外文翻译--金属热处理

英文原文

HEAT TREATMENT OF METAL Annealing

The word anneal has been used before to describe heat-treating processes for softening and regaining ductility in connection with cold working of material. It has a similar meaning when used in connection with the heat treating of allotropic materials. The purpose of full annealing is o decrease hardness, increase ductility, and sometimes improve machinability of high carbon steels that might otherwise be difficult to cut. The treatment is also used to relieve stresses,refine grain size, and promote uniformity of structure throughout the material.

Machinability is not always improved by annealing. The word machinability is used to describe several interrelated factors, including the ability of a material to be cut with a good surface finish. Plain low carbon steels, when fully annealed, are soft and relatively weak , offering little resistance to cutting, but udually having sufficient ductility and toughness that acut chip tends to pull and tear the surface from which it is removed, leaving a comparatively poor quality surface, which results in a poor machinability rating.1 For such steels annealing may not be the most suitable treatment. The machinability of many of the higher plain carbon and most of the alloy steels can usually be greatly improyed by annealing, as they are often too hard and strong to be easily cut at any but their softest condition.2 The procedure for annealing hypoeutectoid steel is to heat slowly to approximately 60 above the Ac3 line,3°°to soak for a long enough period that the temperature equalizes throughout the material and homogeneous austenite is formed, and then to allow the steel to cool very slowly by cooling it in the fumace or burying it in lime ot some other insulating material. The slow cooling is easential to the precipitation of the maximum ferrite and the coarsest pearlite to place the steel in its softest, most ductile, and least strained condition.

Normalizing

The purpose of normalizing is somewhat similar to that of annealing with the exceptions that the steel is not reduced to its softest condition and the pearlite is left rather fine instead of coarse. Refinement of grain size, relief of internal stresses, and improvement of

structural uniformity together with recovery of some ductility provide high toughness qualities in normalized steel. The process is frequently used for improvement of machinability and for stress relief to reduce distortion that might occur with partial machining or aging.

The procedure for normalizing is to austenitize by slowly heating to approximately 80°above the Ao3 or Accm3 temperature for hypoeutectoid or hyereutectoid sreels, respectively.

Providing soaking time for the formation of austenite; and cooling slowly in still air, Note that the steels with more carbon than the eutectoid composition are heated abou the Accm instead of the Ac13 used for annealing. The purpose of normalizing is to attempt to dissolve all the cementite during austenitization to eliminate, as far as possible, the settling of hard, brittle iron carbide in the grain boundaries. The desired decomposition products are smallgrained, fine pearlite with a minimum of free ferrite and free cementite1 Spheroidizing

Minimum hardness and maximum ductility of steel can be produced by a process called spheroidizing, which causes the iron carbide to form in small spheres or nodules in a ferrite matrix. In order to start with small grains that spheroidize more readily, the process is usually performed on normalized steel. Several variations ofprocessing are used, but all require the holding of the steel near the A1 temperature {usually slightly below } for a number of hours to allow, the iron carbide to form on its more stable and lower energy state of small, rounded globules.

The main need for the process is to improve the machinability quality of high carbon steel and to pretreat hardened steel to help produce greater structural uniformity after quenching. Because of the lengthy treatment time and therefore rather high cost, spheroidizing is not performed nearly as much as annealing or normalizing.

Hardening of Steel

Most of the heat treatment hardening processes for steel ate based on the production of high percebtages of martensite.The first step,therefore, is that used for most of the other heat-treating processes—treatmentto produce austenite. Hypoeutectoid steels ate heated to approximately 60°above the Ac3 temperature and allowed to soak to obtain temperature uniformity and austenite homogeneity. Hypereutectoid steels ate soaked at about 60°above the Ac1 temperature,which leaves some iron carbide present in the material.

The second step involves cooling rapidly in an attempt to avoid pearlite transformation by missing the nose of the I—Tcurve.The cooling rate is determined by the temperature and ability of the quenching media to carry heat away from the surface of the material being quenched and by the conduction of heat through the material itself.Table 11—1 shows some of the commonly used media and the method of application to remove heat, arranged in order of decreasing cooling ability.

High temperature gradients contribute to high stresser that cause distortion and cracking, so the quench should only as extreme as is necessary to produce the desired structure. Care must be exercised in quenching that heat is removed uniformly to minimize thermal stresses. For example, a long slender bar should be end-quenched, that is, inserted into the qudenching medium vertically so that the entire section is subjected to temperature change at one time. If a shape of this kind were to be quenched in a way that caused one side to drop in tempeiature before the other, change of dimensions would likely cause high stresses producing plastic flow and permanent distortion.

