托福长难句总结 TOEFL reading

1.Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is

made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.

2.For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their

well-being and abandoned them; nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

3.if the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension

to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.

4.The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the

tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

5.The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern

whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.

6.He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold

projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.

7.In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,

architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically.

8.Estimates indicate that the aquifer contains enough water to fill Lake Huron, but

unfortunately, under the semiarid climatic conditions that presently exist in the region, rates of addition to the aquifer are minimal, amounting to about half a centimeter a year.

9.Even the kind of stability defined as simple lack of change is not always associated with

maximum diversity.

10.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple,

Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive.

11.Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed

that the drawing of a human image could cause death or injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.

12.Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits' settling on the sea bottom—buries

the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas.

13.This scenario begins with the planting of hyper accumulating species in the target area

such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff.

14.Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the Pacific was settled by Polynesians

accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization expeditions that set out fully stocked with food and domesticated plants and animals

15.At one time, the animals present in these fossil beds were assigned to various modern

animal groups, but most paleontologists now agree that all Tommotian fossils represent unique body forms that arose in the early Cambrian period and disappeared before the end of the period, leaving no descendants in modern animal groups.

16.Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and

although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks, whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.

17.But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places,

it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world.

18.Physiological immaturity may be part of why infants and toddlers do not form extremely

enduring memories, even when they hear stories that promote such remembering in preschoolers.

19.As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the

Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean.

20.Like the stones of a Roman wall which were held together both by the regularity of the

design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls.

21.Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development,

Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron.

22.Many plants and animals disappear abruptly from the fossil record as one moves from

layers of rock documenting the end of the Cretaceous up into rocks representing the beginning of the Cenozoic (the era after the Mesozoic).

23.But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological

activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water.

24.Fladmark’s hypothesis received additional support for m from the fact that the greatest

diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.

25.There appear to be many unexplored matters about the motivation to reflect –for

example, the value of externally motivated reflection as opposed to that of teachers who might reflect by habit.

26.It is significant that the earliest living thing that built communities on these islands are

examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.

27.The tradition of religious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less

clearly delineated than that of stonewares or porcelains, for it embraces the old custom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images and architectural ornament.

28.Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change

with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.

29.He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was. in

fact, in the proper migratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements.

30.Most engravings, for example, are best lit from the left, as befits the work of

right-handed artists, who generally prefer to have the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.

31.Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective, a strain of critical opinion

in the 1920 s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon fade from sight, just as had many previous attempts, dating well back before the First World War, to link images with recorded sound.

32.Certainly, rational appeals in advertising aimed at children are limited, as most

advertisements use emotional and indirect appeals to psychological states or associations.

33.The explanation is that the Maya excavated depressions, or modified natural

depressions, and then plugged up leaks in the karst by plastering the bottoms of the depressions in order to create reservoirs, which collected rain from large plastered catchment basins and stored it for use in the dry season.

34.Inequalities of gender have also existed in pastoralist societies, but they seem to have

been softened by the absence of steep hierarchies of wealth in most communities, and also by the requirement that women acquire most of the skills of men, including, often, their military skills.

35.Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the

hardest rock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location.

36.In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the

flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to

pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself.

37.As among tribespeople, personal relationships and a careful weighing of character have

always been crucial in a mercantile economy with little regulation, where one's word is one's bond and where informal ties of trust cement together an international trade network.

38.Ramsay then studied a gas that was present in natural gas deposits and discovered that

it was helium, an element whose presence in the Sun had been noted earlier in the spectrum of sunlight but that had not previously been known on Earth.

39.The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects

the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create.

40.In the green-to-yellow lighting conditions of the lowest levels of the forest, yellow and

green would be the brightest colors, but when an animal is signaling, these colors would not be very visible if the animal was sitting in an area with a yellowish or greenish background.

41.The key factor in the success of these countries (along with high literacy, which

contributed to it) was their ability to adapt to the international division of labor determined by the early industrializers and to stake out areas of specialization in international markets for which they were especially well suited.

42.According to conventional theory, yawning takes place when people are bored or sleepy

and serves the function of increasing alertness by reversing, through deeper breathing, the drop in blood oxygen levels that are caused by the shallow breathing that accompanies lack of sleep or boredom.

43.In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large

number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy.

44.With "climax," "biome," "super organism," and various other technical terms for the

association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized, the term "ecosystem" was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated

organisms together with the physical factors of their environment.

45.Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural

selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them.

46.In the second case, pollinators obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has

its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only.

47.The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects

the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create.

48.The temperature increased dramatically in a short period of time (years rather than

centuries), allowing for a growth of the hunting-gathering population due to the abundance of resources.

49.Higher temperatures lead to the existence of increased to resources, thus enabling the

hunting and gathering population to grow.

50.Because the medium was so prolific, in the sense that it was possible to produce a

multitude of images very cheaply, it was soon treated as the poor relation of fine art, rather than its destined successor.

51.When broken open, Allende stones are revealed to contain an assortment of small,

distinctive objects, spherical or irregular in shape and embedded in a dark gray matrix(binding material), which were once constituents of the solar nebula-the interstellar cloud of gas and dust out of which our solar system was formed.

