实例深度分析如何看懂托福阅读长难句

实例深度分析如何看懂托福阅读长难句

朗阁海外考试研究中心徐露露

就目前大陆考区学生所接触的北美地区四类热门考试（TOEFL， SAT， GRE， GMAT）的难度而言，TOEFL的难度系数是最低的。在实际教学中，笔者发现经常有一些基础很弱的同学在阅读托福文章的过程中喜欢把所有生词的汉语意思全查出来，但是做题的正确率依然很低。在单词的意思已经知道的情况下为什么还是不会做题？很多基础差的同学虽然了解了每个单词的意思，但是当这些独立的单词组合成一句长难句的时候就看不懂了，也就是长难句分析能力太差。长难句分析能力差不仅会影响阅读速度和阅读准确性，而且还会影响某些题型的正确率。因为在托福阅读十大题型当中，句子简化题、事实信息题和推理题这几种题型都直接或间接地在考察学生分析长难句的能力。朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家认为，在面对长难句时，考生一定不能“只见树木（单词），不见森林（结构）”，句子主干部分永远比修饰部分要重要。下面就来谈一谈托福阅读真题当中的长难句结构类型。

一、定语从句

首先，定语从句应该是托福阅读最喜欢考察的结构，一般可以将其分为两种：单层定语从句结构和多层定语从句结构。

1. 单层定语从句结构：指整个句中包含一个或两个并列关系的定语从句。

例：包含一个定语从句的情况

In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. （TPO 26 Energy and the Industrial Revolution）

解析：该句是that引导的定语从句

固定搭配：

（be） applied to应用于

a variety of很多…。。.

词汇：

viable=practicable=feasible=practical=possible （adj.）切实可行的

variety=category=group=lot （n.）种类

翻译：十七世纪末，James Watt设计了一种高效并且可商用的蒸汽机，随着其价格降低，很快被应用于各种工业。

例：包含两个并列定语从句的情况

Without predators， the species that is the best competitor for food， shelter，nesting sites， and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the species with which it competes. （TPO 27 Predator-Prey Cycles）

解析：

该句含有两个并列的定语从句，分别由that和which来引导。

词汇：

predator = eater捕食者

dominate = govern = control = predominate （v.）控制；统治

exclude = rule out = eliminate （v.）排除

翻译：没有捕食者时，那种在对食物、庇护所、筑巢点和其它环境资源的争夺中胜出的竞争者，趋向于成为统治者，并且使与其竞争的其它物种灭绝。

2. 多层定语从句结构：指包含两个及以上从属关系的定语从句

例：

If so， the green algae would have been subjected to environmental pressures that resulted in adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to

land-dwelling or organisms. （TPO 25 The Evolutionary Origin of Plants）

解析：

该句主要包含了两个由that引导的定语从句（但两者并不是并列关系，而是存在等级上的分层，即多层结构）

一层：that resulted in adaptations

二层：that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms.

固定搭配：

be subjected to… 容易受到。。.。。.影响

result in… 导致。。.。。.

give rise to… 产生。。.。。.

词汇：

be subjected to…= be vulnerable to… = be susceptible to… 容易受到。。.。。.影响

result in = give rise to = lead to = contribute to… 导致。。.。。.

enhance = improve = boost = increase （v.）提高

organism = organic matter = organic = substance （n.）有机物；有机体

翻译：如果事实如此的话，绿藻可能曾经受到环境的压力，产生了适应机制，即提高进化出陆生植物或其他有机体的可能性。

例：

These include conducting vessels that transport water and minerals upward from the roots and that move the photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin， which support the plant body，helping it expose maximum surface area to sunlight. （TPO 25 The Evolutionary Origin of Plants）

解析：

该句包含三个定语从句，前两个是由that引导的并列结构，共同来修饰先行词vessel，构成第一层结构。

（1） that transport water and minerals upward from the roots

（2） that move the photosynthetic products from leaves to the rest of the plant body and the stiffening substance lignin

