语言学选择题(附答案)
语言学
1.__A__ is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.
A. Phonology
B. Lexicography
C. Lexicology
D. Morphology
2. __C__ is defined as the scientific study of language, studying language in general.
A. Psycholinguistics
B. Neurolinguistics
C. Linguistics
D. Phonetics
3. Which of the linguistic items listed below is best described as the smallest unit of meaning? B
A. the word
B. the morpheme
C. the phoneme
D. the clause
4. A prefix is an affix which appears __B__.
A. after the stem
B. before the stem
C. in the middle of the stem
D. below the stem
5. Which of the following is true? __C__
A. Phonetics is the study of pronunciation.
B. Phonetics is the scientific study of the movement of sound waves.
C. Phonetics is the scientific study of the sounds of language.
D. Phonetics is the scientific study of the organs of speech.
6. ―What’s in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet
So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,‖ (Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2, 43~5)
To what characteristic of language dose Shakespeare refer? __D__
A. Creativity
B. Productivity
C. Duality
D. Arbitrariness
7. Language, as a system, consists of two sets of structures or two levels, which is known as __A__, one of a design features of human language.
A. Duality
B. Displacement
C. Productivity
D. Arbitrariness
8. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are __D__.
A. phonemes
B. phones
C. sounds
D. allophones
9. What is complementary distribution? __A__
A. Different places of occurrence of allophones within a word.
B. When a phone can only occur at the end of a word.
C. When an allophone occurs at the beginning of a word.
D. Contrastive distribution of allophones
10. __D__ deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.
A. Morpheme
B. V ocabulary
C. Root
D. Lexicon
1. Cold and hot are called __B__ antonyms.
A. complementary
B. gradable
C. reversal
D. converse
2. ―I regret that I can’t help you.‖ This is an example of __C__.
A. representatives
B. directives
C. expressives
D. commissives
3. What is the duality of the language? __D__
A. Letters and sounds
B. Sounds and symbols
C. Symbols and meaning
D. sounds and meaning
4. ―I bought some roses‖ __A__ ―I bought some flowers‖.
A. entails
B. presupposes
C. is inconsistent with
D. is synonymous with
5. Of the following linguists, __C__ should be grouped into Prague School.
A. Bloomfield
B. Saussure
C. Jakobson
D. Firth
6. Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writing
ability, which is often referred to as acquired __C__.
A. diglossia
B. aphasia
C. dyslexia
D. dysgraphia
7. __A__ A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for the spelling and word use.
A. Samuel Johnson’s
B. Bishop Lowth’s
C. Firth’s
D. Samuel John’s
8. What is phonology? __B__
A. The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received
B. The study of the function, behavior and organization of speech sounds as linguistic items.
C. The study of the International Phonetic Alphabet.
D. The study of all possible speech sounds.
9. The morpheme ―cast‖ in the common word ―telecast‖ is a (n) __D__.
A. bound morpheme
B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free morpheme
10. A phoneme is __D__.
A. a set of different realization of a phone
B. a set of contrastive allophones in free variation
C. a set of phones in complementary distribution
D. a set of phonetically similar noncontrastive phones
1. Firstly, to which of these language groups dose English belong? __A__
A. Germanic
B. Slavonic
C. romance
D. Baltic
2. What is defined as ―the study of sentence structure‖? __D__
A. Morphology
B. Semantics
C. Phonology
D. Syntax
3. According to Krashen, __D__ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language
by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.
A. learning
B. competence
C. performance
D. acquisition
4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix ―ed‖ in the word ―learned‖ is known as a(n) __C__.
A. derivational morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. inflectional morpheme
D. free form
5. __C__ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language, especially those items which have clear semantic references.
A. Phonology
B. Lexicology
C. Morphology
D. Lexicography
6. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, __A__ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference,
overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.
A. interlanguage
B. interference
C. language transfer
D. linguistic relativity
7. __A__ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.
A. Arbitrariness
B. Abstractness
C. Ambiguity
D. Fuzziness
8. The term __B__ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change
over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. comparative
D. historical comparative
9. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound that follows or precedes it, it is said to be
__D__.
A. nasalized
B. voiced
C. aspirated
D. assimilated
10. F. de Saussure is a (n) __C__ linguist.
A. American
B. British
C. Swiss
D. Russian
1. N. Chomsky is a (n) __A__ linguist.
A. American
B. Canada
C. Swiss
D. French
2. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: __B__ and ____.
A. Linguistic description, Linguistic determinism
B. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic relativity
C. Linguistic relativity, Linguistic description
D. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic performance
3. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and used by p eople who speak different language for
restricted purpose is __A__.
A. pidigin
B. creole
C. dialect
D. blends
4. By __B__, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, e.g. ―pin‖ and ―bin‖.
A. complementally distribution
B. minimal pair
C. Adjacency pair
D. code—switching
5. When two sounds never occur in the same environment they said to be in __A__.
A. complementary distribution
B. free variation
C. co-occurrence
D. minimal pair
6. __D__ century is considered to be the beginning of Modern English.
