英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲：
Introduction
1.Lexicology（名词解释题）
（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.
本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。
（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.
本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。
2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）
（1）Two approaches
There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.
synchronic 共时法
diachronic 历时法
（2）Definition: A, synchronic
From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.
However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.
1.word（名词解释）
（1）a minimal free form of a language
1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）
2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。）
2.the relationships between the sound and meaning
（1）简答题
1）Sound is the physical aspect of a word. And meaning is what the sound refers to.
本句翻译：音是词的物质外壳；义是音的所指。
2）A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world, which is outside the language system.
（2）单选题或填空题
arbitrary/conventional
1）there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’.（音与实际的实物和实际思想本身并没有一定的逻辑关系）
2）The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds.
3.More and more differences occur between the two.（简答题）（音和形之间的距离越拉
越大）（P8）
①The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans
②Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years
③The third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
④Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.
4.Words can be classified by different criteria（简答题/单选题）（P10－P11）
Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.
use frequency使用频率
notion概念
origin词源
5.The basic word stock（名词解释）（P11）
（1）The basic word stock is the foundation（基础）of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language.
（2）Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics.
6.Features of the basic word stock （简答题）
①All national character.（全民性）
②Stability.（稳定性）
③Productivity.（能产性）
④Polysemy.（多义性）
⑤Collocability.（搭配性）
7.Nonbasic words
（1）Terminology（术语）
（2）Jargon（行话）
（3）Slang（俚语）
（4）Argot（黑话）
（5）Dialectal words（方言词）
（6）Archaisms（古词）
（7）Neologisms（新词）
Slang（俚语）（P14）:
1）Slang belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant（shoptalk of any sub-group）, jargon, and argot.
俚语属于非基本语言，它是位于标准语和套话、行话以及黑话之间的语言。
2）Certain words are labeled ‘slang’not because of their appearance or pronunciation but because of their usage.
本句翻译：某些词语之所以叫俚语并不是因为它的发音，也不是因为它的词形，而是因为它的用法。
3）Much of the slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether.
4）Slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive.
俚语是多彩的、直接的、富于表达的并令人印象深刻。
Neologisms（新词）（P15）:
Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.
新词是新创造出的单词或表达方式，或呈现出新意思的词。
8.Content Words and Functional Words（单选题）
（1）By notion, words can be grouped into content words and functional words.
（2）Content words, which constitute the main body of the English vocabulary.
实词构成英语词汇的主体。
main body 主体
（3）functional words, which make up a very small number of the vocabulary, remain stable.
remain stable 保持稳定
（4）functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.
9.Native Words
Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.
所谓的本族语词汇是公元五世纪由日曼部落，即盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人带到不列颠的词汇，所以也被称为盎格鲁－撒克逊词汇。
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language.
盎格鲁－撒克逊语当时词汇量很少，大约只有5、6万，但是它们构成了基本词汇的主流，在语言中处于核心地位。
Therefore, what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.
1.Neutral in style（文体是中性的）.
Stylistically, natives words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropriate in formal style.
2.Frequent in use（使用上的频繁性）.
Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing.
Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.
10.four classes of borrowings（简答题）（P19）
According to the degree of assimilation（同化）and manner of borrowing（借词的方式）, we can bring the loan-words under four classes.
（1）Denizens.（同化词）
1）borrowed early in the past.
2）well assimilated.
3）conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling.
Words of this group are early borrowings from Latin（拉丁语）, Greek（希腊语）, French （法语）and Scandinavians（斯堪的纳维亚语）.
（2）Aliens.（外国话词）
1）Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.
外国话词保留了原有的拼写以及发音。
2）These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.
（3）Translation-loans.（译借词）
1）Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language.
2）but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.
3）Such words can also be subdivided.
Words translated according to the meaning（根据意思翻译的词语）
Words translated according to the sound
（4）Semantic-loans.（借义词）
1）Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed.
这类外来词不是借到了形而是借它的义。
2）English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language.
英语赋予现存的某个词汇新的意思。
1.The Indo-European Language Family（名词解释）
1）It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000（some put it 5,000）languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families.
人们认为世界上的语言可能有3000多种，我们将其归成300个语系。
2）on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.
我们根据它的基本词汇以及语法相似性进行归类。
3）The Indo-European is one of them. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.
印欧语系由欧洲的大多数语言、近东语言、印度语言组成。
4）The Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly inflected language.（印欧语系的特点）
印欧语言被认为是高度曲折变化的语言。
They accordingly fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.
5）The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.
