西方文化入门
《西方文化入门》教学大纲
张洪芹编写
英语专业课程教学大纲
824 目录
前言 (825)
一、概述 (825)
二、课程教学目的和基本要求 (825)
三、教学基本内容及学时分配 (825)
Chapter One Culture in Ancient Greece (828)
Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome (829)
Chapter 3 Jewish Culture and the Old Testament (830)
Chapter 4 Christianity and the New Testament (832)
Chapter 5 The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture (834)
Chapter 6 Culture during the Renaissance (836)
Chapter 7 Culture during the Enlightenment (839)
Chapter 8 Romanticism, Realism and Naturalism (841)
Chapter 9 Ideology and Philosophy during the 18th and 19th Centuries (842)
Chapter 10 The Modernist Movement and Literary Achievement (843)
Chapter 11 Historical Development of the Modern Age (845)
Chapter 12 Artistic Development in the 20th Century (846)
四、教学相关环节 (847)
五、参考资料 (847)
西方文化入门
前言
一、概述
通过全面、扼要地介绍和评介西方文化的主要内容，让学生接触和了解西方社会在文明进程中在文化、思想、社会与政治制度、艺术、文学、科学、技术等各个方面所取得主要成就，这些文化成就所取得的成因和其内涵，以及这些成就何以对人类社会的进步产生深远的影响。同时希望通过这门课程的学习，能够进一步激发学生对西方文化的兴趣，能够自觉更广泛、更深入去学习和探索西方文化，了解和借鉴其长处，为中华文明的崛起和发扬光大尽一己之力。通过中西文化的对比，认识中西文化的长短优劣，正确认识和反思中国传统文化，进而培养面向世界的文化意识。
二、课程教学目的和基本要求
《西方文化入门》是本科英语专业高年级的一门专业知识课，供英语专业高
年级学生选修。课程教学主要目的在于使学生了解西方国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育等方面的情况及其文化传统，开拓学生的知识视野，丰富和完善学生的人文知识结构，加强学生的人文修养，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力，提高大学生综合素质。
《西方文化入门》教学应达到以下基本要求：了解西方各主要文明时期发展的基本脉络及主要文化特征，形成这种文化现象的历史原因及其影响；熟知各个文化时期一些主要文化领域内的代表性人物和代表性作品；运用图书馆、互联网和工具书查找教材上没有或不够详尽的相关资料，使学生拥有较多的背景知识，提高理解能力，从而达到通过文化来更好的学习语言的目的。
三、教学基本内容及学时分配
《西方文化入门》主要涉及西方历史、文学、艺术、哲学、宗教等文化领域，包括该文化的源头（古希腊—罗马文化和犹太—基督教文化），该文化的发展（蛮族文化，教会的发展），其形成法律文化市场变化（文艺复兴、启蒙运动、工业文化等）以及代表西方文化的思想理论，如浪漫主义、现实主义、自然主义、新古典主义、现代派和后现代派。乌托邦思想、德国古典哲学、马克思主义、达尔文主义、实证主义、功利主义、实用主义、弗洛伊德的精神分析等。
《西方文化入门》共分12个专题：古希腊文化、古罗马文化、犹太文化、基督教文化、日耳曼文化、文艺复兴时期的文化、启蒙运动时期的文化、浪漫主义+现实主义+自然主义思想、十八—十九世纪欧洲的社会和哲学思想、现代主义文化及二十世纪西方文化。这12个专题包含了西方文化的产生、传播、发展，它们汇合成西方文化的源和流。
学时分配：该课程共开一学期，36学时。讲授采用专题讲座方式，采用教师讲授与学生参与分析相结合的方式进行，围绕以下中心题目进行扩展，
Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece 3学时
1. The Early Period of Greek Civilization
2. The Development and End of Greek Civilization
3. Greek Culture: Greek mythology, religion, philosophy and literature (Socrates, Plato and Aristotle)
Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome 3学时
1. The Historical Development and Social and Economic Conditions
2. Cultural Achievements: Myth, Religion, Literature, History, Philosophy, Art and Architecture
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1 Jewish History
2 Jewish Art and Literature
3 Judaism and Jewish Festivals
4 Introduction to the Old Testament
Chapter 4 Christianity and The New Testament 4学时
1. The Background of the Birth of Christianity
2. The Development of Christianity
3. The Principal Doctrines of Christianity
4. The Christian Schism and its Principal Factions
5. An introduction to The New Testament
Chapter 5. The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture 3学时
1. The Setting of the Middle Age
2. The Formation and Development of German Culture
3. Byzantine Culture
4. Medieval Social Ideology
5. Literature, Art and Politics
Chapter 6 Culture during the Renaissance 3学时
1. Background to the Renaissance
2. Source, features and significance
3. Cultural achievements of the Renaissance
4. Social Ideology and Religious Reformation
5. Development of Natural Science
6. Beginning of Modern Philosophy
7. Classicism and the Cultural Salon
Chapter 7 Culture during the Enlightenment 2学时
1. Background
2. Empiricist Influences from Britain
3 .Representative Figures and Their Ideas
4. Literature and the Significance of the Enlightenment
Chapter 8 Romanticism, Realism and Naturalism 2学时
1. Romanticism: Characteristics, the Romanticist School and its Achievement
2. Realism: Definition and Performance
3. Naturalism: Novels and Naturalist art
Chapter 9 Ideology and Philosophy During the 18th and 19th Centuries 2学时
1. English Utilitarianism
2. German Social and Philosophical Ideas
3. French Utopian Socialism
Chapter 10 The modernist Movement and Literary Achievement 4学时
1. General Condition
2. Modernist Trend of Literature
3. Modernist Literature in UK and Other Countries
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4. Literary and Cultural Criticism of Post-Modernism
Chapter 11 Historical Development of the Modern Age 4学时
1. Important Theories and Ideological Schools
2. Later Changes in Christian Ideas
3. The later Philosophical Schools
Chapter 12 Artistic Development in the 20th Century 3学时
1 Background of Modern Art
2 Modern Achievements in Painting and Architecture
3 Popular Culture
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Chapter One Culture in Ancient Greece
1. The Early Period of Greek Civilization
It is generally acknowledged that the earliest representation of Greek civilization is on the island of
Crete. The Cretan society, dated back from 2000-2600BC, was the first important society in the Greek world. The people of Crete were probably from Asia Minor. Their influence on Greek culture was very significant. The leading city of ancient Crete was Knossos. The civilization found on Crete was called Minoan. Minoans achieved their greatest distinction in the grace and beauty of their art. Their art valued style and elegance as can be seen in the great palace of Knossos. Their pottery was highly decorative and showed much sophistication.