A. 18th
B. 17th
C. 19th
D. 16th
7. Conventionally a __B__ is put in slashes.
A. allophone
B. phoneme
C. phone
D. morpheme
8. __D__ is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that the only things valid enough to confirm or
refute o scientific theory are interpersonally observable phenomena, rather than people’s introspections or intuitions.
A. Mentalism
B. Functional grammar
C. Case grammar
D. Behaviorism
9. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of
action are called __C__.
A. expressives
B. directives
C. commisives
D. declaratives
*10. A __C__ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.
A. morpheme
B. word
C. root
D. phoneme
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __C__.
A. a particular language
B. the English language
C. human language in general
D. the system of a particular language
2. __A__ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.
A. Interlanguage
B. Ideology
C. Dialect
D. Interference
3. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called __ B__ rule.
A. Deletion
B. Sequential
C. superasegmental
D. Assimilation
4. ―There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to‖. This is the __B__ view concerning the study of meaning.
A. naming theory
B. conceptualist
C. contextualist
D. behaviorist
5. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of __A__.
A. manner of articulation
B. openness of mouth
C. place of articulation
D. voicing
6. According to Chomsky, __A__ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.
A. competence
B. parole
C. performance
D. langue
7. __A__ is not a suprasegmental feature.
A. Aspiration
B. Intonation
C. Stress
D. Tone
8. __A__ is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1language in their learning process.
A. Language transfer
B. Blending
C. Interference
D. Cooperative
9. __C__ are affixes added to an existing form to create a new word, e.g. in-,-er.
A. inflectional morpheme
B. free morpheme
C. derivational morpheme
D. root
10. Writing is the secondary language form based on __B__.
A. sound
B. speech
C. gesture
D. sign
1. __C__ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.
A. Semantics
B. Sociolinguistics
C. Pragmatics
D. Linguistics
2. Morphemes that represent ―tense‖, ―number‖, ―gender‖, ―case‖ and so on are called __A__ morphemes.
A. inflectional
B. free
C. bound
D. derivational
3. Which of the following is not a compound word? __C__
A. clearway
B. rainbow
C. scarcity
D. without
4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by process of learning, and not genetically is referred to as __A__.
A. culture transmission
B. performance
C. competence
D. acquisition
5. __C__ is the language of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.
A. Old Norse
B. Cletic
C. Old English
D. Middle English
6. A group of two or more consonants together in a syllable is called a (n) __C__.
A. arresting cluster
B. releasing cluster
C. consonant cluster
D. syllable
7. The semantic features of the word ―woman‖ can be expressed as __C__.
A. +ANIMA TE, -- HUMAN, +ADUL T, +MALE
B. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, -- ADUL T, + MALE
C. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, + ADULT, -- MALE
D. + ANIMA TE, -- HUMAN, -- ADUL T, -- MALE
8. __A__ is to refer to an auxiliary language used to enable routine communication to take place between groups of people who speak different native languages.
A. Lingua franca
B. Dialect
C. Pidgin
D. Ethnic dialect
9. __A__ is the study of the relationship between brain and language, including research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning.
A. Neurolinguistics
B. Psyhcholingistics
C. Applied Linguistics
D. Sociolinguistics
10. Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally dates from the __B__ of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure.
A. Syntactic structure
B. Cours de Linguitique General
C. De Lingua Latina
D. Language and Mind
1.According to the strong version of the __A__ hypothesis, language determines speakers’ perceptions and
patterns their way of life.
A. Sapir Whorf
B. input
C. Grim
D.Innateness
2. Which of the following is true? __D__
A. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.
B. A compound is the combination of only two words.
C. The division of English into old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not
arbitrary.
D. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later
on.
3. Which of the following statements is not true? __D__
A. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
B. Language is human specific
C. Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints
D.The first language was invented by Adam, the first man.
4. A group of people who do in fact have the opportunity to interact with each other and who share not just a single language with its related varieties but also attitudes to- ward linguistic norms are defined as __B__.
A. speech variety
B. speech community
C. register
D. sociolect
5. ―Y our money or your life?‖ is an example of __C__.
A. representative
B. expressive
C. directives
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/455613661.html,missives
6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used to separate [p] and [b]? _D_
A. stop
B. fricatives
C. bilabial
D.voiced
7. __D__ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language particularly those items which have clear semantic references.
A. Lexicography
B. Phonology
C. Lexicology
D.Morphology
8. __C__ theorized that acquisition of language is an innate process determined by biological factors which limit the important period for acquisition of a language from roughly two years of age to puberty.
A. Input hypothesis
B. Interaction hypothesis
C. Critical period hypothesis
D.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
9. An example of __C__ would be the change in meaning undergone by the OE word, docga, modern day dog. In OE docga referred to a particular breed of dog, while in modern usage it refers to the class of dogs as a whole.