日曼语族主要包含北欧的四大语言：挪威语、冰岛语、丹麦语和瑞典语，我们将这四种语言统称为斯堪的纳维亚语言。
Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.
除了北欧语言之外，还有德语、荷兰语、佛兰德语以及英语。
2.Old English（450-1150）
1）Their language, historically known as Anglo-Saxon, dominated and almost totally blotted out the Celtic. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English.（单项选择题）Even as this happened, changes were taking place. Latin-speaking Roman missionaries under St. Augustine came to spread Christianity in Britain at the end of the 6th century.
The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on the English vocabulary. It brought
many new ideas and customs and also many religious terms such as abbot（修道院院长）, candle （蜡烛）, altar（祭坛）, amen（阿门）, apostle（使徒）.
基督教的引进对英语词汇有很大的影响。它不但带来大量新思想、新习俗而且还有很多宗教词语。
2）In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. They came first to plunder, then to conquer.
3）Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words.
古英语的词汇总量大约有50000～60000。
4）was a highly inflected language just like modern German（古英语的特点）.
3.Middle English（1150-1500）
1）Until then, although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.
However, by the end of the 13th century, English gradually came back into the schools, the law courts, and government and regained social status.
It made the final step back to a position of importance when it emerged once again as a respected literary medium with the Wycliff translation of the Bible and the writings of Chaucer, Langland and others.
Between 1250 and 1500 about 9,000 words of French origin poured into English. Seventy-five percent of them are still in use today.
Middle English was one of leveled endings.
4.Modern English（1500-up to now）
Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. Considering the changes in vocabulary, it is necessary to subdivide it into Early（1500-1700）and Late（1700-up to the present）Modern English.
现代英语以印刷术的引进为开端。考虑到词汇的变化，现代英语又可分为：早期现代英语和晚期现代英语。
Many of these were taken from Latin and Greek by scholars who wanted to replace the forms earlier adopted from French.
In fact, more than twenty-five per cent of modern English words come almost directly from classical languages（WBD）.
实际上，多于25%的词直接来源于古典的语言。
In the mid-seventeenth century, England experienced the Bourgeois Revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power.
17世纪中期英国经历了工业革命，资产阶级革命，成为世界强国。
Although borrowing remained an important channel of vocabulary expansion, yet more words are created by means of word-formation（see Chapter 4）.
尽管借词仍然是一种重要的渠道，但是英语词汇的扩充主要是通过构词法来形成的。
It can be concluded that English has evolved from a synthetic language（Old English）to the present analytic language（分析型的语言）.
5.Three main sources of new words.
3 main sources of new words:
（1）the rapid development of modern science and technology.
（2）social, economic and political changes;
（3）the influence of other cultures and languages.
6.Three channels of modern English vocabulary.
1）creation, semantic change, borrowing.
2）Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. This does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary.
Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary, particularly in earlier times.
In earlier stages of English, French, Latin, Greek and Scandinavian were the major contributors.
Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary.
1.Morphemes（名词解释）
the definition：
1）These minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes.
2）In other words, the morpheme is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words’.
3）Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.
2.Allomorphs（名词解释）
‘They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning’.
Most morphemes are realized by single morphs.
3.Realization of abstract morphemes
Some morphemes, however, are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs.
4.Types of Morphemes
There are different ways of classifying morphemes. The popular method is to group them into free morphemes and bound morphemes.
词素分为两大类：自由词素以及粘附词素。
Free Morphemes
Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.
These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root words.
Bound Morphemes
Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words.
These examples show clearly that bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix.
粘附词素主要由粘附词根bound root和词缀affix组成。
Bound root
A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.
It is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.
In English, bound roots are either Latin or Greek.
Affixes
Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Almost all affixes are bound morphemes because few can be used as independent words. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.
5.Root and Stem
Root
1）A root is the basic form of a word
2）which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
3）The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word.
Stem
A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, underestimate. Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
1.The expansion of vocabulary in modern English（简答题）：P45
1）The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word-formation.There is a variety of means being at work now.The most productive are affixation，compounding and conversion.
2）The rest of the new words come from shortening including clipping and acronymy.together with 1% to 5% of words born out of blending and other means.
3）There is a special model：words from proper names.
2.Affixation（词缀法）（P46）
1）Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.
2）According to the positions which affixes occupy in words，affixation falls into two subclasses：prefixation and suffixation.
Prefixation
Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.
The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class-changing nature.
Negative prefixes（否定前缀）
Of this group，un- is by far the most productive and can usually replace in- or dis- with adjectives for actual use as in unreplaceable，unmovable for irreplaceable and immovable.