第三个定语从句是由which引导来修饰lignin，构成第二层结构。

（3） which support the plant body

固定搭配：

transport sth. upward from… 把某物从…。向上运输

expose sth. to… 把某物暴露在…下

词汇：stiffening = rigid = tough （adj.）坚硬的

substance = matter = material （n.）物质

expose = reveal = unveil （v.）暴露

翻译：其中包括从根部向上运输水分和矿物质的导管，从叶片向植物其他部分输送光合作用产物的筛管以及用来支撑植物体、使得它以最大表面积接触阳光的硬化木质。

二、同位语从句

同位语从句在托福当中也算是一个高频的结构，主要是因为ETS比较人性化，喜欢以同位语或同位语从句的形式来对专有名词或抽象名词进行解释。

例：

A major development was the discovery， again about 3000 B.C.E.， that if copper，which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E.， was mixed with tin，a much harder metal， bronze， would result. （TPO 26 Sumer and the First Cities of the Ancient Near East）

解析：

首先这个句子主要含有一个由that引导的同位语从句that if copper， which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E.， was mixed with tin， a much harder metal， bronze， would result.

在该同位语从句中又含有一个原因状语从句if copper， which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E.， was mixed with tin

在该状语从句中又含有一个定语从句which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E.

因此，如果按照句子的结构层数分析，该句应该属于三层结构的句子。

固定搭配：

be mixed with… 和…混合

词汇：

major = primary = staple = main （adj.）主要的

mix = blend = mingle （v.）混合

朗阁海外考试研究中心徐露露

三、状语从句

就难度而言，状语从句相对比较简单，因为该类型从句和主句各自都有完整的主谓宾结构，只要看到连接状语从句的连词考生就能分得清主句与从句。状语从句总共可以分为八类：时间状语从句；地点状语从句；让步状语从句；条件状语从句；原因状语从句；结果状语从句；目的状语从句；比较状语从句。大体上可以将状语从句与主句的关系分为两大类：并列或平行关系 & 让步转折关系。

1. 并列与平行关系

包括：条件 / 原因 / 结果 / 时间几大类状语从句

例子：

Scientists have no direct evidence for recent or ongoing eruptions， but if these volcanoes were active as recently as 100 million years ago （an estimate of the time of last eruption based on the extent of impact catering on their slopes）， some of them may still be at least intermittently active. （TPO25 The surface of Mars）

解析：该句含有一个由if引导的条件状语从句。

固定搭配：

be based on… 以…为依据

at least 至少

词汇：

evidence = proof n. 证据

estimate = reckon n. 估计；估算

intermittently = discontinuously adv. 间断地

翻译：科学家们没有直接证据显示这些火山近期是否喷发过，或是否正处于喷发阶段，但是如果这些火山近期的活跃状态一如一千万年前那般（这一最近的爆发期是根据火山斜坡上陨石坑的范围估算出来的），它们当中的几个也许至少仍然会保持间歇性的活跃。

2. 让步转折关系

包括：让步 / 比较两类从句

例子：

While population estimates are notoriously unreliable， scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to support themselves from the agricultural production

of the field surrounding the city， which could be reached with a daily commute. （TPO 27 Crafts in the Ancient Near East）

解析：

该句首先由while引导一个让步状语从句，其次，还包含一个which引导的定语从句。

固定搭配：be able to 能够…

词汇：

notorious = infamy adj. 臭名昭著的

inhabitant = resident = dweller = occupant = settler = citizen n. 居住者

翻译：虽然人口估计数通常是不可靠的，但学者们认为乌鲁克居民可以通过日常与周围地区的通勤，得到周围地区产的农业产品以自给自足。

四、强调句

该句型是托福阅读中相对来说比较少见的一个结构，但是托福写作中这却是一个加分的句型结构，因为强调句的使用会让一篇议论文更加的有力度。常见的强调句型固定结构为：It is + 被强调部分+ that…。.