Seyeral special types of quench are conducted to minimize quenching stresses and decrease the tendency for distortion and cracking. One of these is called martemoering and consists of quenching an austenitized steel in a salt at a temperature above that needed for the start of martensite formation (Ms).The steel being quenched is held in this bath until it is of uniform temperature but is removed before there is time for formation of bainite to

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4419213133.html,pletion of the cooling in air then causes the same hard martensite that would have formed with quenching from the high temperature,but the high thermal or “quench” stresses that are the primary source of cracks and warping will have been eliminated.

A similar process performed at a slightly higher temperature is called austempering.In this case the steel is held at the bath temperature for a longer period,and the result of the formation of bainite.The bainite structure is not as hard as the martensite that could be formed from the same composition,but in addition to reducing the thermal shock to which the steel would be subjected under normal hardening procedures,it is unnecessary to perform any further treatment to develop good impact resistance in the high hardness range.4 Tempering

A third step usually required to condition a hardened steel for swevice is tempering,or as it is sometimes referred to,drawing. With the exception of austempered steel,which is frequently used in the as—hardened condition,most steel are not serviceable “as quenched”.The drastic cooling to produce martensite causes the steel to be very hard and to contain both macroscopic internal stresses with the result that the material this little ductility and extreme brittleness. Reduction pg these faults is accomplished by reheating the steel to sometimes referred to, drawing. With the exception of austempered steel, which is frequently used in the as-hardened cognition, most steels are not serviceable “as quenched”, The drastic cooling to produce martensite causes the steel to be very hard and to contain both macroscopic and microscopic internal stresses with the result that the material has little ductility and extreme brittleness. Reduction of these faults is accomplished by reheating the steel to some point below the A1 (lower transformation) temperature.The structural changes caused by tempering of hardened steel are functions of both time and temperature, with temperature being the most important. It should be emphasized that tempering is not a hardening process, but is ,instead, the reverse. A tempered steel is one that has been hardened by heat treatment and then stress relieved, softened, and provided with increased ductility by reheating in the tempering or drawing procedure.

The magnitude of the structural changes and the change of properties caused bytempering depend upon the temperature to which the steel is reheated. The higher the temperature, the greater the effect, so the choice of temperature will generally depend on willingness to sacrifice hardenss and strength to gain ductility and toughness. Reheating to below 100°has little noticeable effect on hardened plain carbon steel. Between 100°and 200°,there is evidence of some structural changes. Above 200°marked changes in structure and properties appear . Prolonged heating at just under the A1 temperature will result in a spheroidized structure similar to that produced by the spheroidizing process.

In commercial tempering the temperature range of 250—425°C is usually avoided because of an unexplained embrittlement,or loss of ductility, that often occurs with steels tempered in this range of 425—600°C,particularly when cooled slowly from or through this range of temperature.when high temperature remperature tempering is necessary for these steels,they are usually headed to above600 ºC and quenched for rapid cooling. Quenches

from this temperature, of course ,do not cause hardening because austenitization has not been accomplished.

附录B

汉语翻译

金属热处理

一退火

在前面描述冷拔加工材料的软化并重新获得塑性的热处理方法时，就已使用退火这个词。当用于同素异晶材料的热处理时，该词具有相似的意义。完全退火的目的是降低塑性，有时也提高高碳钢的切削加工性能，否则这种钢很难加工。这种热处理方法也用于减少应力，细化晶粒，提高整个材料的结构均匀性。

退火不总是能提高切削加工性，切削加工性一词用来描述几个相关因素，包括材料切削时获得好的表面光洁度（即较小的表面粗糙度值）的能力。当完全退火时普通低碳钢硬度较低，强度较小，对切削的阻力较小，但通常由于塑性和韧性太大以至切削力开工件表面时会划伤表面，工件表面质量比较差，导致较差的切削加工性。对这类钢，退火可能不是最适合的处理方法。许多高碳钢和大多数合金钢加工性通常可经退火大大改善，因为除在最软条件下，它们的硬度和强度太高而不易加工。

亚共析钢的退火方法是将钢缓慢加热到Ac3线以上大约60°C，保温一段时间，使整个材料温度相同，形成均匀奥氏体，然后岁炉或埋在石灰或其他绝缘材料中缓慢冷却。要析出粗大铁素体和珠光体，使钢处于最软最韧和应变最小的状态，必须缓慢冷却。

