高考英语分类汇编之阅读理解中最难语篇

高考英语分类汇编之阅读理解中最难语篇

笔者将18套卷进行了分析，下面这些语篇应该是令学生比较头疼的文章，让每周只有五课时的高中生来做的确有些难。每篇文章都给出了上榜理由。

1.（2011·重庆卷）E

【上榜理由】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲的是怀疑论和环保媒体报道的关系，本文的确难懂。

Skeptics are stange lot.Some of them refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to the enviroment, and they are tired of people who disagree with them. Those people,say skeptics, spread noting but bad news about the environment.The “eco-guilt”brought on by the discouraging nes about our planet gives rise to the popularity od skeptice as people search for more comforting worldviews.

Perhaps that explains why a new book by Bjorn Lomborg received so much publicity.That book ,The Skeptical Environmentalist, declares that it measures the “real state of the world”as fine. Of course ,another explanation is the deep pockets of some big businesses with special intererts. Indeed, Mr. Lomborg’s views are similar to those of some Industry-funded organizations, which start huge activities though the media to confuse the public aboat issues like global warming.

So i t was strange to see Mr. Lomborg’s book go largely unchallenged in the media though his beliefs were contrary to most scientific opinions. One national newspaper in Canada ran a number of articles and reviews full

of words of praise, even with the conclusi on that “After Lomborg, the environmental movement will begin to die down.”

Such one-sided views should have immediately been challenged. But only a different review appeared in Nature, a respected science magazine with specific readership. The review rema rked that Mr. Lomborg’s “preference for unexamined materials is incredible（不可信的）”。

A critical （批判的）eye is valuable, and the media should present information in such a way that could allow people to make informed decisions. Unfortunately, that is often inaccessible as blocked by the desire to be shocking or to defend some special interest. People might become half-blind before a world partially exhibited by the media. That’s a shame, because matters concerning the health of the planet are far too important to be treated lightly.

72. According to the passage, which of the following may be regarded as “skeptics”?

A. People who agree on the popularity of “eco-guilt”.

B. People who disbelieve the serious situation of our planet.

C. People who dislike the harmful effect of human activities.

D. People who spread comforting news to protect our environment.

73. Which of the following can be a reason for the popularity of Lomborg’s books?

A. Some big businesses intend to protect their own interests.

B .The book challenges views about the fine state of the wirld.

C. The author convinces people to speak comforting worldviews.

D. Industry–funded media present confusing information.

74. The author mentioned the review in Nature in order to____.

A. voice a different opinion

B. find fault with Lomborg’s book

C. challenge the authority of the media

D. point out the value of scientific views.

75. What is the author’s main purpose in writing the passenger?

A. To encourage the skeptics to have a critical eye.

B. To warn the public of the danger of half–blindness with reviews.

C. To blame the media’s lack of responsibility in information.

D. To show the importance of presenting overall information by the media. 【答案】72---75BAAD

2. （2011·四川卷）E

【上榜理由】文章讲的是商战中一味追求速度的弊端，讨论了追求速度和加速发展的关系。本话题中学生的确不熟悉，令人难懂。

In business, there’s a speed difference: It's the difference between how important a firms leaders say speed is to their competitive (竞争的) strategy（策略）and how fast the company actually moves. The difference is important regardless of industry and company size. Companies fearful or losing their competitive advantage spend much time and money looking for ways to pick up the speed.

In our study of 343 businesses, the companies that chose to go, go, go to try to gain an edge ended with lower sales and operating incomes than those that paused at key moments to make sure they were on the right track, What’s more, the firms that “slowed down to speed up “improved their top and bottom lines ,averaging 40% higher sales and 52% higher operating

incomes over a three-years period.

How did they disobey the laws of business physics, taking more time than competitors yet performing better ? They thought differently about what “slower “and “faster” mean. Firms sometimes fail to understand the difference between operation speed (moving quickly ) and strategic speed (reducing the time it takes to deliver value ). Simply increasing the speed of production, for example , may be one way to try to reduce the speed difference . But that often leads to reduced value over time, in the form of lower-quality products and services.

In our study, high performing companies with strategic speed always made changes when necessary . They became more open to idea and discussion. They encouraged new ways of thinking. And they allowed time to look and learn. By contrast (相比而言). Performance suffered at firms that moved falt all the among their employer , and had little time thinking about changes.