Reversative prefixes（逆向前缀）
Pejorative prefixes（贬义前缀）
Prefixes of degree or size（程度大小前缀）
Prefixes of orientation and attitude（表示倾向、态度的前缀）
Locative Prefixes（表示方位的前缀）
Prefixes of time and order（表示时间、顺序的前缀）
Number prefixes（表示数字的前缀）
Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂的前缀）
Suffixation（后缀法）
Therefore，we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes，verb suffixes，adjective suffixes，etc.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a6240257.html,pounding （合成词）
Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.
Words formed in this way are called compounds.
Classification of compounds：Solid（合在一起写的）、hyphenated（用连字符连接的）、Open（分开写的）。
Characteristics of Compounds（简答题）
What are the differences between compounds and free phrases?
1.Phonetic features
In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress.
2.Semantic features
3.Grammatical features
Formation of Compounds
The productive ones are nouns and adjectives followed by verbs to a much lesser extent.
Verb compounds:
Verb compounds are not as common as the other two classes. The limited number of verbs are created either through conversion or backformation.
Back-formed verb compounds are formed mainly by dropping the suffixes: -er, -ing, -ion, etc.
4.Conversion（转换法）
Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.
These words are new only in a grammatical sense. This process is also known as functional shift.
Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation.
Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The most productive, however, is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.
Conversion to noun
Verb to noun. Almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns.
Words like hand-out, stand-by, lay-by, teach-in, shut-down are all converted from phrasal verbs.
Adjective to noun.
It is not unusual to have nouns converted from adjectives. Unlike verbs, not all adjectives which are converted can achieve a full noun status. Some are completely converted, thus known as full conversion, others are only partially converted, hence partial conversion.
Words partially converted. Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They must be used together with definite articles. What's more, they
retain some of the adjective features.
Conversion to verbs（分析评述题）
As is often the case, a noun can be converted to a verb without any change. The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid.
从三个方面分析60页的11a和11b：
①The words such as fed, clothed, housed, in 11b are the process of word-formation: conversion from noun to verb.
②The most productive conversion is the conversion that takes place between nou ns and verbs.
③The use of the verb converted is both economical and vivid.
Adjective to verb（形容词转换成动词）:
The verbs thus converted are semantically simple, that is, they can be used either transitively to mean ‘to make…adjective’ or intransitively ‘to become adjective’.
Conversion is accompanied by certain changes which affect pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution. The most common changes are:
①voiceless to voiced consonant 清辅音变成浊辅音
eg. House/s/---house/-z/
②initial to end stress 首重音移至尾重音
This stress shift occurs usually in two syllable words. When used as a noun, the stress falls on the first syllable whereas as a verb, the stress moves onto the second syllable, eg. Conduct（n）-con'duct（v）
③the change of spelling 拼写变化
eg.breath/e/---breathe/i:/
5.Blending
1）Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.
2）Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words.
3）Blending is a very productive process and many coinages resulting from blending have become well-established. Moreover, they even serve as models for new formations.
The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns.
Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines.
6.Clipping
It is a process of word-formation to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.
①Front clipping
②Back clipping
③Front and back clipping
④Phrase clipping
7.Acronyms
Acronyms is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.
①Initialisms（首字母缩略词）
②acronyms（首字母拼音法）
8.Back-formation
1）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.
2）Back-formation is therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.
Types
①Abstract nouns
②Human nouns
③Compound nouns and others
④Adjectives
Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs.
9.Words from Proper Names（简答题）
They include names of people, names of places, names of books and tradenames.
10.Features of words from proper names（简答题）
Words of this group are from names of scientists, inventors, etc.
Some words are from characters in mythology.
When proper nouns are communized, many of them have lost their original identity: the initial letter may not be capitalized as already shown；They can be converted to other classes.
These words can also take suffixes to form adjectives and to form nouns.
11. Analyze and comment on the following sentence.
I want to be TV’s czar of script and grammar.（P71）
①the original meaning
The word czar（俄国沙皇）refers to the emperors of Russia until 1917，but it originates from the Roman Emperor Caesar.
②The present meaning
Now it is used to denote "any one with great or unlimited power". So the speaker wants to have the same power and authority in the realm of TV script and grammar as Caesar did in the Roman Empire, implying his domineering personality and ambition.
③the significance
Words that are communized from proper nouns have rich cultural associations and thus stylistically vivid, impressive and thought-provoking.
1.Reference
①Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference.
②Reference is the relationship between language and the world.
③The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.
2.Relationship between concept and meaning
1）Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on.
2）Meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.
①A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world .
②Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.
③Concept is not affected by language.