A. semantic degradations
B. semantic reductions
C. semantic extensions
D. semantic elevation
10. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a built – in set of rules, which have the specific function of enabling her to construct the grammar of her mother tongue. This view is to be seen as __C__.
A. Input hypothesis
B. X-theory
C. Language acquisition device
D.Universal grammar
1. ―Old‖ and ―Y oung‖ are a pair of __D__ opposites.
A. complementary
B. relational
C. converse
D. gradable
2. Systemic-Functional Grammar, one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, is put forward by __B__.
A. Chomsky
B. Halliday
C. Firth
D.Malinowski
3. V owels that are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel are called __D__ vowel.
A. back
B. front
C. unrounded
D.central
4. From Halliday’s viewpoint, language is a form of realization of __D__ rather than a form of realization
of______.
A. knowing, doing
B. thinking, knowing
C. doing, thinking
D.doing, knowing
5. __D__ believes that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.
A. The innatist
B. The interactionist
C. The behaviorist
D.The mentalist
6.__C__studies the physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between mouth and ear.
A. Articulatory phonetics
B. Physiological phonetics
C Acoustic phonetics D. Auditory phonetics
7. Creativity refers to __B__.
A. the unconscious knowledge that language users have in their minds
B. the capacity of language users to produce and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences
C. a property claimed to be characteristic of all languages
D. animals’ capacity to learn more than one human language
8. Fossilization is a process _ A_.
A. in which incorrect linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s competence
B. in which incorrect as well as correct linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s co mpetence,
but the correct items gradually delete the incorrect items
C. which can happen as a result of teachers’ disapproval of an incorrect item
D.A and C are correct
9. ―Competence‖ refers to __B__.
A. knowledge of meaning of words and sentences
B. a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her language
C. the actual use of a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her language
D. the laws that pertain to all languages throughout the world
10. __A__ refers to unintentionally deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker.
A. An error
B. A mistake
C. A slip of the tongue
D. Fossilization
1. __C__ is a multiword construction that is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituents.
A. semantic component
B. collocation
C. idiom
D. reference
2. The distinction between langue and parole is similar to that between __B__.
A. prescriptive and descriptive
B. competence and performance
C. speech and writing
D. synchronic and diachronic
3. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as __A__.
A. open class words
B. grammatical words
C. closed class words
D. function words
4. What is the meaning relationship between the two words ―furniture/bed‖? __B__
A. polysemy
B. hyponymy
C. homonymy
D. antonymy
5. Which description of componential analysis for the word ―woman‖ is right? __B__
A. +human,-adult, -male
B. +human, + adult, -male
C. +human, + adult, +male
D. +human, -adult, +male
6. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a __B__.
A. regional dialect
B. register
C. field
D. repertoire
7. In structural grammar, distributional analysis is used to define __D__, which are taken as the basic building blocks.
A. morphemes
B. words
C. syllable
D. phonemes
8. ―Speech Act Theory‖ was proposed by __D__ in 1962.
A. Saussure
B. Chomsky
C. Jane Austin
D. John Austin
9. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was __D__ grammar.
A. speculative
B. traditional
C. structural
D. transformational-generative
10. __A__ refers to the tendency of many learners to stop developing their inter-language grammar in the direction of the target language.
A. Fossilization
B. Error analysis
C. Overgeneralization
D. Interference
1. The most recognizable difference between American English and British English are in __D__ and vocabulary.
A. structure
B. grammar
C. usage
D. pronunciation
2. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of __C__, the nature of which is determined by context.
A. context
B. pragmatics
C. speech act
D. semantics
3. A(n) __A__ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. ―pass away‖ for ―die‖.
A. euphemisms
B. delete
C. coinage
D. taboo
4. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, __B__ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.
A. transfer
B. bilingualism
C. diglossia
D. inter-language
5. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in __D__.
A. relationship
B. dependence
C. sentence
D. context
6.__C__ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.
A. cultural transmission
B. duality
C. displacement
D. productivity
7. Traditional grammarians begin with __B__ definition of the sentence and components.
A. structural
B. notional
C. descriptive
D. prescriptive
8. __A__ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.
A. Speech community
B. A race
C. A society
D. A country
9. __A__ invasions established three major groups in England: Saxons, Angles and Jutes.
A. Germanic
B. Norman
C. French
D. Roman
10. Japanese is the only major language that uses __D__ writing system.
A. a word-writing
B. a logographic
C. an alphabetic
D. a syllabic
1. __C__ is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e. a word or group of words, which serves as a definable ―center‖ or ―head‖.
A. Exocentric construction
B. Coordination
C. Endocentric construction
D. Collocation
2. Of the following linguists, __A__ should not be grouped into American school.
A. Firth
B. Sapir
C. Bloomfield
D. Boas
3. When people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, we say they learn a foreign language with a (n) __D__.
A. intrinsic motivation
B. resultative motivation
C. integrative motivation
D. instrumental motivation
4. What is the sense relation in the sentence ―M y unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.‖ __B__
A. Presuppose
B. Contradiction
C. Entailment
D. Inconsistent
5. ---TRUTH.