Strategic speed serves as a kind of leadership . Teams that regularly take time to get things right , rather than plough ahead full bore , are more successful in meeting their business goals . That kind of strategy must come from the top.

57 . What does the underlined part “gain an edge ” in Paragraph 2 mean ?

A. Increase the speed.

B. Get an advantage.

C. Reach the limit.

D. Set a goal

58. The underlined part “the laws of business physics” in Paragraph 3 means ___________.

A. spending more time and performing worse.

B. spending more time and performing better

C. spending less time and performing worse

D. spending less time and performing better

59. What can we learn from the text?

A. how fast a firm moves depends on how big it is.

B. how competitive a firm is depends on what it produces.

C. Firms guided by strategic speed take time to make necessary changes.

D. Firms guided by operational speed take time to develop necessary team spirit.

60. Where could be the last title for the text?

A. Improve quality? Serve better.

B. Deliver value? Plough ahead.

C. Reduce time? Move faster.

D. Need speed? Slow down.

【答案】57—60 BDCD

3.（2011·广东卷）D

【上榜理由】本文是一篇议论文。文章阐述了传统经济发展模式给地球带来了许多危害。这种发展模式破坏了森林、使全球气候变暖。现在低碳、可持续的经济发展模式成为许多国家的发展主流方向。中国政府正在充分发挥潜能大力开发新的低耗能、低排放的新能源市场。文章涉及国家的发展大政策、方针，学生知之甚少。

In a world with limited land, water and other natural resources(资源), the harm from the traditional business model is on the rise. Actually, the past decade has seen more and more forests disappearing and the globe becoming increasingly warm. People now realize that this unhealthy situation must be changed, and that we must be able to develop in sustainable(可持续的)ways. That means growth with low carbon or development of sustainable products. In other words, we should keep the healthy while using its supply of natural resources.

Today, sustainable development is a popular trend in many countries. According to a recent study, the global market for low-carbon energy will become three times bigger over the next decade. China, for example, has set its mind on leading that market, hoping to seize chances in the new round of the global energy resolution. It is now trying hard to made full use of wind and solar energy, and is spending a huge amount of money making electric cars and high-speed trains. In addition, we are also seeing great

growth in the global markets for sustainable products such as palm oil(棕榈油), which is produced without cutting down valuable rainforest. In recent years the markets for sustainable products have grown more than 50%.

Governments can fully develop the potential of these new markets. First, they can set high targets for reducing carbon emissions(排放) and targets for saving and reusing energy. Besides, stronger arrangement of public resources like forests can also help to speed up the development. Finally, governments can avoid the huge public expenses that are taking us in the wrong direction, and redirecting some of those expenses can accelerate the change from the traditional model to a sustainable one.

The major challenge of this century is to find ways to meet the needs of a growing population within the limits of this single planet. That is no small task, but it offers abundant new chances for sustainable product industries.

41. The traditional business model is harmful because of all the following EXCEPT that____.

A. it makes the world warmer

B. it consumes natural resources

C. it brings severe damage to future

D. it makes growth hard to continue

42. What can we infer from Paragraph2?

A. China lacks wind and solar energy

B. China is the leader of the low-carbon market

C. High-speed trains are a low-carbon development

D. Palm oil is made at the cost of valuable forests

43. To fully develop the low-carbon markets governments can______.

A. cut public expenses

B. forbid carbon emission

C. develop public resources

D. encourage energy conservation

44. We can learn from the last paragraph that business have many chances to _______.

A. develop sustainable products

B. explore new natural resources

C. make full use of natural resources

D. deal with the major challenge

45. What is the main purpose of the passage?

A. To introduce a new business model

B. To compare two business models

C. To predict a change of the global markets

D. To advocate sustainable development

【答案】41.B42.C 43. D 44.A 45.D

4. （2011·浙江卷）D

【上榜理由】文章虽说是一篇记叙文，但文章时间、思绪跨度较大再加上文章字

数（625个）较多而费解。

It was Saturday. As always, it was a busy one, for “Six days shall you labor and all your work” was taken seriously back then. Outside, Father and Mr. Patrick next door were busy chopping firewood. Inside their own houses, Mother and Mrs. Patrick were engaged in spring cleaning.