3.Sense （语义）
①Generally speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning' is perhaps what is termed ‘sense'.
②‘Sense' denotes the relationships inside the language.
③‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.'
4.Motivation
Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.
The relationship between the word-form and meaning is conventional and arbitrary.
English does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent in terms of sound, morphology, semantics and etymology.
Onomatopoeic Motivation
Morphological Motivation
Semantic Motivation
①Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.
②It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.
Etymological Motivation
5.Types of Meaning
Grammatical Meaning and Lexical Meaning
Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words （nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs）, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.
Functional words possess strong grammatical meaning.
Content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning in particular.
①lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the notion that the word conveys.
②Lexical meaning itself has two comp onents: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.
Conceptual meaning
Conceptual meaning （also known as denotative meaning）is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.
Associative meaning
Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.
Associative meaning comprises four types: connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.
connotative meaning
In contrast to denotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.
Connotative meaning is unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period.
分析题
Leech also illustrates the stylistic distinction in the following two sentences[22][23]（P89）:
[22]They chucked a stone at the cops, and then did a bunk with the loot.
[23]After casting a stone at the police, they absconded with the money.
Apart from the structural difference, the stylistic features of words are obvious. Sentence[22]could be said by two criminals, talking casually about the crime afterwards, so all the words used in italics are slangy, whereas sentence[23]might be said by the chief inspector in making his official report, and thus the words used are literary or neutral.
Affective meaning
Affective meaning indicates the speaker's attitude towards the person or thing in question.
Collocative meaning
This meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.
1.sense relations（名词解释）
（1）A word which is related to other words is related to them in sense, hence sense relations.
（2）The subjects that have long held the interest and attention of semanticists are polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.
（3）Moreover, the discussion will also cover semantic field.
2.polysemy（名词解释）
（1）Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.
（2）There are words that have two or three senses, and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundred. When a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. The same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.
3.Two Approaches to Polysemy
Diachronic approach and synchronic approach.
（1）Diachronic approach. From the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning. This first meaning is the primary meaning.
（2）synchronic approach.
4.Two Processes of Development
the radiation and concatenation
Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains.
Generally, radiation precedes concatenation.（P100）
5.Homonymy（名词解释）
Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
6.Types of Homonyms
three classes: perfect homonyms, homographs and homophones.
Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.（单选题）
7.Origins of Homonyms
There are various sources of homonyms: change in sound and spelling, borrowing, etc.
（1）Change in sound and spelling.
（2）borrowing.
（3）shortening. Many shortened forms of words happen to be identical with other words in spelling or sound.
8.Synonymy
（1）Synonymy is one of the characteristic features of the vocabulary of natural languages.
（2）Even as early as the Anglo-Saxon period, the use of synonyms to add to the variety of language was noticeable.
9.Types of synonyms
absolute synonyms and relative synonyms
Absolute synonyms are also known as complete synonyms.
It is observed that absolute synonyms are rare in natural languages and some people even hold that such synonyms are nonexistent. Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary.
10.Sources of synonyms
（1）Borrowing.
（2）Dialects and regional English.
（3）Figurative and euphemistic use of words.
（4）coincidence with idiomatic expressions.
11.Discrimination of Synonyms
Generally speaking, there is no difference between absolute synonyms whereas relative synonyms always differ in one way or another. The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas: denotation, connotation, and application.
12.Types of Antonyms
Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition.
Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning. There are a variety of ‘oppositeness’. They can be classified into three major groups.
（1）Contradictory terms. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them.
（2）Contrary terms. Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.
The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.
（3）Relative terms. This third type consists of relational opposites.
This type also includes reverse terms, which comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality, or verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse the quality, action or state of the other.
13.Some of the Characteristics of Antonyms
（1）Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.
（2）A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.
（3）Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.
（4）Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.
So far as the meaning is concerned, sentence[36]includes the meaning of [37].The use of tall does not exclude the possibility of his brother being very short. But sentence[37]is much more
restricted in sense and is considered semantically abnormal unless the speaker is particularly interested in the ‘shortness’ of his brother or curious enough to find out how short his brother is.
14.The Use of Antonyms
（1）Antonyms have various practical uses and have long proved helpful and valuable in defining the meanings of words.
（2）Antonyms are useful in enabling us to express economically the opposite of a particular thought, often for the sake of contrast. Many idioms are formed with antonyms. They look neat and pleasant, and sound rhythmic.
rain or shine
here and there
weal and woe
friend or foe
（3）Antonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together. Proverbs and sayings provide us with good examples:
Easy come, less go.
More haste, less speed.
15.Hyponymy
（1）Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.