---Do not say what you believe to be false.
---Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
Those can be defined as the features of __B__ of Gricean maxims.
A. maxim of quantity
B. maxim of quality
C. maxim of relation
D. maxim of manner
6. __C__ caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words.
A. Intonation
B. Stress
C. Tone
D.Aspiration
7. __C__ is a socially prestigious dialect that is supported by institutions.
A. Ethnic dialect
B. Ideolect
C. Standard dialect
D. Creole
8. Which of the following country are those loanwords ―garage, champion, beauty, parliament‖ borrowed from
__D__.
A. Latin
B. Dutch
C. German
D.French
9. In the sentence ―The angry man went furiously through the rooms.‖ The first division into immediate constitute should be between __B__.
A. angry and man
B. man and went
C. furiously and through
D. The and angry
10. __C__ refers to the effect of the utterance.
A. Illocutionary act
B. Locutionary act
C. Perlocutionary act
D. Speech act
1. The consonant sound /p/ is described as __A__.
A. voiceless bilabial stop
B. voiceless alveolar stop
C. voiced bilabial stop
D.voiced alveolar stop
2. A new word created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part is referred to as __C__.
A. acronym
B. borrowing
C. clipping
D.blending
3. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in
__C__.
A. right hemispheres
B. front hemispheres
C. left hemispheres
D.back hemispheres
4. ―A language pattern which occurs in all known language‖ is called __C__.
A. a phonemic representation
B. a phonetic representation
C. a language universal
D. language change
5. In the sentence-------―The child found the puppy‖, __C__ is not a constituent.
A. The child
B. found the puppy
C. found the
D. the puppy
6. A __A__ is a word or phrase which people use in place of terms which they consider to be more disagreeable or offensive to themselves and /or to their audience.
A. Euphemism
B. metaphor
C. denotation
D.jargon
7. __C__ is the learner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community.
A. Acquisition
B. Assimilation
C. Acculturation
D. Articulation
8. What is the relationship between the two words ―flower / rose‖? __C__
A. Homonymy
B. Antonymy
C. hyponymy
D. Polysemy
9. The function of the sentence ―How are you?‖ __D__
A. directive
B. informative
C. performative
D. phatic
10. Homonyms __C__.
A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic features
B. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic features
C. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic features
D. are two words that all but one of semantic features in common
1. The distinction between language and parole is proposed by __B__.
A. Halliday
B. Saussure
C. Chomsky
D. Firth
2. In the following dialogue, the maxim of __C__ is not observed.
A. What time is it?
B. It’s terribly cold in here.
A. quality
B. quantity
C. relevance
D. manner
3. __B__ are linguistic units larger than sentences.
A. Moves
B. Discourses
C. Topics
D. Tendencies
4. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? _A_
A. single/married
B. big/small
C. hot / cold
D. old /young
5. Usually __A__ refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well.
A. applied linguistics
B. theoretical linguistics
C. contextual linguistics
D. general linguistics
6. Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as ―cat‖ and ―rat‖, are known as a __D__.
A. distinctive feature
B. argument
C. code
D. minimal pair
7. __D__ is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics.
A. Saussure
B. Halliday
C. Chomsky
D. Labov
8. __C__ is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue.
A. IPA
B. IC Analysis
C. SLA
D. TG
9. The __C__ is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.
A. bound morpheme
B. affix
C. root
D. prefix
10. In terms of S earle’s classification system of illocutionary acts, the sentence ―Ten bucks say that The Y ankee will win the game.‖ used to bet belongs to __A__.
A. representative
B. commissive
C. directive
D. declaration
1. Three factors involved in describing vowels are __B__.
A. place of articulation / part of the tongue raised / voicing
B. tongue height / part of the tongue raised / lip rounding
C. articulators / extreme vowel positions / tongue position
D. teeth position / alveolar ridge position / voicing
2. In __C__ the structure of words is studied.
A. phonetics
B. phonology
C. morphology
D. syntax
3. Which one is not a source of error? __D__
A the native language B. the target language
C. learner’s style of thinking
D. none
4. ―Love‖ and ―hate‖ are __C__.
A. binary antonyms
B. complementary pairs
C. gradable antonyms
D. relational opposites
5. __A__ refers to sentences not only describe or report information, but also help speakers accomplish things.
A. Speech act
B. Discourse
C. Context
D. Communication
6. The feature that distinguishes ―hotdog‖ and ―hot dog‖ is __B__.
A. tone
B. stress
C. intonation
D. aspiration
7. __A__ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.
A. Psycholinguistics
B. Sociolinguistics
C. Neurolinguistcs
D. Anthropological linguistics
8. The study of language at some point of time is generally termed as __D__ linguistics.
A. applied
B. diachronic
C. comparative
D. synchronic
9. Of the following linguists, __A__ should be grouped into London school.
A. Firth
B. Bloomfield
C. Boas
D. Trubetzkoy
10. __C__ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.
