。
转向操作
新系统通过对微小的汽车不足转向（当车辆对于方向盘操作反应迟缓）和方向盘的“过敏”反应（后轮发生来回摆动）。当车辆在转向时如果发生不足转向和过度转向运动时，稳定调节系统能够通过后轮进行内部制动（针对曲线）纠正错误。这种情况是驾驶员不能感觉类似于ABS防抱死系统接近于抱死极限，而使车辆不失去控制。稳定调节系统能够通过发动机降速或者单轮制动来减小推动力。
博世公司的研究员解释说：“侧面偏离角度表明此时车辆的偏航灵敏性，并反映为转向角度，转向角度随着车辆偏离角度的增大而减小。一旦偏离角度超过某一限度，驾驶员就很难重新进行操作。在干燥的路面偏离角度不能够超过10度，而在积雪路面上极限偏离角度为4度。
多数司机没有从制动中恢复的经验。他们不知道轮胎和地面之间的摩擦系数，更不知道他们的车的侧缘稳定边界。当极限被冲破时，驾驶员通常会很紧张以至于做出错误的反应。ITT的格雷柏解释说：“过度转向引起车辆摆尾，使汽车更快的失控。ASMS传感器能够快速的检测到制动开始时各个车轮的活动，从而使车辆恢复到稳定行驶轨道。
对于稳定调节系统界面的可操作性是很重要的，这样可以预示带有稳定系统的驾驶和普通驾驶给人的感觉没有什么区别。
稳定系统最大的优点在于速度，它不仅可以对制动作出快速反应，还可以对车辆状况（例如车重变化，轮胎磨损），路面质量作出快速反应统就能够通过改变侧面受力平横处理，达到最好的驾驶稳定性。
稳定系统识别驾驶员想达到的（理想路线）和车辆实际行驶路线（实际路线）的不同，目前的汽车需要一套高效的传感器和一台高效处理信息的处理器。
博世公司的VDC/ESP电子控制单元是一个由两个48兆的ROM组成的传统实验电路板。范桑特说：“48KB的内存容量是大量用以完成设计任务的‘智能’的代表”。他在SAE中指出。ABS防抱死系统是独立的，只提供四分之一的这样的容量，而ABS和牵引控制系统组合在一起的容量只有这个软件容量的一半。
除了ABS防抱死系统和牵引控制系统所具有的关系传感器外，VDC/ESP运用了偏航比率传感器，横向加速度传感器，转向角传感器，制动压力传感器来获取汽车的加速，摇摆或者刹车的信息。系统通过管理员获得所需的通常的路面信息。方向盘上的传感器由一组安装在方向盘上的发光二极管和光敏二极管上组成。一只硅压力传感器通过控制前轮刹车内压力油的压力控制制动压力（因为制车压力来源于驾驶员）。
确定车辆实际的行驶路线是一项非常复杂的工作。通过必须的纵向滑动车轮速度传感器提供给反向制动或者牵引控制系统的车轮转速信号，以对可能发生的动作作出精确的分析，无论如何侧向难预料的运动分析是必须的，所以系统必须再拓展两个额外的传感器---偏航比率传感器和侧向加速度传感器。
横向加速度表检测沿曲线行驶时所带来的受力状况。这种类似的传感器通过一台直线霍尔发电机把弹簧的直线运动转变成电信号来实现对弹簧机构的控制。这种传感器必须很灵敏，它的控制角为±1.4g。
偏航比率回转仪
最新的稳定调节系统的核心在于类似于陀螺仪的偏航比率回转仪。传感器测量车辆对竖直轴的旋转。这个测量原理来源于航空工业，并且被博施公司大规模的应用于汽车工业。现有的回转仪市场提供两种选择，一种是应用与航空航天业的价值6000美元（由位于英国罗彻斯特的美国通用电器公司航空股份有限公司提供），另一种是用于照相机的价值160美元。由SAE报得知博施公司采取一种圆柱形设计方案以实现低成本下的高性能。这种传感器需要一项更大的投资以应对汽车所处的极端环境状态。同时偏航比率回转仪的价格必须降低，这样才能充分应用与汽车。
偏航比率回转仪有一个复杂的内部结构，其内部是有一个很小的圆柱形钢管伺服测量元件。圆柱的薄壁上有压电元件能够在15千赫兹的频率下震动。四对这样的感应器安放在圆柱体的周围，一对元件的位置与另一对的位置相对。其中的一对通过应用正弦电压引起柱体在其固有频率下产生共振，并将振动传送给变频器。在每一对传感器之间，振颤节点绕着汽车的垂直轴作细微的运动。这时如果没有偏航输入，震动曲线就是一条稳定的曲线。如果有信号输入，节点的位置和曲线的波谷就会在相对的防线绕着圆筒壁做旋转运动（科里奥利加速度）。这个轻微的位移就会成为汽车偏航比率的度量标准。
许多司机都相互宣传他们的车辆在光滑转弯处，车尾部将要被甩出去的时候，新系统会把车辆“推”回到正确的轨迹上方面的经验。
许多观察员指出，稳定调节系统可能会使司机在较低摩擦力的路面上过分自信，尽管他们占少数。或许需要指导司机怎样来恰当的使用车辆稳定调节系统。就像当初让司机学习不能向防抱死制动系统里泵油一样。
虽然只介绍了很少的关于为未来汽车研制的新一代主动安全系统（远远超过了雷达扫描仪类似的系统），但避免交通事故仍然是汽车安全工程的主题。美国国际电信公司负责人指出“当稳定调节技术伴随着汽车结构全面性能稳步提高的时候，多数可避免的事故将不再发生了”。新一代的安全系统也会起到同样的效果。
附件：Spin control for cars
Stability control systems are the latest in a string of technologies focusing on improved diriving safety. Such systems detect the initial phases of a skid and restore directional control in 40 milliseconds, seven times faster than the reaction time of the average human. They correct vehicle paths by adjusting engine torque or applying the left- or-right-side brakes, or both, as needed. The technology has already been applied to the Mercedes-Benz S600 coupe.