Somehow the boys had slipped away to the back lot with their kites. Now, even at the risk of having Brother caught to beat carpets, they had sent him to the kitchen for more string(线). It seemed there was no limit to the heights to which kites would fly today.

My mother looked at the sitting room, its furniture disordered for a thorough sweeping. Again she cast a look toward the window. “Come on, girls! Let’s take string to the boys and watch them fly the kites a minute.”

On the way we met Mrs. Patric, laughing guiltily as if she were doing something wrong, together with her girls.

There never was such a day for flying kites! We played all our fresh string into the boys’ kites and they went up higher and higher. We could hardly distinguish the orange-colored spots of the kites. Now and then we slowly pulled one kite back, watching it dancing up and down in the wind, and finally bringing it down to earth, just for the joy of sending it up again.

Even our fathers dropped their tools and joined us. Our mothers took their turn, laughing like schoolgirls. I think we were all beside ourselves.

Parents forgot their duty and their dignity; children forgot their everyday fights and little jealousies. “Perhaps it’s like this in the kingdom of heaven,” I thought confusedly.

It was growing dark before we all walked sleepily back to the housed.

I suppose we had some sort of supper. I suppose there must have been surface tidying-up, for the house on Sunday looked clean and orderly enough. The str ange thing was, we didn’t mention that day afterward. I felt a little embarrassed. Surely none of the others had been as excited as I. I locked the memory up in that deepest part of me where we keep “the things that cannot be and yet they are.”

The years went on, then one day I was hurrying about my kitchen in a city apartment, trying to get some work out of the way while my

three-year-old insistently cried her desire to “go park, see duck.”

“I can’t go!” I said. “I have this and this to do, and when I’m th rough I’ll be too tired to walk that far.”

My mother, who was visiting us, looked up from the peas she was shelling. “It’s a wonderful day,” she offered, “really warm, yet there’s a fine breeze. Do you remember that day we flew kites?”

I stopped in my dash between stove and sink. The locked door flew open and with it a rush of memories. “Come on,” I told my little girl. “You’re right, it’s too good a day to miss.”

Another decade passed. We were in the aftermath(余波) of a great war.

All evening we had been asking our returned soldier, the youngest Patrick Boy, about his experiences as a prisoner of war. He had talked freely, but now for a long time he had been silent. What was he thinking of --- what dark and horrible things?

“Say!” A smile sipped out from his lips. “Do you remember --- no, of course you wouldn’t. It probably didn’t make the impression on you as it did on me.”

I hardly dared speak. “Remember what?”

“I used to think of that day a lot in POW camp (战俘营), when things weren’t too good. Do you remember the day we flew the kites?”

56. Mrs. Patrick was laughing guiltily because she thought________.

A. she was too old to fly kites

B. her husband would make fun of her

C. she should have been doing her how

D. supposed to the don’t game

57. By “we were all beside ourselves writer means that they all

________.

A. felt confused

B. went wild with joy

C. looked on

D. forgot their fights

58. What did the think after the kite-flying?

A. The boys must have had more fun than the girls.

B. They should have finished their work before playing.

C. Her parents should spend more time with them.

D. All the others must have forgotten that day.

59. Why did the writer finally agree to take her little girl for an outing?

A. She suddenly remembered her duty as a mother.

B. She was reminded of the day they flew kites.

C. She had finished her work in the kitchen.

D. She thought it was a great day to play outside.

60. The youngest Patrick boy is mentioned to show that ______.

A. the writer was not alone in treasuring her fond memories

B. his experience in POW camp threw a shadow over his life

C. childhood friendship means so much to the writer

D. people like him really changed a lot after the war

【解析】

56. 答案C。细节分析题。找到文中出现laughing guilty 的上下文，原本大人

们都在热火朝天地spring clean，Mrs Patrick，“Come on, girls! Let’s take sting to the boys and watch them fly the kites a minute.” On the way we met Mrs. Patrick, Iaughing guiltily as if she were doing something wrong, together with her girls.大人和小孩一起放风筝，把家务放在一边，所以感到很罪过。