A. Lingua franca
B. Creole
C. Pidgin
D. Standard language
1. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the __D__ period for the first language acquisition.
A. initial
B. one-word stage
C. puberty
D. critical
2. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called __A__.
A. semantics
B. pragmatics
C. syntax
D. language change
3. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the __D__ principle proposed by J. Grice.
A. comprehensive
B. generative
C. discourse
D. cooperative
4. __C__ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
A. reference
B. lexical meaning
C. sense
D. word
5. ―Autumn‖ and ―fall‖ are used respectively in Britain and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are __B__ synonyms.
A. collocational
B. dialectal
C. complete
D. stylistic
6. __D__ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.
A. surface structure
B. syntactic ambiguity
C. syntactic component
D. deep structure
7. London speech that was illustrated by Shakespeare’s writing was generally termed __C__.
A. Old English
B. Middle English
C. Early Modern English
D. Late Modern
8. If we begin interpretation of a sentence spontaneously and automatically on the basis of whatever information is available to us, that is called __A__.
A. top-down processing
B. bottom-up processing
C. inductive analysis
D. comparative analysis
9. __B__ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.
A. Dialect
B. Idiolect
C. Ethnic dialect
D. Linguistic repertoire
10. Of the following words, __A__ is an initialism.
A. UN
B. NA TO
C. BASIC
D. UNESCO
生理学选择题大全带答案
生理学 1 可兴奋细胞兴奋时，共有的特征是产生（E） A.神经活动 B.肌肉收缩 C.腺体分泌 D.反射活动 E.动作电位 2 机体处于应激状态时，糖皮质激素分泌增多是属于（C） A.全身性体液调节 B.局部性体液调节 C.神经体液调节 D.神经调节 E.自身调节 3 维持机体稳态的重要途径是（B） A.正反馈调节 B.负反馈调节 C.神经调节 D.体液调节 E.自身调节 4 下列生理过程中，不属于负反馈调节的是（E） A.血液中红细胞数量的恒定 B.降压反射 C.呼吸节律的维持 D.体温恒定的维持 E.排尿反射 5 下列生理过程中，不属于正反馈调节的是（C） A.血液凝固 B.排便反射 C.血浆晶体渗透压升高时ADH释放增加 D.排尿反射 E.分娩反射 6 人体生理学是研究（E） A.人体与环境关系 B.人体细胞功能 C.人体功能调节 D.各器官的生理功能 E.人体功能活动规律 7 神经调节的基本方式是（A） A.反射 B.反应 C.适应 D.正反馈 E.负反馈 8 衡量组织兴奋性高低的客观指标是（D） A.动作电位 B.阈电位 C.组织对刺激的反应能力 D.强度阈值 E.除极速度 9 机体功能调节中，最重要的调节方式是（A） A.神经调节 B.体液调节 C.自身调节 D.反馈调节 E.前馈调节 10 下列关于刺激和反应的说法，哪项是错误的（A） A.有刺激必然产生反应 B.产生反应时，必然接受了刺激 C.阈刺激时，必然产生反应 D.有刺激时，不一定产生反应 E.有时反应随刺激强度加大而增强 1 人体内O2、C02和NH3进出细胞膜是通过（A） A.单纯扩散 B.易化扩散 C.主动转运 D.入胞出胞 E.继发性主动转运 2 葡萄糖进入红细胞属于（D） A. 主动转运 B.入胞 C. 单纯扩散 D. 易化扩散 E.继发性主动转运 3 肠上皮细胞由肠腔吸收葡萄糖属于（D） A.单纯扩散 B. 易化扩散 C.原发性主动转运 D. 继发性主动转运 E.入胞 4 产生细胞生物电现象的离子跨膜移动属于（C） A.单纯扩散 B.载体为中介的易化扩散 C. 通道为中介的易化扩散 D. 入胞 E. 出胞 5 运动神经纤维末稍释放Ach属于（D） A.单纯扩散 B.易化扩散 C.主动转运 D.出胞 E.继发性主动转运 6 钠钾泵的作用是（A） A.将Na+泵出细胞外，将K+泵入细胞内 B.将Na+泵入细胞内，将K+泵出细胞外 C. 将Na+泵入细胞内 D.将Na+和K+泵入细胞内 E. 将Na+和K+泵出细胞外 7 在一般生理情况下，每分解一分子ATP，钠泵运转可使（D） A.2个Na+移出膜外 B. 2个K+移出膜外 C. 2个Na+移出膜外，同时有2个K+移出膜内 D. 3个Na+移出膜外，同时有2个K+移出膜内 E. 3个Na+移出膜外，同时有3个K+移出膜内 8 细胞膜内，外正常的Na+和K+浓度差的形成和维持是由（D） A.膜在安静时对K+通透性大 B. 膜在兴奋时对Na+通透性增加 C. Na+、K+易化扩散的结果 D.膜上钠-钾泵的作用 E. 膜上ATP的作用 9 判断组织兴奋性高低最常用的指标（B） A.基强度 B. 阈强度 C. 阈时间 D.利用时 E. 时值 10神经细胞在接受一次阈上刺激后，其兴奋性的周期变化是（D） A. 相对不应期→绝对不应期→超常期→低常期 B. 绝对不应期→相对不应期→低常期→超常期 C. 绝对不应期→低常期→相对不应期→超常期 D. 绝对不应期→相对不应期→超常期→低常期 E. 绝对不应期→超常期→低常期→相对不应期 11组织兴奋后处于绝对不应期时，其兴奋性为（A） A.零 B.无限大 C.大于正常 D.小于正常 E.等于正常 12神经细胞产生静息电位的主要原因是（A） A.细胞内高 K+浓度和安静时膜主要对K+有通透性 B. 细胞内高 K+浓度和安静时膜主要对Na+有通透性 C. 细胞内高 Na+浓度和安静时膜主要对K+有通透性
语言学纲要的简答、论述题
