2019经济学人考研英文文章阅读一二四

Neanderthals had a propensity for earache,nudging them to their doom

易患耳疾将尼安德特人推向了灭亡

A new analysis of their skulls points to an anatomical problem

一项对头颅的新研究指出了一个生理构造缺陷

The last neanderthals vanished from Earth about40,000years ago.Exactly what drove them to extinction,however,remains a mystery,with their disappearance variously attributed to anything from climate change to inferior cognitive abilities or even cannibalism.

在大约4万年前，最后一批尼安德特人消失在地球上。但究竟是什么导致了他们的灭亡，至今仍是一个谜，关于他们灭亡原因有着各种各样的猜想，从气候变化到认知能力低下，再到同类相食。

Anthony Pagano,a medical researcher at Seton Hall University in New Jersey,has a new explanation.He thinks Neanderthals might have been unusually prone to severe ear infections,which left them struggling to compete against their Homo sapiens cousins.

新泽西州西顿霍尔大学的医学研究员安东尼·帕加诺给出了一个新的解释。他认为尼安德特人或许非常容易患上严重的耳部感染，这使得他们很难与智人相互竞争。

In modern humans,ear infections can happen at any age but it is mainly young children who get them;five out of six will have at least one such infection before their third birthday.In2017Dr Pagano suggested this could be because of the orientation of the Eustachian tube,which is

located just inside the eardrum,and connects the middle ear to the back of the throat.

现代人类在任何年龄段都有可能发生耳部感染，但主要是儿童容易感染：六分之五的人会在三岁前发生一次耳部感染。帕加诺在2017年提出，这可能是因为咽鼓管的方向所致，咽鼓管正好位于鼓膜内，连接着中耳和咽喉后部。

The throat end of this tube opens when a person swallows,allowing air to be sucked in or pushed out of the middle ear so that its internal air pressure matches the outside world.This is why swallowing during take-off or landing on a plane can relieve painful pressure in the ears.

当人在吞咽时，咽鼓管的喉端会打开，让空气从中耳吸入或排出，使中耳内部的气压与外界一致。这就是为什么在飞机起飞和降落时进行吞咽可以缓解压力所导致的耳部疼痛。

When air is sucked into the tube,however,harmful bacteria from the throat can be carried along too.This is not such a problem in adults, because the Eustachian tube is oriented vertically and it is difficult for pathogens to rise upwards to reach the middle ear.

然而，当空气被吸入咽鼓管时，喉咙里的有害细菌也会随之吸入。这对于成年人来说不成问题，因为在成年人垂直的咽鼓管中，病菌很难到达中耳。

In young children,however,the Eustachian tube lies horizontally between the throat and ear,meaning pathogens can more easily get in and cause infections.“The tube doesn’t take on the adult vertical form until the

six-year mark,”says Dr Pagano.“And at that age clinical rates of middle-ear disease drop off.”

但幼儿的咽鼓管水平地连接着喉咙和中耳，这意味着病菌很容易进入中耳并引起感染。帕加诺说：“直到6岁时，人们的咽鼓管才会呈现为成年人的垂直形态，也就是说到了这个年龄，中耳相关疾病的临床发病率才会下降。”

For Neanderthals that drop-off might never have come.Dr Pagano and his team examined three well-preserved adult Neanderthal skulls,two of which came from Italy and the third from Gibraltar.

但对于尼安德特人来说，中耳相关疾病的发病率永远不会下降。帕加诺和他的团队对三个保存完好的成年尼安德特人头骨（其中两个来自于意大利，另一个来自于直布罗陀）进行了研究。

Their measurements,reported in the Anatomical Record,indicate that the Eustachian tube was horizontal in all three,suggesting adult Neanderthals may have been as likely to develop ear infections as today’s infants.Long before antibiotics,those infections could have been lethal,potentially leading to meningitis or pneumonia.

他们发表在《解剖学记录》上的测量结果显示，这三个尼安德特人的咽鼓管都呈水平状态，这意味着成年尼安德特人可能和如今的婴儿一样容易发生耳部感染。在人类发现抗生素之前，这些可能导致脑膜炎或肺炎的感染是致命的。

Some researchers questioned whether Neanderthals could have existed for as long as they did—around400,000years—if they carried such a fundamental anatomical problem.Dr Pagano says that ear infections

would have raised Neanderthal mortality rates only slightly,and not enough to doom the species in ordinary circumstances.

一些研究人员对此表示怀疑，如果尼安德特人真的有这样基本的生理构造缺陷，那么他们是如何生存了40万年这么久的呢。帕加诺说道，耳部感染只会些微提高尼安德特人的死亡率，一般情况下还不足以致使他们灭亡。

But a few thousand years before the Neanderthals vanished from Europe, modern humans reached the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4a15351739.html,petition with the newcomers put Neanderthal populations under extreme pressure and,in those circumstances,small factors might have made a big difference.

但就在尼安德特人从欧洲大陆消失的几千年前，现代智人来到了欧洲大陆。与新到来着之间的竞争给尼安德特人带来了巨大的压力，在这种情况下，细微的因素就可能造成巨大的影响。

Ear infections can lead to deafness,for example,and that might have been significant.If Neanderthals were more likely than modern humans to have hearing problems then they would have had more trouble communicating and hunting,with dire consequences for their long-term survival.