57. 答案B。解答此题联系后文，parents forgot their duty and their dignity;

children forgot their everyday fights and little jealousies,可以看出大人小孩放风筝的时候都很high, 几近疯狂。

58. 答案D。如果只看完第六段就做此题的话，很容易误选D，因为此段中大人小

孩玩得很疯，很多学生很容易先入为主，想当然地表达“父母应该多陪孩子”

的思想。但是我们看第七段，“The strange thing was, we didn’t mention that day afterward I felt a little embarrassed .Surely none of the of the others had been as excited as I.” 作者认为，只有他一个人还记得当初那个放风筝的美好时刻，而其他人都忘记了，所以选D。

59. 答案B。原本这位母亲用各种借口来推脱孩子想去外面玩的要求，但是当母亲

的母亲回忆起当日那个放风筝的日子时，往日美好的场景开始充斥这位母亲的思绪，所以她欣然答应外出。

60. 答案A。第七段作者觉得只有自己还封存着那个美好的饿回忆，自己是孤单的，

但是这个从战场回来的男孩，却也是靠着那个美好的回忆在战俘营中生存了下来，所以A，作者不是一个人在珍惜那段记忆。

5.（2011·江苏卷）C

【上榜理由】

这是一篇科技说明文。文章介

绍了一种新型的发电装置。学

生单凭对文章的文字理解较难

把握文意。

According to the US

government, wind farms off the Pacific coast could produce 900 gig watts of electricity every year. Unfortunately, the water there is far too deep for even the tallest windmills(see picture)to touch bottom. An experiment under way off the coast of Norway, however, could help put them anywhere. The project, called Hywind, is the world’s first large-scale deepwater wind turbine(涡轮发电机).Although it uses a fairly standard 152-ton,2.3-megawatt turbine, Hywind represents totally new technology. The turbine will be fixed 213 feet above the water on a floating spar(see picture),a technolo gy Hywind’s creator,the Norwegian company StatoilHydro, has developed recently. The steel spar, which is filled with stones and goes 328 feet below the sea surface, will be tied to the ocean floor by three cable(缆索)；these will keep the spar stable and prevent the turbine from moving up and down in the waves. Hywind’s stability(稳定性)in the cold and rough sea would prove that even the deepest corners of the ocean are suitable for wind power. If all goes according to plan, the turbine will start producing electricity six miles off the coast of southwestern Norway as early as September.

To produce electricity on a large scale, a commercial wind farm will have to use bigger turbines than Hywind does, but it’s difficult enough to balance such a large turbine so high on a floating spar in the middle of the ocean. To make that turbine heavier, the whole spar’s to design a new kind of wind turbine, one whose gearbox(变速箱) sits at sea level rather

than behind the blades (see picture )

Hywind is a test run, but the benefits for perfecting floating wind-farm technology could be extremely large. Out at sea, the wind is often stronger and steadier than close to shore, where all existing offshore windmills are planted. Deep-sea farms are invisible from land, which helps overcome the windmill-as-eyesore objection. If the technology catches on, it will open up vast areas of the planet’s surface to one of the best low-carbon power sources available.

63. The Hywind project uses totally new technology to ensure the stability of _______.

A. the cables which tie the spar to the ocean floor

B. the spar which is floating in deep-sea water

C. the blades driven by strong and steady sea wind

D. the stones filled in the spar below the sea surface

64. To balance a bigger turbine high on a flatting spar, a new type of turbine is to be designed with its gearbox sitting ____________.

A. on the sea floor

B. on the spar top

C. at sea level

D. behind the blades

65. Wide applications of deepwater wind power technology can ____________.

A. solve the technical problems of deepwater windmills

B. make financial profits by producing more turbines

C. settle the arguments about environmental problems

D. explore low-carbon power resources available at sea

63. B 细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第三句可知，该工程采用了全新的技术，是

为了确保漂浮在深海水域中的圆材的稳定。

64. C 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句可知，为了使较大的涡轮发电机能在圆

材上保持平衡，公司计划设计新的发电机，其变速箱在海平面上。

65. D 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句可知，深海风能技术的广泛应用可能

会在海洋上开发出可使用的低碳能源。

6.（2011·湖北卷）C

【上榜理由】C篇讲得是关于处理、回收垃圾，这个话题无疑是现今最热点的问题之一。是偏难的议论文。

In today’s throw-away society, dealing with the city’s growing mountain of waste is an increasing challenge for the city council（市议会）.