（2）These specific words are known as hyponyms. For instance, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower, and lion and elephant are hyponyms of animal. The general words flower and animal are the superordinate terms and the more specific ones tulip, rose, lion, elephant are the subordinate terms.
（3）Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms.
[40a]Trees surround the water near our summer place.
[40b]Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin.
It is not too difficult to judge that sentence[b]is better than sentence[a],because in [b]the writer uses subordinates.
16.Semantic Field
The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas, some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘emotions’, others smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘colour’. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory. The German linguist Trier saw vocabulary as ‘an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense’. Therefore, the ‘words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fields.’
ferred from a subjective meaning to an objective meaning
transfer of sensations
7.2Causes of change
7.2.1Extra-linguistic Factors
1.Historical reason. The well-known semanticist Ullmann notes, ‘language is more
conservative than civilization, material as well as moral. Objects, institutions, ideas, scientific concepts change in the course of time; yet in many cases the name is retained and thus helps to ensure a sense of tradition and continuity.’
Increased scientific knowledge and discovery are also important factors that account for the change of word meaning.
2.Class reason.
3.Psychological reason. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words, etc. are often due to psychological factors.
People change word-meaning owing to various psychological motives: love, respect, courtesy, suspicion, pessimism, sarcasm, irony, contempt, hatred, etc.
For example, in the Second World War, prevalent in the Australian forces were peasant for ‘soldier of ordinary rank’, squeak for ‘sergeant’.
The fact that such low, humble and despised occupations as janitor and garbage collector often take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons..
Religious influence is another kind of psychological need.
7.2.2Linguistic Factors
1.One type of such change occurs when a phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole, e.g. gold is used for ‘gold medal’, gas for ‘coal gas’.
2.The influx of borrowings has caused some words to change in meaning.
3.The change of meaning is brought about by analogy.
8.1Types of Context
1.In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears.
2.In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.
8.1.1Extra-linguistic Context
The extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire cultural background.
8.1.2Linguistic context
Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context.
1.Lexical context
This context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words.
2.Grammatical context
8.2The Role of Context
1.Elimination of Ambiguity
2.Indication of Referents
3.Provision of Clues for Inferring Word-meaning
8.2.1Elimination of Ambiguity
Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and homonymy.
[44]He is a hard businessman.
（1）This is an ambiguous sentence.
（2）The word hard in this context can mean both ‘hardworking’ and ‘difficult’.
（3）Improvement: He is a hard businessman to deal with.
8.2.2Indication of Referents
English has a large number of words such as now/then, here/there, I/you, this/that, which are often used to refer directly to people, them, place, etc. Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing.
8.2.3Provision of Clues for Inferring Word meaning
Context may prove extremely valuable in guessing the meanings of new words.
When a new word appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints which might help the readers to grasp the concept or understand the idea. Context clues vary a great deal but can be summed up as follows:
1.Definition
2.Explanation
3.Example
4.Synonymy
5.Antonymy
6.Hyponymy（比较重要）
7.Relevant details（比较重要）
8.Word structure（比较重要）
9 1.Idioms（名词解释）
①Idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences, which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.
②Idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.
③In a broad sense, idioms may include colloquialisms, catchphrases, slang expressions, proverbs.
2.Features of Idioms（简答题）
（1）Semantic Unity
①In the idioms the words have lost their individual identity.
②The part of speech of each element is no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word.
③The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom.
（2）Structural Stability
①Unlike free phrases, the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable. First, the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced.
②Secondly, the word order cannot be inverted or changed.
③Thirdly, the constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.
④Finally, many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.
3.Classification of Idioms
1）Idioms Nominal in Nature
2）Idioms Adjectival in Nature
3）Idioms Verbal in Nature
4）Idioms Adverbial in Nature
5）Sentence Idioms
The difficulty in using idioms lies first in the difficulty of grasping the elusive and figurative meaning and then in the difficulty of determining the syntactic functions of idioms.
4.Phrasal verbs（名词解释）
Phrasal verbs are idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep. and /or a particle.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a6240257.html,e of Idioms（简答题）
To achieve this, one needs to be aware of the rhetoric characteristics of idioms such as stylistic features, rhetoric features and their occasional variations.
（1）Stylistic Features
A large proportion of idioms were first created by working people such as seamen on the sea, hunters in the woods, farmers in the fields, workmen at mills, housewives and cooks in the kitchen and so on. Such expressions were all colloquial and informal and once confined to a limited group of people engaged in the same trade or activity.
Despite the fact, idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are colloquialisms and slang, therefore inappropriate for formal style.