一．简答题 1.广义上的应用语言学 答:指的是运用理论语言学的理论、方法和基础研究成果，来阐明、解决其他学科领域中出现的各种与语言相关的问题。包括语言教学理论、语言学的一般应用研究成果和语言学的跨面研究成果。 2.结构主义的特点 答：①把语言确定为研究对象；②重视共时语言的研究；③重视口语的研究；④重视详细描写语言的结构；⑤用联系和系统的观点观察语言要素，语言是一个完整的符号系统⑥注重对立成分的分析。 3.语言的系统性 答：①首先体现在它是一个层级体系；②还体现在语言符号各层次之间的根本关系上——语言成分的组合关系和聚合关系以及二者彼此之间的关系。 4.语言与言语的关系 答：㈠区别：①语言是社会的言语是个人的②语言有限，言语无限③语言是现成的，言语是临时创造的；㈡联系：一方面，语言以言语的形式存在，因为语言离不开言语，没有说话和说出的话就没有语言；另一方面，言语离不开语言，没有大家认可的词语和语法规则就无法说话。二者相互依赖，相互依存。 5.元音与辅音的区别 答：①发元音时声带颤动、气流在发音通道上不受阻碍，发辅音时声带颤动或不颤动、气流在发音通道的一个或多个部位上受到阻碍；②发元音时，发音器官的各部位均衡紧张；辅音则形成阻碍的部位特别紧张；③发元音时，呼出的气流较弱，拉长音而音质不变，辅音一般不可以拉长音，气流较强。 6.语音的社会性质 答：社会性是语音的本质属性。①世界上没有一种语言采纳了100以上的音素的，各种语言使用哪些语言完全由其社会成员约定的；②语言表达意义，但什么样的声音形式与什么样的意义相结合；③每一语言或方言都有自己独特的语音系统，从语音的物理性质和生理性质分析得出德尔某一语音现象或语音成分，在不同系统中可能有不同作用和不同心里感知。 7.语法构词法 答：就是利用语言中原有的语素材料构造新词。其方法有复合、附加、内部屈折、重音位置变化、词组缩简等。 8.研究语言演变的凭借 答：①通过对照方言和亲属语言可以获知；②通过对记录了语言的过去状态的文字的分析可以获知；③通过对古代的借词的分析可以获知。 9.构词法与构形法的区别 答：构词法是构成新词的方法，构成的新词的词汇意义与各构词成分的词汇意义有关但并不相同。构形法虽然与词的结构有关，但它并不构成新词，不引起词汇意义的改变，只是表
(完整版)语言学练习题及答案
练习1 1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is one of the design features of language.A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 3. ___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation .A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 4. __ __ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn’t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost. A. duality B. arbitrariness C. productivity D. displacement 5. ______ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 6. ______ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. A. duality B. Arbitrariness C. interchangeability D. cultural transmission 7. To say “How are you.” “Hi” to your friends is the ____ __of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 8. “Tell me the result when you finish.” If you want to get your hearer to do something, y ou should use the _____ of language. A. directive function B. informative function C. phatic function D. interrogative function 9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __ ___. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 10. A linguist is interested in ___A. speech sounds only B. all sounds C. vowels only 11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [t] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p 12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate? A. [y] B. [t∫] C. [z] D. [dЗ] 13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel? A. [ ? ] B. [ i ] C. [ou] D. [a: ] 14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ? A. [ s ] B. [∫] C. [ l ] D. [θ] 15. In the following sounds, _____ is a voiceless affricative? A. [dЗ] B. [v] C. [t∫] D. [θ] 16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a __ __. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. vowel 17. Of the “words” listed below___ is not an English word A. [r∧b ] B. [ l? b ] C. [m?sta:∫] D. [lm?p] 18. ___ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released. A. Back vowels B. Stops C. Fricatives D. Glides 19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in _____. A. 1965 B. 1957 C. 1888 D. 1788 20. ___ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A. Phone B. Phoneme C. Allophone D. Sound 1. [ f ] is a dental consonant. F 2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. F 7. The three / p / are allophones. T 3. Phoneme is a phonological unit. T 4. Phone is a phonetic unit. T
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版课后练习题答案
《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案 Chapter 1 Introduction 1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 答：Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and observe language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure. The hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things. 2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? 答：The major branches of linguistics are: (1) phonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication; (2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication; (3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words; (4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages;