Recently, Edinburgh is faced with the problem of disposing of（处理）about 250,000 million tons of waste a year. Despite different ways to dispose of much of it in a green manner — largely through encouraging recycling — its aging facilities such as the Powderhall landfill do not have the ability to deal with it.

The European Union (EU) has issued a new policy, regulating how such mountains of waste are to be disposed of. The five councils ( Edinburgh, East Lothian, West Lothian, Midlothian and Borders ) face fines around ￡18 million a year from 2013 if they don’t increase recycling levels and rely

less on landfill. With this in mind, the councils got together with the idea of building a large incinerator plant（垃圾焚烧厂）to burn half of the waste produced in their districts. But this plan fell apart after the change of target levels by a new UK government waste policy which required t hat no more than 25% of the city’s waste should be disposed of in this way by 2025.

After the plan was abandoned, a private company which already transported millions of tons of the city’s waste by train to a landfill site near Dunbar, offered an alternative solution when it suggested opening a huge waste site near Portobello.

Since Powderhall is supposed to close in 2015, it seemed necessary for the members of the Edinburgh Council to accept the suggestion. But soon they turned it down — after 700 local objections reached them — because it would have meant hundreds of lorries a day making loud noise through heavily populated areas.

That still leaves the council with a problem. By 2013, only 50% of 1995 levels of waste will be allowed to be sent to landfill. Even if recycling targets are met, there will still be a large amount of rubbish to be burnt up. Due to this, Edinburgh and Midlothian councils have now decided to work together to build an incinerator plant as time to find a solution is fast running out.

59. The main way of handling waste in a green manner in Edinburgh is

________.

A. recycling

B. restoring

C. burying

D. burning

60. The five councils worked out a plan to build an incinerator plant to ________.

A. reduce the cost of burying waste

B. meet the EU requirements

C. speed up waste recycling

D. replace landfill sites

61. The city council of Edinburgh rejected the suggestion to open a huge landfill site near Portobello because ________.

A. it came from a private company

B. the council was not interested in it

C. it was not supported by EU

D. the local people were against it

62. What is the final decision of Edinburgh and Midlothian Councils?

A. To open a new landfill nearby.

B. To close the Powderhall landfill in 2015.

C. To set up a plan for burning waste.

D. To persuade people to deduce their waste.

【答案】C篇：59. A 60. B 61. D 62. C

7.（2011·湖南卷）C

【上榜理由】这是一篇科普说明文，文章较长令人费解。

A recent study of ancient and modern elephants has come up with the unexpected conclusion that the African elephant is divided into two distinct (不同的) species

The discovery was made by researchers at York and Harvard universities when they were examining the genetic relationship between the ancient woolly mammoth and mastodon to modern elephants—the Asian elephant, African forest elephant and African savanna elephant

Once they obtained DNA sequences (序列) from two fossils (化石)，mammoths and mastodons the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths.

The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephants and the African forest elephants have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.

There has long been debate in the scientific community that the two might be separate species but this is the most convincing scientific evidence so far that they are indeed different species.

Previously, many naturalists believed that African savanna elephants and African forest elephants were two populations of the same species despite the ele phants’ signi ficant size differences. The savanna elephant

has an average shoulder height of 3.5metres while the forest elephant has an average shoulder height of 2.5metres. The savanna elephant weighs between six and seven tons, roughly double the weight of the forest elephant. But the fact that they look so different does not necessarily mean they are different species. However, the proof lay in the analysis of the DNA.

Alfred Roca, assistant professor in the department of Animal Sciences at the University of Minois, said, “We now have to treat the forest and savanna elephants as two different units for conservation purpose. Since 1950 all African elephants have been conserved as one species. Now that we know the forest and savanna elephants are two very distinct animals, the forest elephant should become a bigger priority (优先)for conservation purpose .”