（2）Rhetorical Features
1）Phonetic manipulation
2）lexical manipulation
①Reiteration
Scream and shout, cut and carve, pick and choose
②Repetition
By and by, out and out, such and such, neck and neck.
③Juxtaposition（of antonyms）
Here and there, up and down, hit or miss, rain or shine.
3）Figures of speech
6.The differences between metonymy and synecdoche
7.Variations of Idioms（简答题）
（1）Characterized by semantic unity and structural stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule. But structural stability is not absolute.
（2）They do experience grammatical changes such as different forms of verbs, agreement of personal pronouns and number and so on.
（3）Occasionally, we may find changes in constituents of idioms: addition,deletion,replacement,position-shifting, dismembering.
①Replacement
In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech, resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms.
②Position-shifting
The positions of certain constituents in some idioms can be shifted without any change in meaning. eg: day and night=night and day.
③Dismembering
It is what I mean by breaking up the idioms into pieces, an unusual case of use of idioms particularly in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.
④[78] “Conway would have preferred to talk in Chinese, but so far he had not let it be known that he spoke any Eastern tongue; he f elt it might be a useful card up his sleeve.”
1）There is a dismembering in this idiom.
2）‘Be a useful card up his sleeve’ is a personal variant of have a card up one’s sleeve.
3）It is well used here to indicate that Conway is a person of wisdom, knowing how to take the advantage of the situation and manipulate people.
1.English Dictionaries（名词解释）
（1）The dominant sense of word dictionary for English-speaking people is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English. With information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology.
（2）It is closely related to lexicology, which deals with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units.
（3）A good knowledge of dictionaries will certainly be of great help to us in the use of dictionaries and ultimately the use of English words.
2.Monolingual and Bilingual Dictionaries
Monolingual dictionaries are written in one language. That is the headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.
LDCE and CCELD published in Britain are both monolingual dictionaries.
Bilingual dictionaries involve two languages. The main entries are generally defined or explained in the same language with tran slations as Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation.
3.Linguistic and Encyclopedic Dictionaries
1）An encyclopedia is not concerned with the language per se.
2）but provides encyclopedic information concerning each headword
3）The well-known ones are The Encyclopedia Britannica and The Encyclopedia Americana.
4.Relationship of Unabridged, Desk and Pocket Dictionaries（简答题）
1）Unabridged dictionaries are unshortened ones. Many words that are listed in the dictionary are new, specialized or may have fallen out of use. Therefore, it should be large in scope and size, containing at least 200,000 headwords. The best-known unabridged dictionary is Webster’s Third New International Dictionary.
2）Desk dictionaries. Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.
3）Pocket dictionaries. These dictionaries have about 50,000 entries or fewer. They contain only a few or no examples. Their advantages are being inexpensive and easy to carry.
5. Specialized Dictionaries. Special dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usages in language, and computer and a variety of other subjects.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a6240257.html,e of Dictionaries
7.the advantages of monolingual dictionary（简答题）
Apart from the increase of exposure of the language and avoidance of misunderstanding by translation, users have to think in English, understand meanings in terms of other English words, thus enlarging vocabulary, and learn the precise meanings of words and usages through definitions and examples. Moreover, the effective use of a monolingual dictionary will give learners a sense of satisfaction and self-sufficiency and greater confidence in their ability to solve language problems.
8.The differences between Britain and American dictionaries. （简答题）
（1）American dictionaries contain more encyclopedic information in the main body than the British,
（2）whereas British diction aries, especially learner’s dictionaries, include more grammatical information.
9.Content of the Dictionary（简答题）
（1）Spelling
（2）Pronunciation
（3）Definition
Some dictionaries list meanings chronologically, i.e. the earliest meaning first, as in We bster’s New world Dictionary.
We also find definitions given in full sentences as in CCELD.
Some use a controlled vocabulary to make definitions easy to understand as in LDCE.
（4）Usage
（5）Grammar
Apart from the usual coverage of word classes and inflections, dictionaries include various amounts of grammar information. ALD, CCELD and LDCE are all good examples. They supply a good system of verb patterns which are arranged as supplementary material before the main body（ALD）or located properly in the main text （LDCE）or in an extra column alongside each sense of the word in the main body （CCELD）. This will also be of great help to users.
（6）usage notes and language notes
（7）Etymological information
（8）Supplementary matter
10. To use the dictionary to the full, one needs to follow the following steps:（简答题）
（1）Read the contents page to find out quickly what information is included in the dictionary.
（2）Read the guide to the use of the dictionary, where the compilers explain in detail how to use the dictionary.