语言学 选择判断题
CHAPTER 1 I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false: T 1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. F 2. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. T 3. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole T 4. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication. T 5. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. T 6. Applied linguistics is the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning T 7 Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete F 8 Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language T 9. By diachronic study we mean to study the changes and development of language F 10. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary F 11. There is universal agreement about the origin of language. F 12. Pet dogs can speak human languages. F 13. All human infants can speak some language. F 14. By creativity we mean the creative use of language as often practiced by poets. F 15. With different cultures there will be different languages. T 16. Not all uses of language are meant to convey new information. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 1. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be
(完整版)胡壮麟《语言学教程》测试题及答案
胡壮麟《语言学教程》（修订版）测试题 第一章：语言学导论 I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human A. contact C. relation B. communication D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree C. crash B. typewriter D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “ Waterboils at 100 degrees Centigrade. i”s A. interrogative C. informative B. directive D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “碎碎(岁岁)平安”asa means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal C. Performative B. Emotive D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability C. Displacement B. Duality D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn 't it? Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive C. Performative B. Phatic D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language usesr knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance C. Langue B. Competence D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now.
生理学试题及答案
生理学试题及答案 一、单项选择题(每小题1分，共计30分) 1. 全身动脉血液变动在80－180mmHg范围内，肾血流量由于血管口径的相应变化，仍能保持相对稳定，属于 A. 自身调节 B. 神经调节 C. 正反馈调节 D. 体液调节 2. 有机磷农药中毒时骨骼肌痉挛的原因是 A. 乙酰胆碱释放增加 B．刺激运动神经末梢的兴奋 C．胆碱脂酶被抑制，乙酰胆碱在运动终板处堆积 D．增加了Ca2+内流 3. 低温、缺氧或代谢抑制，影响细胞的钠-钾泵活动时，将导致 A. 静息电位值增大，动作电位幅度减小。 B. 静息电位值减小，动作电位幅度增大。 C. 静息电位值增大，动作电位幅度增大。 D. 静息电位绝对值减小，动作电位幅度减小。 4.血沉加快表示红细胞 A.通透性增大 B.脆性增大 C.悬浮稳定性差 D.可塑性差 5.柠檬酸钠的抗凝机理是 A.加强血浆抗凝血酶的作用 B.使血浆中的钙离子成为不易解离的络合物 C.抑制凝血酶活性 D.中和酸性凝血物质 6.甲状腺手术容易出血的原因是甲状腺含有较多的 A.血浆激活物 B.组织激活物 C.纤溶酶 D.抗凝血酶 7.某人的血细胞与B型血的血清凝集，而其血清与B型血的红细胞不凝集，此人血型为 A.A型 B.B型 C.O型 D.AB型 8.幼年时期缺乏生长激素将造成 A. 呆小症 B. 巨人症 C. 侏儒症 D. 肢端肥大症 9.在心动周期中，心室血液充盈主要是由于 A.心房收缩的挤压作用 B.心室舒张的抽吸作用 C.骨骼肌的挤压作用 D.胸内负压促进回流 10.窦房结作为正常起搏点的主要原因是。 A.位于心肌上部
B.0期去极化速度快 C.没有平台期 D.4期自动化去极化速度最快 11.室性期前收缩之后常出现代偿性间歇的原因是。 A.窦房结的节律性兴奋延迟发放 B.窦房结的节律性兴奋少发放一次 C.室性期前收缩时心室肌的有效不应期很长 D.窦房结的一次节律兴奋落在室性期前兴奋的有效不应期内 12.房室延搁的生理意义是。 A.使心室肌不会发生完全强直收缩 B.使心室肌动作电位幅度增加 C.使心室肌有效不应期延长 D.使心房、心室不会同时收缩 13.关于心动周期的论述，以下哪项是错误的。 A.舒张期长于收缩期 B.房室有共同收缩的时期 C.通常指心室的活动周期 D.心动周期的长短与心率有关 14.关于心电图的描述，下列哪一项是错误的。 A.ECG反映心脏兴奋的产生、传导和恢复过程中的生物电变化 B.ECG与心脏的机械收缩活动无直接关系 C.ECG与单个心肌细胞生物电变化曲线有明显区别 D.电极放置的位置不同，记录出来的ECG基本相同 15.脊休克产生的主要原因是： A. 脊髓的血液供应突然中断 B. 脊髓突然失去了高位中枢对其的控制作用 C. 脊髓的反射中枢被破坏 D. 突然切断的损伤刺激所引起的抑制作用 16.肺总容量等于 A.潮气量＋肺活量 B.潮气量＋功能余气量 C.余气量＋补吸气量 D.余气量＋肺活量 17.关于气体扩散速率与下列因素的关系，哪一项是不正确的 A.与温度呈正变 B.与扩散距离呈反变 C.与气体分子量呈反变 D.与气体溶解度呈正变 18.血液的氧离曲线左移 A.温度降低时 B.有利于氧从血液进入组织 C.发生在血液PH值降低时 D.发生在红细胞中2，3－二磷酸甘油酸含量增加时 19.体力劳动或运动时，机体主要的产热器官是
语言学纲要简答题及答案精编版