例如，耳部感染会导致耳聋，这一点或许就很重要了。如果尼安德特人比现代智人更有可能出现听力问题，那么他们在交流和狩猎方面会有更大的障碍，这会对他们的长期生存造成严重的影响。

(红色标注词为重难点词汇)

重难点词汇：

propensity[pr??pens?ti]n.倾向，习性；癖好，偏爱anatomical[??n??tɑ?m?kl]adj.解剖的；解剖学的；结构上的cognitive[?kɑ?ɡn?t?v]adj.认知的，认识的

cannibalism[?k?n?b?l?z?m]n.食人；嗜食同类；残忍的行为pneumonia[nu??mo?ni?]n.肺炎

continent[?kɑ?nt?n?nt]n.大陆，洲，陆地adj.自制的，克制的

2019考研英语必背5500词汇表(R)

2019考研英语必背5500词汇表（R） 1rabbit n.兔子 2race n.赛跑;人种,种族;属,种 v.赛跑 3racial a.种的,种族的 4rack n.挂物架,搁物架 v.使痛苦,折磨 5racket n.球拍 6radar n.雷达 7radiant a.发光的,辐射的,容光焕发的 8radiate v.放射,辐射;散布,传播 9radical a.差不多的,重要的;激进的,极端的;全然的 10r adioactive a.放射性,放射引起的 11r adius n.半径,半径范围,有效航程,范围,界限 12r ag n.抹布,破布,碎布 13r age n.愤慨 14r aid n/v..袭击,搜查 15r ail n.栏杆,围栏;(pl.)铁路;铁轨;横杆,栏杆 16r ailroad n.(railway)铁路 v.由铁道运输 17r ain n.雨；雨天；下雨 vi.下雨 vt.使大量落下 18r ainbow n.虹 19r aise v.举起,提升;增加;饲养;引起;竖起;提出 20r ake n.耙子,耙机 v.耙;搜索,探究 21r ally v.重整,恢复,振作 n.聚集,集会,拉力赛 22r andom a.随机的,随意的 n.随机,随意 23r ange n.范围,领域;排列,连续;(山)脉v.排列成行 24r ank n.军衔,社会阶层;排 v.分等级,把…分类 25r ap n.叩击,轻拍,斥责 v.敲,拍,打,斥责,使着迷 26r ape n./vt.掠夺,蹂躏,强奸 27r apid a.快,急速的 n.(pl.)急流,湍滩 28r are a.稀有的,难得的,珍奇的;稀薄的,稀疏的 29r arely ad.很少,难得,特别地 30r ash a.轻率的,鲁莽的 n.皮疹 31r at n.鼠 32r ate n.速率;等级;价格,费用 v.估价;评级,评价 33r ather ad.相当,有一点儿;宁愿,宁可 34r atio n.比,比率 35r ational a.理性的,合理的 36r aw a.未煮过的,生的;未加工过的,未经训练的 37r ay n.光线,射线 38r azor n.剃刀 39r each v.抵达;(out)伸手,够到 n.能达到的范围 40r eact v.反应,起作用;(against)反对,起反作用

考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练五十

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2019年考研英语(二)真题及答案解析

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2019年考研英语词汇：必背大纲5500词(88)

2019年考研英语词汇：必背大纲5500词（88） 2018考研英语词汇：必背大纲5500词（88） 1 shame n.羞耻,耻辱;可耻的人(或事物) v.使羞愧 2 shampoo n.洗发膏,香波;洗发,洗头 v.洗发,洗头 3 shape n.形状,外形;情况,状态;种类v.成型,塑造 4 share v.(with)分配,共用;分担n.一份,份额;股份 5 shark n.鲨鱼 6 sharp a.锋利的;轮廓分明的;急转的ad.(指时刻)正 7 shatter n.碎片;粉碎v.粉碎;使疲惫;使震骇 8 shave v.剃,刮,刨,削 n.刮脸 9 she pron.(主格)她 10 shear v.剪,修剪 11 shed v.流出;发散,散发,脱落,脱去 n.棚,小屋 12 sheep n.(绵)羊;易受人摆布的人 13 sheer a.纯粹的,十足的,全然的;陡峭的,险峻的 14 sheet n.被单;(一)张,(一)片,薄片;大片 15 shelf n.架子,搁板 16 shell n.壳,贝壳;炮弹 17 shelter n.掩蔽处;掩蔽,保护 v.掩蔽,躲避,庇护 18 shepherd n.牧民,牧羊人

19 shield n.防护物,护罩;盾,盾状物 v.保护,防护 20 shift v.替换,转移n.转换,转变;(轮)班,(换)班 21 shilling n.先令 22 shine v.照耀,发光;擦亮 n.光泽,光 23 ship n.船舶，舰艇 v.装运，航运，运送;发货 24 shipment n.装船,装运;装载的货物,装货量 25 shirt n.衬衫 26 shiver v./n.战栗,发抖 27 shock n.震动;电击,触电;休克v.(使)震动/震惊 28 shoe n.鞋 29 shoot v.发射;掠过,疾驰而过 n.嫩枝,苗,射击 30 shop n.商店，店铺;工厂，车间 v.买东西 31 shopkeeper n.店主 32 shore n.海滨,湖滨 33 short a.短的,矮的;(of)缺乏,不足 n.(pl.)短裤 34 shortage n.不足,缺少 35 shortcoming n.短处,缺点 36 shorthand n.速记 37 shortly ad.立刻，不久;不耐烦地，简慢地 38 shot n.开枪,射击;投篮;弹丸,炮弹,子弹 39 should aux.v.应该;万一;可能，该;就;竟然会

考研英语经济学人文章阅读训练2020021502

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