Automatic stability systems can detect the onset of a skid and bring a fishtailing vehicle back on course even before its driver can react.
Safety glass, seat belts, crumple zones, air bags, antilock brakes, traction control, and now stability control. The continuing progression of safety systems for cars has yielded yet another device designed to keep occupants from injury. Stability control systems help drivers recover from uncontrolled skids in curves, thus avoiding spinouts and accidents.
Using computers and an array of sensors, a stability control system detects the onset of a skid and restores directional control more quickly than a human driver can. Every microsecond, the system takes a "snapshot," calculating whether a car is going exactly in the direction it is being steered. If there is the slightest difference between where the driver is steering and where the vehicle is going, the system corrects its path in a split-second by adjusting engine torque and/or applying the cat's left- or right-side brakes as needed. Typical reaction time is 40 milliseconds - seven times faster than that of the average human.
A stability control system senses the driver's desired motion from the steering angle, the accelerator pedal position, and the brake pressure while determining the vehicle's actual motion from the yaw rate (vehicle rotation about its vertical axis) and lateral acceleration, explained Anton van Zanten, project leader of the Robert Bosch engineering team. Van Zanten's group and a team of engineers from Mercedes-Benz, led by project manager Armin Muller, developed the first fully effective stability control system, which regulates engine torque and wheel brake pressures using
traction control components to minimize the difference between the desired and actual motion.
Automotive safety experts believe that stability control systems will reduce the number of accidents, or at least the severity of damage. Safety statistics say that most of the deadly accidents in which a single car spins out (accounting for four percent of all deadly collisions) could be avoided using the new technology. The additional cost of the new systems are on the order of the increasingly popular antilock brake/traction control units now available for cars.