语言学纲要简答题及答 案精编版 MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】
1、为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具。 A、语言的人类最重要的交际工具：人类传递信息，进行交际和交流思想，除了使用语言外还可以使用文字、旗语、红绿灯、电报代码、数学符号以及身势、表情等，在一定场合使用，可以弥补语言的一些不足，但是这些交际工具使用范围有限，有的仅用于特定的范围，最重要的是，这些交际工具，都离不开语言，都是在语言的基础上产生的，是辅助语言进行交际的，没有语言，这些手段的存在没有任何意义。 B、其次这是由语言的自身特征决定的，语言即是声音的传播，是所有工具当中使用起来最简便快速，容量最大，效果最好的工具，其它任何联系沟通手段所不能代替的，所以语言是人类最重要的交际工具。 2、语言和思维有怎样的关系？ 语言离不开思维，思维也离不开语言，语言是表达自己思想都和理解别人思想的工具，是思维存在的物质形式；思维活动的成果依靠语言得以巩固和存在，思维的发展、认识能力的提高要依靠语言；人脑半球的实验依据证明思维不能脱离语言而存在。 语言和思维又相互区别； 二者的功能不同：语言是社会成员之间能相互交际；思维帮助人们认识客观世界和能动地改造客观世界 二者的规律不同：语言具有民族特性；思维是客观现实规律的反映，具有全人类共同性 二者的范畴不同：语言的单位主要是字词句等，思维的单位表现为概念、推理等3、什么是符号？符号应具备哪些条件？举例说明。 符号：一个社会全体成员共同约定用来表示某种意义的记号、标记。例如：信号灯、旗语、上课铃、盲文等 符号应具备三个条件：符号由形式和内容两部分组成 形式和内容之间没有必然的联系 符号对于符号使用者来说具有强制性 4、语言符号的任意性特点是不是说我们可以任意运用不同的语音形式表示事物？任意性是就语言符号的形式和内容的即音和义的结合是约定成俗的，任意性特点是就语言起源时的情况来说的 指最初用什么样的语音形式代表客观事物现象这个意义内容是任意的。但是这并不意味着人们可以对语音的形式作随意更改。符号的音义关系一经社会约定而进入交际之后，它对人们就有强制性，每一个人都只能乖乖地接受它，个人绝不能随意更改，也无权更改，各个成员都只能接受社会已经约定的符号。所以，语言符号的任意性和强制性是对立的统一，人们不能借口任意性而随意更改已经约定的音义关系。约定俗成前可以说有任意性，约定俗成后则具有了强制性。假如个人可以根据自己的好恶来使用语言，如果这种任意性没有任何规定性，没有强制性，各人可以自说自话，乱说一套，比如把“死”说成“活”，把“高”说成“矮”，把“香”说成“臭”，等等，那么结果是谁也听不懂谁的话，语言交际就无法进行，语言也就不可能成为人类最重要的交际工具了。 5、语音有哪些属性？什么是语音的本质属性？ 语音具有生理属性（呼吸器官、发音器官、共鸣器官）、物理属性（音高、音强、音长、音色）和社会属性，社会性是语言的本质属性 6、什么是音位？怎样确定音位？
语言学练习题(附答案) Chapter 1 Language
Chapter One Language 1. Define the following terms 1) discreteness 2) design features 3) arbitrariness 4) duality 5) displacement 6) cultural transmission 7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language 9) the heuristic function of language 10) language 2. Multiple Choice Directions: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best. 1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does it perform? A. Interpersonal. B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational. 4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome the barriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. interchangeability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness. 5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn’t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic. C. Peformative. D. Interpersonal. 6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is . A. stimulus free B. stimulus bound C. under immediate stimulus control D. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest. 7) Which of the following is the most important function of language? A. interpersonal function B. performative function C. informative function D. recreational function 8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language. A arbitrariness B cultural transmission C displacement D discreteness 9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics? A. statistics B. psycholinguistics C. physics D. philosophy 10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.
语言学教程测试题及答案
Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________ A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary？ A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________. A. interrogative（疑问） B. directive C. informative D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform？ A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative√ D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation？ A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language？ —A nice day, isn’t it？ — Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality 9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not 12. Language change is universal, ongoing and ？ 13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication ？ 14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all