二正火

正火的目的多少类似于退火，但钢不是最软状态且珠光体是细匀而不粗大。钢的正火能细化晶粒，释放内应力，改善结构均匀性同时恢复一些塑性，得到高的韧性。这种方法经常用于改进切削加工性，减少应力，减少因部分切削加工或时效产生的变形。

正火的方法是将亚析钢或过共析钢分别缓慢加热到Ac3线或Accm线上约80°C，保温一段时间以便形成奥氏体，并静止空气中缓冷。要注意，含碳量超过共析成分的钢要加热到Accm线以上，而不是退火时的Ac1线以上。正火的目的是在奥氏体化过程中试图溶解所有渗碳体，从而经可能减少晶界上的脆硬铁碳化合物，从而得到小晶粒的细珠光体最小自由铁素体和自由渗碳体。

三球化退火

通过球化退火可使钢得到最小的硬度和最大的塑性，它可使铁碳化合物以小球状分布在铁素体基体上，为了使小颗粒球化更容易，通常对正火钢进行球化退火。球化退火可用几种不同的方法，但所有的方法都需要在A1 线温度附近（通常略低）保温很长时间，使铁碳化合物形成更稳定能级较低的小圆球。

球化退火的方法的主要目的是改进高碳钢的切削加工性，并对脆硬钢进行热处理，使其淬火后结构更均匀。因为热处理时间长，因此成本高，球化退火不如退火或正火常用。

四钢的硬化

钢的大多数热处理硬化方法是基于产生高比例的马氏体。因此，第一步用的是大多数其它热处理方法—产生奥氏体。亚共析钢加热到Ac3温度以上大约是60°C，进行保温，使温度均布，奥氏体均匀。过共析钢在Ac1线温度以上大约60°C保温，钢中仍残留部分铁碳化合物。

第二步是快速冷却，力图避免在等温曲线鼻部产生珠光体转变。冷却速度取决于温度和淬火时淬火介质从钢表面带走热量的能力以及钢本身传热的能力。

高的温度阶梯产生高应力，会引起变形和开裂，所以淬火只有在特定结构时才使用。淬火时必须小心，使热量均匀扩散以减少热应力。比如一个细长棒需端部淬火，即将它垂直插入冷却介质中，这样整个截面同时产生温度变化。如果这种形状的工件的某一边比另一边早降温，尺寸变化很可能引起很高的应力，产生塑性流动和永久变形。

用几种特殊的淬火方法可减少淬火应力，减少变形开裂倾向。一种称为分级淬火，其方法是：将奥氏体钢放入温度高于马氏体转变起始温度（Ms）的盐浴中，放置一定的时间直到温度均匀，再开始形成贝氏体之前取出，然后放在空气中冷却，产生与从高温开始淬火时同样硬的马氏体，而导致开裂和翘曲的高的热应力或淬火应力已经被消除。

在略高一点的温度下的类似方法称为等温淬火，这是将钢放在盐浴中，保持很长时间，等温处理的结果是形成贝氏体。贝氏体结构不如在同样成分时形成的马氏体硬，但除了减少钢在正常淬火时受到热冲击外，不需要进一步处理，就可以获得在高硬度时好的冲击韧性。

五回火

调整脆硬钢以便使用的第三步通常是回火。除了等温淬火钢通常在淬火状态下使用外，大多数钢都不能在淬火状态下使用。为了产生马氏体而采取的激冷使钢很硬，产生宏观内应力和微观内应力，使材料的塑性很低，脆性极大。为减少这种危害，可通过将钢加热到A1线（低温转变）以下某一温度。淬火钢回火时产生的结构是时间和温度的函数，其中温度是最重要的。必须要强调，回火不是硬化方法，而是刚好相反。回火钢是将经热处理硬化的钢，通过回火时的再加热，来释放应力软化和提高塑性。

回火引起的结构变化和性能改变取决于钢重新加热的温度。温度越高，效果越大，所以温度的选择通常取决于牺牲硬度和强度换取塑性和韧性的程度。重新加热到100°C以下，对淬火普碳钢影响不大，在100°C到200°C之间，结构会发生某些改变，在200°C以上，结构和性能显著变化，在紧靠着A1温度以下的长时间加热会产生与球化退火过程类似的球化结构。