The debut of stability control technology took place in Europe on the Mercedes-Benz S600 coupe this spring. Developed jointly during the past few years by Robert Bosch GmbH and Mercedes-Benz AG, both of Stuttgart, Germany, Vehicle Dynamics Control (VDC). in Bosch terminology, or the Electronic Stability Program (ESP), as Mercedes calls it, maintains vehicle stability in most driving situations. Bosch developed the system, and Mercedes-Benz integrated it into the vehicle. Mercedes engineers used the state-of-the-art Daimler-Benz virtual-reality driving simulator in Berlin to evaluate the system under extreme conditions, such as strong crosswinds. They then put the system through its paces on the slick ice of Lake Hornavan near Arjeplog, Sweden. Work is currently under way to adapt the technology to buses and large trucks, to avoid jack-knifing, for example.
Stability control systems will first appear in mid-1995 on some European S-Class models and will reach the U.S. market during the 1996 model year (November 1995 introduction). It will be available as a $750 option on Mercedes models with V8 engines, and the following year it will be a $2400 option on six-cylinder 鉣 俕 嶏 ?? ? $1650 of the latter price is for the traction control system, a prerequisite for stability control.
Bosch is not alone in developing such a safety system. ITT Automotive of Auburn Hills, Mich., introduced its Automotive Stability Management System (ASMS) in January at the 1995 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. "ASMS is a quantum leap in the evolution of antilock brake systems, combining the best attributes of ABS and traction control into a total vehicle dynamics management
system," said Timothy D. Leuliette, ITT Automotive's president and chief executive officer.
"ASMS monitors what the vehicle controls indicate should be happening, compares that to what is actually happening, then works to compensate for the difference," said Johannes Graber, ASMS program manager at ITT Automotive Europe. ITT's system should begin appearing on vehicles worldwide near the end of the decade, according to Tom Mathues, director of engineering of Brake & Chassis Systems at ITT Automotive North America. Company engineers are now adapting the system to specific car models from six original equipment manufacturers.
A less-sophisticated and less-effective Bosch stability control system already appears on the 1995 750iL and 850Ci V-12 models from Munich-based BMW AG. The BMW Dynamic Stability Control (DSC) system uses the same wheel-speed sensors as traction control and standard anti-lock brake (ABS) systems to recognize conditions that can destabilize a vehicle in curves and corners. To detect such potentially dangerous cornering situations, DSC measures differences in rotational speed between the two front wheels. The DSC system also adds a sensor for steering angle, Utilizes an existing one for vehicle velocity, and introduces its own software control elements in the over allantilock-brake/traction-control/stability-control system.
The new Bosch and ITT Automotive stability control systems benefit from advanced technology developed for the aerospace industry. Just as in a supersonic fighter, the automotive stability control units use a sensor-based computer system to mediate between the human controller and the environment - in this case, the interface between tire and road. In addition, the system is built around a gyroscopelike sensor design used for missile guidance.
BEYOND ABS AND TRACTION CONTROL
Stability control is the logical extension of ABS and traction control, according to a Society of Automotive Engineers paper written by van Zanten and Bosch colleagues Rainer Erhardt and Georg Pfaff. Whereas ABS intervenes when wheel
lock is imminent during braking, and traction control prevents wheel slippage when accelerating, stability control operates independently of the driver's actions even when the car is free-rolling. Depending on the particular driving situation, the system may activate an individual wheel brake or any combination of the four and adjust engine torque, stabilizing the car and severely reducing the danger of an uncontrolled skid. The new systems control the motion not only during full braking but also during partial braking, coasting, acceleration, and engine drag on the driven wheels, circumstances well beyond what ABS and traction control can handle.
The idea behind the three active safety systems is the same: One wheel locking or slipping significantly decreases directional stability or makes steering a vehicle more difficult. If a car must brake on a low-friction surface, locking its wheels should be avoided to maintain stability and steerability.
Whereas ABS and traction control prevent undesired longitudinal slip, stability control reduces loss of lateral stability. If the lateral forces of a moving vehicle are no longer adequate at one or more wheels, the vehicle may lose stability, particularly in curves. What the drive?逾半??? ?? "fishtailing" is primarily a turning or spinning around the vehicle's axis. A separate sensor must recognize this spinning, because unlike ABS and traction control, a car's lateral movement cannot be calculated from its wheel speeds.