66. One of the fossils studied by the researchers is that of ________.

A. the Asian elephant

B. the forest elephant

C. the savanna elephant

D. the mastodon elephant

67. T he underlined word “divergence”in paragraph 4means “________”

A. evolution

B. exhibition

C. separation

D. examination

68. The researche r’s conclusion was based on a study of the African elephant’s ____________

A. DNA

B. height

C. weight

D. population

69. What were Alfred Roca’s words mainly about?

A. The conversation of African elephants.

B. The purpose of studying African elephants

C. The way to divide African elephants into two units

D. The reason for the distinction of African elephants

70. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. Naturalist’s Belief about Elephants.

B. Amazing Experiment about Elephants

C. An Unexpected Finding about Elephants

D. A Long scientific Debate about Elephants

66. fossils 定位，找到第三段第一句，有两种fossils，mam和mas，选项D

67. 文中divergence of the two species指代前文the Ase and the Afe have been distinct species, divergence与distinct同义替换，对应选项C

68. conclusion, based on定位，找到倒数第二段最后一句lay in 与based on 同义替换，答案：A

69. AR定位，找到倒数第一段，从AR的话中，第一句for conservation purpose, 最后一句for conservation purpose确定A

70.文章首句点明全文主旨，答案：C

8.（2011·天津卷）D

【上榜理由】文章讲得是模仿与创新的关系，较难。

Blind imitation (模仿)is self-destruction. To those who do not recognize their unique worth. Imitation appears attractive: to those who know their strength. Imitation is unacceptable.

2020-2021高考英语阅读理解综合题汇编及答案解析

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高考英语完形填空、阅读理解精练各三篇（附详细解析）纵观近几年高考完形填空题，我们不难发现：1、语境选择项增多；2、选项设计一 般为同一词类，或属同一范畴；3、难选之处前后多有暗示；4、选材多为具有一定故事情节的记叙文或以叙为主的议论文。 根据高考试题的特点和命题的发展趋势，在复习备考中，对记叙文、以叙为主的议 论文及某些具有一定哲理和教育意义的纯议论性短文都要加强练习。笔者精选三篇不同体裁的典型文章进行供同学们练习，并附详细解析，希望能帮助同学们在这一题型上积累经验，有所突破。 （ A ） In 1989 an 8.2 earthquake almost flattened America, killing over 30,000 people in less than four minutes. In the middle of complete damage and disorder, a father rushed to the school where his son was supposed to be, ___1__ that the building was ___2___. After the unforgettably shock, he ___3___ the promise he had made to his son: "No matter ___4___, I'll always be there for you!" And tears began to ___5___ his eyes. As he looked at the pile of ruins, it looked hopeless, but he kept remembering his ___6___ to his son. He rushed there and started ___7___ the ruins. As he was digging, other helpless parents arrived, ___8___: "It's too late! They're all dead! ___9___, face reality, there's nothing you can do!" To each parent he responded with ___10___: "Are you going to help me now?" No one helped. And then he continued to dig for his son, stone by stone. Courageously he went on alone because he needed to know ___11___: "Is my boy ___12____ or is he dead?" He dug for eight hours...12 hours...24 hours...36 hours...then, in ___13____ hour, he pulled back a large stone and heard his son's __14____. He screamed his son's name, "ARMAND!" He heard back, "Dad!?! It's me, Dad! I told the other kids not to worry. I told them that if you were alive, you __15____ me and __16____ you saved me, they'd be saved. You promised, 'No matter what happens, I'll always be there for you!' You did it, Dad!" "What's going on in there? " the father asked. "There are 14 of us __17____ __18____ 33, Dad. We're scared, hungry, thirsty and thankful you're here. When the building collapsed, it made __19____, and it saved us." "Come out, boy!" "No, Dad! Let the other kids out first, __20____ I know you'll get me! No matter what happens, I know you'll always be there for me!" 1. A. only discovering B. only to discover C. only realizing D. only to realize 2. A. as flat as a pancake B. as high as a mountain C. as strong as an ox D. as weak as a kitten 3. A. memorized B. forgot C. kept D. remembered 4. A. what B. what happen C. which D. who 5. A. fill B. fill in C. come D. burst 6. A. picture B. promise C. present D. encourage 7. A. digging B. digging through C. digging out D. digging into 8. A. to say B. said C. and saying D. saying 9. A. Come out B. Come again C. Come on D. Come off 10. A. one word B. one sound C. one row D. one line 11. A. for himself B. of himself C. by himself D. to himself 12. A. live B. living C. alive D. lively