11. Three Good General Dictionaries
Ⅰ.Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English（LDCE）New Edition（1987）
LDCE was published first in 1978 and proved an immediate success with foreign teachers and students. It was noted
（1）for its wide coverage of new words, new meanings and new usages.
（2）for its simple and clear definitions
（3）and for its controlled 2,000 words used to define words and illustrate usages
（4）and above all for its meticulous and complete grammatical information.
Apart from these, a few other features are worth mentioning.
1.Clear Grammar codes
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a6240257.html,age notes
It covers discrimination between synonyms and near-synonyms, explains difficult grammar and stylistic points, differences between British and American usages, etc.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a6240257.html,nguage notes
This new edition has enclosed 20 language notes, which are arranged alphabetically in the main body of the dictionary.
Ⅱ. Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary（CCELD）
1.Definition
（1）the definitions in this dictionary are all in full sentences.
（2）CCELD contains more meanings and covers more information in comparison with some other dictionaries of the same scope.
（3）The order of meanings indicates the semantic changes of words.
2.Extra column
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a6240257.html,age examples
In CCELD, almost every meaning of a word has an example to show its meaning and usage, most in sentence form.
Ⅲ. A Chinese-English Dictionary（Revised Edition）（CED）（1995）
1.On the basis of the first edition, the new edition has an addition of 800 single character entries and of 18,000 multi-character entries.
2.The new edition revised some old entries.
3.The new edition keeps the previous alphabetical order of entries.
4.The dictionary boasts of the quality of the English equivalents it provides for its Chinese items.
考研英语词汇复习笔记
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。 （3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。 （5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。 —Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语 —The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表 4.What is vocabulary？ （1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合 （2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词 （3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词 5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标 准或者不同的目的进行分类。 By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。 By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词
英语词汇学笔记--名词解释篇
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
2020年4月全国英语词汇学自考试题及答案解析
全国2019年4月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%) 1. There are ______ major classes of compounds. A. two B. for C. three D. five 2. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Connotative meaning refers to associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. B. Stylistic meaning accounts for the formality of the word concerned. C. Affective meaning is universal to all men alike. D. Denotative meaning can always be found in the dictionary. 3. After the invading Germanic tribes settled down in Britain, their language almost totally blotted out ______. A. Old English B. Middle English C. Anglo-Saxon D. Celtic 4. The idiom “Jack of all trades”results from ______. A. addition B. position-shifting C. dismembering D. shortening 5. ______ are those that cannot occur as separate words without adding other morphemes. A. Free roots B. Free morphemes C. Bound morphemes D. Meaningful units 6. The major factors that promote the growth of modern English are ______. A. the growth of science and technology B. economic and political changes C. the influence of other cultures and languages D. all the above 7. Since the beginning of this century, ______ has become even more important for the expansion of English vocabulary. A. word-formation B. borrowing C. semantic change D. both B and C 8. Which of the following characteristics of the basic word stock is the most important? A. Stability B. Collocability. C. Productivity. D. National character. 1
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicologyword精品
《英语词汇学》（课程代码： 00832 ）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning （词的意义） Reference （所指关系）is the relati on ship betwee n Ian guage and the world. Concept 概念），which is beyond Ianguage, is the result of human cognition n. 认识； 知识； 认识能力 ,reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense （语义）de no tes the relati on ship in side the Ian guage. Every word that has meaning has sense （not every word has referen ce ） Motivation （词义理据 ）account for the connection between the linguistic （word ） symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation （拟声理据）words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation （形态理据）compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes comb in ed.彳艮多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation （语义理据）refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It expla ins the connection betwee n the literal sense a nd figurative sense of the word.（ 由字面义派生出来的弓丨申 义） Etymological motivation （词源理据）the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relati on ships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning （夕卜延意义 ）,is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-mea ning. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associati ons suggested by the con ceptual meaning, traditi on ally know as connotations . Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for differe nt con texts. 语法意义 Types of Meaning 词义的分类
(完整版)全国英语词汇学(00832)高等教育自学考试试题与答案
全国高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 Ⅰ．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（30%）1．According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.（） A．meaning B．Sound C．combination of sounds D．Group 2．The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.（） A．more slowly than B．As quickly as C．more rapidly than D．Not so quickly as 3．Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.（）A．use frequency B．notion C．origin D．sound 4．Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.（） A．green revolution B．fast food C．moon walk D．space shuttle 5．Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need. （）A．form B．meaning C．look D．pronunciation 6．Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.（） A．four B．fell C．for D．autumn 7．The plural morpheme “-s” is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______. （）A．/t/ B．/g/ C．/p/ D．/k/ 英语词汇学试卷第 1 页共9 页