在工业上，通常要避免在250°C到425°C范围内回火，因为这个范围内回火的钢经常会产生无法解释的脆性或塑性丧失现象。一些合金钢在425°C到600°C范围内，会产生“回火脆性”，特别是从（或通过）这个温度范围缓慢冷却时会出现。当这些钢必须高温回火时，它们通常加热到600°C 以上并快速冷却。当然，从这个温度快冷不会产生硬化，因为没有进行奥氏体化。

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外文翻译--金属热处理

英文原文 HEAT TREATMENT OF METAL Annealing The word anneal has been used before to describe heat-treating processes for softening and regaining ductility in connection with cold working of material. It has a similar meaning when used in connection with the heat treating of allotropic materials. The purpose of full annealing is o decrease hardness, increase ductility, and sometimes improve machinability of high carbon steels that might otherwise be difficult to cut. The treatment is also used to relieve stresses,refine grain size, and promote uniformity of structure throughout the material. Machinability is not always improved by annealing. The word machinability is used to describe several interrelated factors, including the ability of a material to be cut with a good surface finish. Plain low carbon steels, when fully annealed, are soft and relatively weak , offering little resistance to cutting, but udually having sufficient ductility and toughness that acut chip tends to pull and tear the surface from which it is removed, leaving a comparatively poor quality surface, which results in a poor machinability rating.1 For such steels annealing may not be the most suitable treatment. The machinability of many of the higher plain carbon and most of the alloy steels can usually be greatly improyed by annealing, as they are often too hard and strong to be easily cut at any but their softest condition.2 The procedure for annealing hypoeutectoid steel is to heat slowly to approximately 60 above the Ac3 line,3°°to soak for a long enough period that the temperature equalizes throughout the material and homogeneous austenite is formed, and then to allow the steel to cool very slowly by cooling it in the fumace or burying it in lime ot some other insulating material. The slow cooling is easential to the precipitation of the maximum ferrite and the coarsest pearlite to place the steel in its softest, most ductile, and least strained condition. Normalizing The purpose of normalizing is somewhat similar to that of annealing with the exceptions that the steel is not reduced to its softest condition and the pearlite is left rather fine instead of coarse. Refinement of grain size, relief of internal stresses, and improvement of

英语翻译

UNIT 1 材料的类型 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。 就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程材料。 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。 工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料，等等。 金属和金属合金 金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素。许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。某些金属能被磁化，例如铁、钴和镍。在极低的温度下，某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体。 合金与纯金属的区别是什么？纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪箔及饮料罐的铝。合金包含不止一种金属元素。合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变。金属合金的例子有：不锈钢是一种铁、镍、铬的合金，以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金。 为什么要使用金属和合金？许多金属和合金具有高密度，因此被用在需要较高质量体积比的场合。某些金属合金，例如铝基合金，其密度低，可用于航空航天以节约燃料。许多合金还具有高断裂韧性，这意味着它们能经得起冲击并且是耐用的。 金属有哪些重要特性？ 密度定义为材料的质量与其体积之比。大多数金属密度相对较高，尤其是和聚合物相比较而言。高密度材料通常由较大原子序数原子构成，例如金和铅。然而，诸如铝和镁之类的一些金属则具有低密度，并被用于既需要金属特性又要求重量轻的场合。 断裂韧性可以描述为材料防止断裂特别是出现缺陷时不断裂的能力。金属一般能在有缺口和凹痕的情况下不显著削弱，并且能抵抗冲击。橄榄球运动员据此相信他的面罩不会裂成碎片。 塑性变形就是在断裂前弯曲或变形的能力。作为工程师，设计时通常要使材料在正常条件下不变形。没有人愿意一阵强烈的西风过后自己的汽车向东倾斜。 然而，有时我们也能利用塑性变形。汽车上压皱的区域在它们断裂前通过经历塑性变形来吸收能量。 金属的原子连结对它们的特性也有影响。在金属内部，原子的外层阶电子由所有原子共享并能到处自由移动。由于电子能导热和导电，所以用金属可以制造好的烹饪锅和电线。 因为这些阶电子吸收到达金属的光子，所以透过金属不可能看得见。没有光子能通过金属。 合金是由一种以上金属组成的混合物。加一些其它金属能影响密度、强度、断裂韧性、塑性变形、导电性以及环境侵蚀。 例如，往铝里加少量铁可使其更强。同样，在钢里加一些铬能减缓它的生锈过程，但也将使它更脆。 陶瓷和玻璃 陶瓷通常被概括地定义为无机的非金属材料。照此定义，陶瓷材料也应包括玻璃；然而许多材料科学家添加了“陶瓷”必须同时是晶体物组成的约定。 玻璃是没有晶体状结构的无机非金属材料。这种材料被称为非结晶质材料。 陶瓷和玻璃的特性 高熔点、低密度、高强度、高刚度、高硬度、高耐磨性和抗腐蚀性是陶瓷和玻璃的一些有用特性。 许多陶瓷都是电和热的良绝缘体。某些陶瓷还具有一些特殊性能：有些是磁性材料，有些是压电材料，还有些特殊陶瓷在极低温度下是超导体。陶瓷和玻璃都有一个主要的缺点：它们容易破碎。 陶瓷一般不是由熔化形成的。因为大多数陶瓷在从液态冷却时将会完全破碎(即形成粉末)。 因此，所有用于玻璃生产的简单有效的—诸如浇铸和吹制这些涉及熔化的技术都不能用于由晶体物组成