破解托福阅读理解长难句

破解托福阅读理解长难句 托福阅读理解难，难在长难句。如何破解长难句，是做好托福阅读理解的关键一环。破解长难句通常采用方法是找准主谓宾, 去除定状补，抓住长难句特点进行庖丁解牛是破解托福阅读理解长难句的又一制胜法宝。托福阅读理解长难句有以下六大类型： 1、主语、宾语拉长一般来讲，汉语主语比较简短。相比之下，英语中主语一旦拉长，就会增加读者的理解难度。解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。 例如：（1）The deserts, which already occupy approximately a fourth of the Earth’s land surface, have in recent decades been increasing at an alarming pace. (OG Practice 2) （2）The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St. Helens, in the northwestern United States, for example, pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans. 2、分词短语打头，句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式分词短语（包括现在分词和过去分词）做状语，这一句式比较常见，读者阅读时由于要区分短语和主语之间的逻辑关系，所以理解上有难度。并且分词短语本身往往由于掺入了插入语成分，理解上就更为困难。解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。 例如：Working of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Marland, Pennsylvania, the Conservancy’s Bud Smith is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection. ☆注意：介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。 例如：In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically. (TPO 14) 3、多个谓语动词连用简单句之所以简单是因为成分单一便于读者理解。而托福阅读理解中，出题人为增加阅读难度，就会把几个谓语动词放在一个句子当中。但是无论局势如何变化，英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。剔除细枝末节之后，句子也就好理解了。 例如：The same thing happens to this day, though on a smaller scale, wherever a sediment-laden river or stream emerges from a mountain valley onto relatively flat land, dropping its load as the current slows: the water usually spreads out fanwise, depositing the sediment in the form of a smooth, fan-shaped slope. (TPO Ground Water)

2020年托福阅读长难句100句：后置定语从句.doc

2020 年托福阅读长难句100 句：后置定语从句 我们知道 一个句子的主干 ( 主谓宾 ) 相当于它的骨架，识别了主干相当于抓住 了句子的主要信息 ; 而句子的其他修饰、说明及补充的部分 ( 定状补同等 ) 则相当于句子的血肉，血肉中往往包含了大量的附加信息。很多时候这些附加的信息对整句的理解起着辅助、增强甚至不可或缺的作用。 教学中作者发现下面这个句子常常困扰一些语法功底不错的考生： The physicist rightly dreads preciseargument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if theassumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument thatis convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations ofits underlying assumptions. 本句 since 之前的部分含有标准的 S(The physicist)+V(dreads)+O(argument) 结构，而 since 之后明显应该是原因 状语 ( 从句 ) 的部分，所以句首的 SVO就是整句的主句。下面我们来仔 细分析 since 后面的部分： 第一行末尾的 that 紧跟 an argument 之后，显然做 an argument 的后置定语从句。 that is convincing 是一个完整的主系表结构， only if 则引导了这个定语从句自身的 ( 即小级别 ) 条件状语从句 it is precise (仍是一个完整的主系表结构); 接下来我们遇到了 loses ，since 到 loses 之间是两个主系表从句，有各自的系动词，于是 loses 不属于这两个从句，只能与 an argument 对应，这个点也可从单复数上佐证。 loses 与后面的 all its force 形成动宾结构，其中it指代前文的an argument;

toefl长难句(完整资料).doc

【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】 1.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time for giving birth. 2.In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. 3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance. 4.The largest later named pueblo bonito by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1000 or more. 5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of large personal library of musical pieces. (not...so much as...与其说....不如说...) 6.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the word’s rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. 7.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.(要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助） 8.Science is built with facts just as a house built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks ac be called a house.

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析 译文)

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文 12月16日 1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface,the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans,in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space. (定语后置in some ways… 由于完全没有光,而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力,深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境,在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。 分句1:Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures 分句2:hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface 分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 分句4:in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures, 分句1是分句3的原因状语 分句3是整个长句子的主句 分句4是分句3的后置定语,修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是: 原因状语+主句+后置定语 这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分,但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。

托福阅读长难句解决方法解析.doc

托福阅读长难句解决方法解析 托福阅读长难句解决方法 首先：长句子。 A few art collectors Tames Bowdoin of Boston, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement. A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need. 对于这样一个句子，大家要做的就是找到这个句子的核心主干(即主谓宾)注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need，establish是及物动词，后面却加了介词in，说明此处有倒装，还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communities。倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语(即蓝色划线部分)太长，为了防止头重脚轻。 在原句中，是有人名是并列的不知道大家有没有发现，也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。其中还有一部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语，还一个部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectors。 综上所述，本句运用了多种语法结构(并列，倒装，同位语，后置定语，插入语)把主干部分分割得支离破碎，如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法，那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。 以上这个句子我们就可以这样翻译：几位艺术收藏家(此处省略几位艺术家名字)将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱负的艺术家们，并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。 其次：长文章 新托福阅读的文章篇幅一般都是在700字以上，而这么长的文章主要就是由简单句和一些复杂的长难句组成，除了句子理解外，为了更好的解题考生还应该了解文章段落和文章结构。面对比较长的段落和文章，要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息，做对题目，那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States的段落为例来讲解。

新托福长难句精析-抓五大基本句型

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托福阅读长难句178 2.0版

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