例子：

It was this that made the organization of irrigation， particularly the building of canals to channel and preserve the water， essential. （TPO 26 Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert Conditions）

解析：该句是一个强调句的句型结构即it was……that……

固定搭配：make…essential 使…成为必要

词汇：

irrigation = watering n. 灌溉

particularly = especially = in particular

preserve = conserve = save = hold v. 保存

essential = indispensable = necessary adj. 必要的

elementary = fundamental = basic adj. 基本的

翻译：这就使得灌溉系统的规划至关重要，特别是（如何）建造水渠以疏导和保存水资源。

五、倒装句

该句型结构不算高频类句型，难度不算太大。一般考生在见到倒装句的时候要具备能把它调整成一个正常语序的句子的能力即可。

Northwest of Tharsis is the largest volcano of all： Olympus Mons， with a height of 25 kilometers and measuring some 700 kilometers in diameter at its base. （TPO25 The surface of Mars）

解析：该句首先是一个倒装句，并且含有一个现在分词结构做状语。

固定搭配：数字 + in + diameter / length / height 表示直径 / 长度 / 高度为多少……

词汇：

measure = survey v. 测量

step; method; way n. 措施；方法

base = bottom n. 底部

衍生出----basis n. 盆地；脸盆

翻译：位于塔尔西斯西北的奥林帕斯山是其中最大的一座火山：25千米高，测得其基

部直径大约有700千米。

六、固定搭配

主要指某些长难句中含有一些固定搭配结构，比如：not only…but also…; not…but…; neith er…nor…; either…or…; both…and…等等。在很多情况之下，这些固定搭配都是在连接句子的主干，因此，考生需要熟悉这些固定搭配。

例子：

Earth’s surface is not made up of a single sheet of rock that forms a crust but rather a number of “tectonic plates” that fit closely， like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle. （TPO 27 The Formation of Volcanic Islands）

解析：

该句主要含有一个固定搭配结构not…but…，以及一个定语从句that fit closely，like the pieces of a giant jigsaw puzzle.

词汇：

be made up of = be composed of = consist of 由。..组成

giant = huge = enormous = immense = gigantic adj. 巨大的

翻译：地球的外壳并不是由单块岩石形成的，而是许多的构造板块严密地组合在一起，就像是一个巨大的拼图。

翻译：一个重大进展同样也发生在约公元前3000年，铜在约公元前3500年就为美索不达米亚人所熟知，如果将铜和锡混合在一起，就可以制造出一种更坚硬的金属——青铜。

2020年托福阅读长难句100句：后置定语从句.doc

2020 年托福阅读长难句100 句：后置定语从句 我们知道 一个句子的主干 ( 主谓宾 ) 相当于它的骨架，识别了主干相当于抓住 了句子的主要信息 ; 而句子的其他修饰、说明及补充的部分 ( 定状补同等 ) 则相当于句子的血肉，血肉中往往包含了大量的附加信息。很多时候这些附加的信息对整句的理解起着辅助、增强甚至不可或缺的作用。 教学中作者发现下面这个句子常常困扰一些语法功底不错的考生： The physicist rightly dreads preciseargument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if theassumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument thatis convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations ofits underlying assumptions. 本句 since 之前的部分含有标准的 S(The physicist)+V(dreads)+O(argument) 结构，而 since 之后明显应该是原因 状语 ( 从句 ) 的部分，所以句首的 SVO就是整句的主句。下面我们来仔 细分析 since 后面的部分： 第一行末尾的 that 紧跟 an argument 之后，显然做 an argument 的后置定语从句。 that is convincing 是一个完整的主系表结构， only if 则引导了这个定语从句自身的 ( 即小级别 ) 条件状语从句 it is precise (仍是一个完整的主系表结构); 接下来我们遇到了 loses ，since 到 loses 之间是两个主系表从句，有各自的系动词，于是 loses 不属于这两个从句，只能与 an argument 对应，这个点也可从单复数上佐证。 loses 与后面的 all its force 形成动宾结构，其中it指代前文的an argument;

toefl长难句(完整资料).doc

【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】 1.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time for giving birth. 2.In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. 3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance. 4.The largest later named pueblo bonito by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1000 or more. 5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of large personal library of musical pieces. (not...so much as...与其说....不如说...) 6.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the word’s rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. 7.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.(要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助） 8.Science is built with facts just as a house built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks ac be called a house.

TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译

TOEFL阅读高难度句子举例解析及翻译 摘要：托福阅读中也会出现一些考验大家的托福阅读难句，遇到这些句子的时候，要在平时新托福阅读中注意积累，觉得用得到的要记下来，以下总结的托福阅读中的几个高难度句，希望对大家有所帮助。 "Sociologists have built on the distinction between expressive and instrumental ties to distinguish between two types of groups: primary and secondary. A primary group involves two or more people who enjoy a direct, intimate, cohesive relationship with one another. Expressive ties predominate in primary groups; we view the people as ends in themselves and valuable in their own right. A secondary group entails two or more people who are involved in an impersonal relationship and have come together for a specific, practical purpose. Instrumental ties predominate in secondary groups; we perceive people as means to ends rather than as ends in their own right. Sometimes primary group relationships evolve out of secondary group relationships." 很多同学，看到上面的“we view the people as ends in themselves”和“we perceive people as means to ends”就彻底晕菜了。这个其实是可以理解的，这两句话实际是哲学家Kant(康德)关于道德的哲学思想。我们先来看看康德是怎么说的： Humanity According to Kant, there are different ways to state what our duty is. One of them involves the idea of a law. Another involves the idea of humanity, or human reason. Morality says that you should never treat rational human beings merely as means to your end. Whenever you use someone’s skills or services to your own end, you should always also treat that person as an end in him- or herself. 翻译：康德认为，有不同的方式来陈述我们的职责。其中一个是涉及法律。另外一个是涉及人性和人道。道德论认为，你永远不应该把一个理性的人只是作为你达到你的目的中间手段。当你用其他的服务和技能作为你达到你的目的是，你应该尊重他们作为个体而不是你的手段而已。 分析：这里的mean实际上是一个途径，一个中间过程。如果我们把他人视为达成某种目标的中间途径,那就不是道德的。end在这里是终点，自身的结果。只有把他人视为end才是尊重别人才是道德的。 其实这个道理很简单。就是我们常说的：不已结婚为目的谈恋爱都是耍流氓。你不已结婚为目的，就是把女孩当成means了，所以很不道德。你如果是以结婚为目的话，就是当成ends了。

2016年托福阅读长难句式中的复杂问题解析

2016年托福阅读长难句式中的复杂问题解析 托福阅读中难句的把握技巧至关重要，因为段落中的难句可能就涉及到文章的思想内容，所以我们面对托福阅读的难句也应该有一套对策，那么具体应该怎么做呢。以下把握难句的技巧就送给大家。希望给备考新托福的同学提供正确有效的学习与应试方法。 除了词汇量较大以外，句子结构复杂也是托福阅读的障碍之一。面对难句，必须迅速把握其主干和重点，因为考试时涉及答案的主要是句子的主干和重点，对于句子简化题(sentence simplification)尤其如此。要把握难句的主干和重点，首先要弄清它们的类型。简而言之，托福中的难句主要包括下列类型： 1.定语(包含后置定语与定语从句) 2.同位语 3.并列结构 4.that引导的各种从句 5.插入结构 6.独立主格 7.倒装句 8.强调句 9.虚拟语气 对于不同类型的难句，把握主干的方法也不一样。以倒装句为例，主要有下列情况： 1.方位副词放在句首 Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine。 2.介词放在句首 Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets。 3. 形容词放在句首 Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony。 4.过去分词放在句首 Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent。 5.现在分词放在句首 Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans。 句子倒装的目的主要有两个： 一是被提前的部分被强调，如上述的第四句：Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，其中的accustomed按照正常语序应该放在are 之后：Though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”。之所以将accustomed提前，是为了强调它。二是为了句子的平衡，否则将导致头重脚轻的效果，如上述的第一句、第三句和第五句。以第五句为例，按照正常语序应该是：Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently。但是这种句子结构比较糟糕，因为主语及其修饰语过长(从句首直到cetaceans)，

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析 译文)