SPIN HANDLERS
The new systems measure any tendency toward understeer (when a car responds slowly to steering changes), or over-steer (when the rear wheels try to swing around). If a car understeers and swerves off course when driven in a curve, the stability control system will correct the error by braking the inner (with respect to the curve) rear wheel. This enables the driver, as in the case of ABS, to approach the locking limit of the road-tire interface without losing control of the vehicle. The stability control system may reduce the vehicle's drive momentum by throttling back the engine and/or by braking on individual wheels. Conversely, if the hteral stabilizing force on the rear axle is insufficient, the danger of oversteering may result in rear-end
汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/f617353036.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
外文文献翻译：汽车的发展
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
中英文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
外文翻译---汽车车身总布置的方法
附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。
仪表板外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Dashboard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a control panel placed in the front of the car. For other uses, see Dashboard (disambiguation). The dashboard of a Bentley Continental GTC car A dashboard (also called dash, instrument panel (IP), or fascia) is a control panel located directly ahead of a vehicle's driver, displaying instrumentation and controls for the vehicle's operation. Contents 1.Etymology 2.Dashboard features 3.Padding and safety 4.Fashion in instrumentation 5.See also 6.References Etymology Horse-drawn carriage dashboard Originally, the word dashboard applied to a barrier of wood or leather fixed at the front of a horse-drawn carriage or sleigh to protect the driver from mud or other debris "dashed up" (thrown up) by the horses' hooves.[1] Commonly these boards did not perform any additional function other than providing a convenient handhold for ascending into the driver's seat, or a small clip with which to secure the reins when not in use. When the first "horseless carriages" were constructed in the late 19th century, with engines mounted beneath the driver such as the Daimler Stahlradwagen, the simple dashboard was retained to protect occupants from debris thrown up by the cars' front wheels. However, as car design evolved to position the motor in front of the driver, the dashboard became a panel that protected vehicle occupants from the heat and oil of the engine. With gradually increasing mechanical complexity, this panel formed a convenient location for the placement of gauges and minor controls, and from this evolved the modern instrument panel,
汽车变速器设计外文翻译
汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。
SSM英文文献翻译
中南大学CentralSouthUniversity 本科毕业设计英文文献翻译题目 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 学院 专业班级 二○一六年一月八日
Spring 的web MVC 构架模式 Juergen Hoeller 1、介绍：Spring 的应用构架 当你第一次看到并接触Spring框架的时候，你一定会在心里想到；“哦哦，不不，这又是另一种Web构架”。这篇文章将会指出Spring框架不是什么特殊的web框架，而是一个通用的轻量级的应用程序框架，在专用网络支持下的应用程序框架。并且它会告诉你Spring框架明显区别于其他轻量级application framework，它将专注于web的支持，与struts和webwork有着明显的区别。 在和struts和webwork的对比上之中，Spring框架是一个服务于所有层面上的application framework：提供了bean的配置基础，AOP的支持，JDBC的提取框架，抽象事务支持，等等诸如此类。它有一个非常显著的特点：在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring的支持，它有一个非常显著的特点：在某个层面上如果你不需要Spring的支持，你就可以不使用Spring框架的class（类），只使用它的某一部分的功能。从它的设计理念，你可以看到Spring框架帮助你实现了真正的逻辑层和web层的成功分离：例如：一个校验应用将不用依靠controllers，就可以实现。这样的目标是更好的重用和易测：过分依靠不必要的容器和框架将不能实现这一点。 当然，Spring的自己本身的web支持和通常框架模式的细致完整。然而，Spring替换struts，webwork或者其他的web方案非常的容易。这个对于Spring 的web支持或者不同的地方，Spring允许你在web容器里面建立一个中间层，在测试环境或者标准独立的应用里面来设置重用你的商务逻辑。 还有就是在J2EE环境里面，可以让你你的商务逻辑不必依靠容器提供的服务，就比如像JTA，EJB的支持。良好的框架的一个web应用是可以运行在任何
汽车制动系统(机械、车辆工程毕业论文英文文献及翻译)
Automobile Brake System汽车制动系统 The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the c ar. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.
汽车外文翻译
As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and