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速钢的锻件、焊接件以及供应状态不合格的原材料；2.一般在毛坯状态进行退火。 2.正火 操作方法：将钢件加热到Ac3或Acm 以上30-50度，保温后以稍大于退火的冷却速度冷却。 目的：1.降低硬度，提高塑性，改善切削加工与压力加工性能； 2.细化晶粒，改善力学性能，为下一步工序做准备； 3.消除冷、热加工所产生的内应力。 应用要点：正火通常作为锻件、焊接件以及渗碳零件的预先热处理工序。对于性能要求不高的低碳的和中碳的碳素结构钢及低合金钢件，也可作为最后热处理。对于一般中、高合金钢，空冷可导致完全或局部淬火，因此不能作为最后热处理工序。 3.淬火 操作方法：将钢件加热到相变温度Ac3或Ac1以上，保温一段时间，然后在水、硝盐、油、或空气中快速冷却。 目的：淬火一般是为了得到高硬度的马氏体组织，有时对某些高合金钢（如不锈钢、耐磨钢）淬火时，则是为了得到单一均匀的奥氏体组织，以提高耐磨性和耐蚀性。 应用要点：1.一般用于含碳量大于百分之零点三的碳钢和合金钢； 2.淬火能充分发挥钢的强度和耐磨性潜力，但同时会造成很大的内应力，降低钢的塑性和冲击韧度，故要进行回火以得到较好的综合力学性能。

翻译 钢的热处理

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the critical temperature and (b) very slow cooling, usually in the furnace. Normalizing Normalizing is identical with annealing, except that the steel is air cooled; this is much faster than cooling in a furnace. Steel is normalized to refine grain size, make its structure more uniform, or to improve machinability. Hardening Hardening is carried out y quenching a steel, that is, cooling it rapidly from a temperature above the transformation temperature. Steel is quenched in water or brine for the most rapid cooling, in oil for some alloy steels, and in air for certain higher alloy steels. After steel is quenched, it is usually very hard and brittle; it may even crack if dropped. To make the steel more ductile, it must be tempered. Tempering Tempering consistes of reheating a quenched steel to a suitable temperature below the transformation temperature for an appropriate time and cooling back to room temperature. How this process makes steel tough will be discussed later. Stress relieving Stress relieving is the heating of steel to a temperature below the transformation temperature, as in tempering, but is done primarily to relieve internal stress and thus prevent distortion or cracking during machining.

金属的热处理外文翻译

外文资料翻译 Heat Treatment of Metal The generally accepted definition for heat treating metals and metal alloys is “heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in a way so as to obtain specific conditions and I or properties.”Heating for the sole purpose of hot working(as in forging operations) is excludedfrom this definition．Likewise，the types of heat treatment that are sometimes used for productssuch as glass or plastics are also excluded from coverage by this definition．Transformation Curves. The basis for heat treatment is the time-temperature-transformation curves or TTT curveswhere，in a single diagram all the three parameters are plotted．Because of the shape of thecurves，they are also sometimes called C-curves or S-curves． Material forming processes In this section，a short description of the process examples will begiven. But assembly andjoining processes are not described here. Forging Forging can be characterized as: mass conserving, solid state of work material (metal), andmechanical primary basic process-plastic deformation. A wide variety of forging processes areused, and Fig.9.1(a) shows the most common of these: drop forging. The metal is heated to asuitable working temperature and placed in the lower die cavity. The upper die is then lowered sothat the metal is forced to fill the cavity.