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicology
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义) Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n.认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation (词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 很多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( 由字面义派生出来的引申 义) Etymological motivation (词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. associative meaning 关联意义 Lexical meaning 词汇意义 Types of Meaning conceptual /denotative meaning 词义的分类概念意义 Grammatical meaning 语法意义directly to their origins. In other connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 文体意义 affective meaning 感情意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning( 外延意义 ), is the meaning given in the dictionary and
2000年至2012年全国自考英语词汇学试卷参考答案
参考答案 2000年4月份高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学试题参考答案 Ⅰ.1.A 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C 11.D 12.A 13.B 14.B 15.D Ⅱ.(10%) 16.transfer 17.OLD English 18.monolingual 19.semantically 20.extralinguistic/non-linguistic Ⅲ.21.D 22.F 23.A 24.J 25.B 26.C 27.I 28.E 29.G 30.H Ⅳ. 31.bound root 32.（head+tail）blinding 33.inflectional affix/morpheme 34.a+n 35.full conversion 36.suffix 37.reversativ 38.prefix of degree 39.prefix 40.number prefix Ⅴ.41.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. 42.Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britian in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. 43.The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 44.The distinctive stylistic features of words which make them appropriate for different context. 45.A dictionary written in one language, or a dictionary in which entries are defined in the same language. Ⅵ.46.There are four types of motivation: 1）Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc. 2）Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc. 3）Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc. 4）Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc. 47.Key points:borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidence with idiomatic expressions. 48.Key points:definition; explanation; example; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; relevant details and word structure. Ⅶ.49. 1）Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection （re+collect+ion）,nationalist（nation+al+ist）,unearthly（un+earth+ly）. 2）Of the nine morphemes, only "collect","nation" and "earth" are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves. 3）All the rest re-,-ion,-al,-ist,un- and -ly are bound as none of them can stand alone as words. 50. 1）the stitch in time ----- a stitch in time saves nine（3分） 2）proverbs are concise, forcible and thought-provoking（1分） 3）using an old saying is more persuasive（2分） 4）the short form saves time, more colloquial（2分） 5）indicates intimacy or close relationship（1分）
英语专业-英语词汇学-笔记
1.What is polysemy? Having multiple meanings that are related. 2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words? Explain them 1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and then arrange the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order in which they developed. 2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning (central meaning) and then arrange the other meanings (marginal meanings) in order of popularity. 3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain them 1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one another and are derived directly from the primary meaning. 2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive from primary meaning through successive shifts of meaning from one secondary meaning to another. 4.What is homonymy? Homonyms are works different in meaning but either identical both in sound or spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 5.Give an example of a perfect homonym, a homophone and a homograph 1)perfect homonym 同音同形date日期/date红枣 2)homophone 同音异形Knew/new, meet/meat 3)homograph 异音同形record(v.)/record(n.) 6.Give an example of the rhetorical use of homonymy Hi Jack （你好杰克）– hijack（打劫） 7.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? Give an example to illustrate the difference 1)Polysemy is about connection of meanings. Book can mean a book as in “I read a book”, and “I book a hotel room”. The second meaning is related to the first one because in the past hotel staff will write the customers’ information on a book when reserving a room. 2)homonymy is about form. Lie can mean not being honest or being in a horizontal position. These two meanings have the same form but no connection. 8.Classify the following pairs of antonyms into complementaries (binaries), contraries (gradable) or converses (relational). Explain why 1)Good/bad, contraries 2)odd/even, complementaries 3)above/below, converses 4)clean/dirty, contraries 5)remember/forget, complementaries? 6)old/young, contraries 7)before/after, converses 9.What is hyponymy? Give an example The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word.
自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理
自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理
English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics （文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。
英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲： Introduction 1.Lexicology（名词解释题） （1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）. 本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。 （2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。 2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题） （1）Two approaches There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. synchronic 共时法 diachronic 历时法 （2）Definition: A, synchronic From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time. However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. 1.word（名词解释） （1）a minimal free form of a language 1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式） 2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。） 2.the relationships between the sound and meaning （1）简答题 1）Sound is the physical aspect of a word. And meaning is what the sound refers to. 本句翻译：音是词的物质外壳；义是音的所指。 2）A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world, which is outside the language system. （2）单选题或填空题 arbitrary/conventional 1）there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’.（音与实际的实物和实际思想本身并没有一定的逻辑关系） 2）The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds. 3.More and more differences occur between the two.（简答题）（音和形之间的距离越拉
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