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文 12月16日 1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface,the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans,in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space. (定语后置in some ways… 由于完全没有光,而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力,深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境,在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。 分句1:Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures 分句2:hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface 分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 分句4:in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures, 分句1是分句3的原因状语 分句3是整个长句子的主句 分句4是分句3的后置定语,修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是: 原因状语+主句+后置定语 这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分,但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。

托福阅读难句专业翻译一

托福阅读难句专业翻译一 1. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might. 戴着面具身着盛装的人们，经常扮演各种其他人物、动物或超自然生灵，并且作为一个扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一个在狩猎或战役中获胜、降雨的来临，阳光的重现的结果。 2.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth. 但是这些事实不能解释这个令人感兴趣的问题，就是为什么在一个特殊的靠近他们出生的地方如此的集中了这么多怀孕的鱼龙。 3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance. 十九世纪一系列持续的机械进步，包括踏板的传入、金属结构的完善和钢丝最完美的质量，最后产生了一种能容纳无数音调-从最精致的和弦到一个成熟管弦的声音或从一个清澈的歌声到辉煌的敲击乐的效 果-的乐器。 4.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. 虽然我们习惯于谈到1972年以前的电影是无声的，但用一句完全感性的话来说电影从来就不是没有声音的。 5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. 多年以来电影音乐的选择程序完全掌握在导演和音乐督导手中，通常拥有这些权力的主要资格并非是自身的技艺和品味而更多的是因为拥有大量的个人音乐素材库。 6.Rather, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.

新托福长难句精析-抓五大基本句型

托福长难句精析 Lecture 1 基本句型 1.The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and the most effective way, is not a new one. 2.Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. 3.The older painters，most of whom were born before 1835，practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design． 解析：The older painters…practiced in a mode…and were securely established in and fostered by…为句子主干 译文：老一代画家大多数出生于1835年以前，他们以一种经常是自学的方式和以风景画题材为主的形式作画。这些老画家是由当时美国艺坛上占统治地位的国家设计学院培养出来的，而且他们也在那里确立了自己的地位。 4.In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others． 解析：(以and连接的并列句) 译文：在15或30秒的时间里，发言人无法建立形成正在讨论的问题的历史背景；不能详细阐述问题产生的可能原因；无法仔细审查几种建议以辩论哪一种更可取。 5.The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, and switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves. 解析：句子主干：the seesaw brought cycles of… and switched to … or to… 6. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance．

托福阅读长难句解决方法解析.doc

托福阅读长难句解决方法解析 托福阅读长难句解决方法 首先：长句子。 A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement. A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need. 对于这样一个句子，大家要做的就是找到这个句子的核心主干(即主谓宾)注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need，establish是及物动词，后面却加了介词in，说明此处有倒装，还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语(即蓝色划线部分)太长，为了防止头重脚轻。 在原句中，是有人名是并列的不知道大家有没有发现，也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。其中还有一部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语，还一个部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectors。 综上所述，本句运用了多种语法结构(并列，倒装，同位语，后置定语，插入语)把主干部分分割得支离破碎，如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法，那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。 以上这个句子我们就可以这样翻译：几位艺术收藏家(此处省略几位艺术家名字)将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱负的艺术家们，并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。 其次：长文章 新托福阅读的文章篇幅一般都是在700字以上，而这么长的文章主要就是由简单句和一些复杂的长难句组成，除了句子理解外，为了更好的解题考生还应该了解文章段落和文章结构。面对比较长的段落和文章，要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息，做对题目，那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落为例来讲解。