材料科学专业英语第二章翻译

ferrous alloys 铁合金 More than 90% by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloy. This represents an immense family of engineering materials with a wide range of microstructures and related properties. The majority of engineering designs that require structural load support or power transmission involve ferrous alloys. As a practical matter, those alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition. Steel generally contains between wc=0.05% and wc=4.5%. 超过90%的重量的金属材料使用的人类是铁合金。这是一个巨大的工程材料的家庭与广泛的微观结构和相关的属性。大部分的工程设计,需要结构性的负载支持或电力传输涉及铁合金。作为一个实际问题,这些合金分为两大类基于碳在合金成分。钢一般包含在wc = 0.05%和wc = 4.5%。 Within the steel category,we shall other than carbon is used.A compositon of 5% total noncarbon high alloy steels. Those alloy additions are chosen carefully becouse they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs. They are justified only by essential improvements in improvements such as higher strength or improved corrosion resistance 在钢的类别,我们将使用碳。写的5%的总无碳高合金钢。这些合金添加的内容都是经过精心挑选因为他们总是携带材料成本大幅增加。他们是合理的只有基本的改进在进步,如高强度或改进的耐蚀性 2.1.1The earth contains a large number of metals which are useful to man. One of the most important of these is iron. Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal, either in the form of iron or in the from of steel. A certain number of non-ferrous metals, including aluminum and zinc, are also important, but even today the majority of our engineering products are of iron or steel. Moreover, iron possesses magnetic properties, which have made the development of electrical power possible.地球包含大量的金属是有用的人。其中最重要的是铁。现代工业需要大量这样的金属,无论是在形式的铁或钢的.一定数量的有色金属,包括铝和锌,也很重要,但即使是在今天,我们的大部分工程产品的铁或钢。此外,铁具有磁特性,使电力可能的发展. the iron which we find on earth is not pure.it contains some impurities that must be removed by smelting. the process of smelting. consists of heating the ore in a blast furnace with coke and limestone, andreducing it to metal.铁,我们发现在地球上不纯。它包含一些杂质,必须被冶炼。这个过程的冶炼.由加热矿石与焦炭在高炉和石灰石,以及减少它的金属 blasts of not air enter the furnace from the bottom and provide the oxygen that is necessary for thereduction of the ore.爆炸的不是空气进入炉从底部,并提供了氧气,这是必要的森林采伐量减少矿石. The ore becomes molten,and its oxides combine with carbon from the coke.the non-metallic constituents of the ore combine with the limestone to form a liquid slag. This floats top of the molten iron,and passes out of the furnace athrough a tap.the metal which remains is pig iron.矿石变成熔融,及其氧化物结合碳从可口可乐. 非金属成分的矿石结合灰岩形成液态渣. 这花车顶部的熔铁,然后流出炉通过一个水龙头,金属仍是生铁. We can melt this down again in another furnace a cupola with more coke and limestone, and tap it out into a ladle or directly into molds. This is cast iron. Cast iron does not have the strength of steel. It is brittle and may fracture under tension. But it possesses certain properties that make it very useful in the manufacture of machinery. In the molten state it is very fluid, therefore, it is easy to cast it into intricate shapes. 我们可以融化这下又在另一个炉的圆顶和更多的可口可乐和石灰石,轻敲出一个包或直接进入模具。这是铸铁。铸铁没有钢的强度。它是脆弱和可能断裂在张力。但它具有特定的属性,使它非常有用的生产机械。在熔融状态很流畅,因此,很容易铸造成复杂的形状。 Also it is easy to machine it. Cast iron contains small proportions of other substances. These non-metallic constituents of cast iron include carbon, silicon and sulphur, and the presence of these substances affects the behavior of the metal. Iron which contains a negligible quantity of carbon, for example, wrought iron behaves differently form iron which contains a lot of carbon. 也很容易机它。铸铁包含小比例的其他物质。这些非金属的成分铸铁包括碳、硅、硫,这些物质的存在影响行为的金属。铁,包含一个微不足道的碳的数量,例如铁艺行为不同形式铁含有大量的碳。The carbon in cast iron is present partly as free graphite and partly as a chemical combination of iron and carbon which is called cementite. This is a very hard substance, and it makes the iron hard too. However, iron can only hold about 1.5% of cementite. Any