实例深度分析如何看懂托福阅读长难句

实例深度分析如何看懂托福阅读长难句 朗阁海外考试研究中心徐露露 就目前大陆考区学生所接触的北美地区四类热门考试（TOEFL， SAT， GRE， GMAT）的难度而言，TOEFL的难度系数是最低的。在实际教学中，笔者发现经常有一些基础很弱的同学在阅读托福文章的过程中喜欢把所有生词的汉语意思全查出来，但是做题的正确率依然很低。在单词的意思已经知道的情况下为什么还是不会做题？很多基础差的同学虽然了解了每个单词的意思，但是当这些独立的单词组合成一句长难句的时候就看不懂了，也就是长难句分析能力太差。长难句分析能力差不仅会影响阅读速度和阅读准确性，而且还会影响某些题型的正确率。因为在托福阅读十大题型当中，句子简化题、事实信息题和推理题这几种题型都直接或间接地在考察学生分析长难句的能力。朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家认为，在面对长难句时，考生一定不能“只见树木（单词），不见森林（结构）”，句子主干部分永远比修饰部分要重要。下面就来谈一谈托福阅读真题当中的长难句结构类型。 一、定语从句 首先，定语从句应该是托福阅读最喜欢考察的结构，一般可以将其分为两种：单层定语从句结构和多层定语从句结构。 1. 单层定语从句结构：指整个句中包含一个或两个并列关系的定语从句。 例：包含一个定语从句的情况 In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. （TPO 26 Energy and the Industrial Revolution） 解析：该句是that引导的定语从句 固定搭配： （be） applied to应用于 a variety of很多…。。. 词汇： viable=practicable=feasible=practical=possible （adj.）切实可行的 variety=category=group=lot （n.）种类 翻译：十七世纪末，James Watt设计了一种高效并且可商用的蒸汽机，随着其价格降低，很快被应用于各种工业。

2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝

2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝 今天我们来看这样一个句子： The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth asmeteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact. (TPO15, 46) recur /r'k/ v. 再发生，复发 periodically adv.定期地，周期性发生地 hypothesis /ha'pɑθss/ n. 假说，假设 deflect /d'flkt/ v. (使某物)运动转向;使某人改变原来的计划 meteor /'mit/ n. 流星 devastation /dev'sten/ n. 毁坏，荒废 impact /m'pækt/ n. 撞击，冲击;影响 such sth as/that...：(像後面提及的)那样的, 这样的 我是分界线，大家先测试一遍速读是否理解 The possibility (that mass extinctions may recur periodically) has given rise to such hypotheses as that (of a companion star)(with a long-period orbit) (deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits), (making some of them fall to Earth as meteors) and (causing widespread devastation upon impact). (TPO15, 46) 托福阅读长难句100句分析：

新托福长难句精析-名词性从句

1.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done． 解析：(三个what引导的从句，第一个作主语，第二个与第三个都作宾语；that至句末的部分作realization的同位语) 分句1：What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization 分句2：although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically 分句3：the materials by no means determine what is done． 2和3并列 1和2，3嵌套，2和3是1中the realization的同位语 译文：对人类学家有着特殊意义的是这样一种认识：尽管一个社会能够得到的材料可能在一定程度上限制或影响它在艺术上的作为，但这些材料绝对不能决定该社会所做的事情。 2. As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore． 解析：(同位语从句claims that…) 分句1：that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health 分句2：claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore 分句2嵌套分句1，分句1作为分句2主语的同位语从句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句是claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore. （那些观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。）同位语从句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康 译文：结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。 3.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like． 解析：(并列同位语从句reports that…，that…，that…) 分句1：There are numerous unsubstantiated reports 分句2：natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones 分句3：that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs 分句4：that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like 分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。译文：关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。

托福阅读：长难句翻译训练

托福阅读：长难句翻译训练 1. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half. 2. But it will be the driver’s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind. 3. However, you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. 4. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it. 5. Professor Taiju Matsuzawa wanted to find out why otherwise healthy farmers in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at a relatively early age, and how the process of ageing could he slowed down. 6. With a team of colleagues at Tokyo National University, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and varying occupations. 7. Computer technology enabled the researchers to obtain precise measurements of the volume of the front and side sections of the brain, which relate to intellect (智能) and emotion, and determine the human character. 8. Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was observed in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty and seventy-year-olds. 9. The findings show in general terms that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns. 10. White collar workers doing routine work in government offices are, however, as likely to have shrinking brains as the farm worker, bus driver and shop assistant. 1、系好安全带能够挽救性命，它能将丧生和重伤的概率减少一半以上。 2、但是司机有责任确保14岁以下的孩子不要坐在前排，除非他们系好了安全带。