Cretan culture(克利特岛人的) contributed much to the development of Mycenaean(美锡尼人的)culture initially established by the Achaeans who had moved from elsewhere into the middle and south of Greece. At that time the artefacts developed by Mycenaeans were far beyond those by Cretans. At the end of Mycenaean civilization, the Trojan War had helped to produce two famous epics, Odyssey(奥德赛) and Iliad(伊利亚特), which were initially created in the 11th centuries BC.
2. The Development and End of Greek Civilization
Greek civilization clearly demonstrated strong signs of vigorous and dynamic development in its long history. These marvellous achievements ensured a long period of increasing prosperity and power for the nation and provided lasting influences for the later development of other European countries. Greek civilization came to its peak during 499-449BC. Around 146BC a split doomed opened the way for the invasion of later aggressors like Macedonia, Gaul and Rome.
3. Greek Culture: Greek mythology, religion, philosophy and literature
Historically Greek culture is of a rich variety, lasting value and wide influence
around the world in the categories of mythology and religion, philosophy, literature, art and science.
In Greek myth all the gods live on Mount Olympus, and Zeus is the chief keeping order with thunderbolts, both in heaven and on earth. The most prominent feature of Greek myth is that both man and god assume the same form. Two of the best-known Greek myths centre on the Trojan Horse and on Jason. Greek philosophy achieved its high point in the history of human intellectual development, marked by a series of important concepts about materialism, idealism and dialectics, the most influential philosophers were Socrates, Plata and Aristotle. Socrates has a reputation for irony and a sense of humour, Plato developed models for an ideal state in his Republic, Symposium(论文集) and Law, and Aristotle was the greatest thinker and most learned person of the ancient times. Greek literature is considered to consist of epic, lyrical poetry and drama. Greek art and its application to practical situations are also of certain significance in understanding its achievements, as demonstrated by Athenian architecture, sculpture and painting.
西方文化入门 Chapter 2 Culture in Ancient Rome
1. The Historical Development and Social and Economic Conditions
Ancient Rome was located exactly where modern Rome is today, along the western coast of central Italy. The Italian city of Rome is the birthplace of the Roman Empire and, therefore, the origin of Roman culture. The early Rome was ruled by seven kings, later by two consuls and a senate. Conflict with Carthage followed and the most influential event was the hundred years’ war. In the two centuries after Augustus took power, the Roman Empire reached its culmination. Roman society was established as a hierarchy based on legal distinction between the ruling class and the ruled, the rich and the poor, aristocracy and the ordinary people, the citizen and non-citizen, with the patricians maintaining their favoured position for almost three centuries. The time when the Roman emperors ruled followed the demise of the Roman Republic.
2. Cultural Achievements: Myth, Religion Literature, Philosophy, Art and Architecture
Influenced y Greek culture and myth, Romans took more interest in Greek gods and extended their own beliefs to the wholesale adoption of the Olympian pantheon of gods. Almost every Roman god has a Greek counterpart. The average Roman had freedom to choose his or her god to believe in. Apart from embodying myths, Roman literature was principally made up of poetry, prose and drama. Among the best-known Roman poets are Virgil, Horace and Ovid. Roman philosophy was greatly influenced by the Greek philosophers, especially y the Stoic and Epicurean schools. Roman philosophers provided practical explanation and application of philosophical principles, which developed the genre to some extent.
Roman art is not just the art of the emperors, senators, and aristocracy, but of
all the peoples of Rome's vast empire, including middle-class businessmen, freedmen, slaves, and soldiers in Italy and the provinces. Curiously, although examples of Roman architecture, sculpture, painting, and decorative arts survive in great numbers, few Roman artists and architects are known by name today. In general, Roman monuments were designed to serve the needs of their patrons rather than to express the artistic personality of their makers.The Ancient Romans were well known for their architectural ability. They constructed great buildings such as the Collesseum, auquaducts(地下水管道) and the Pantheon(罗马万神殿).
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Chapter 3 Jewish Culture and the Old Testament
1. Jewish History
Jewish history is the history of the Jewish people, faith, and culture. Jewish
history encompasses nearly four thousand years and hundreds of different populations. The whole
history of Jewish social and cultural development is pervaded by
paradoxical historical events. In the 16th BC Jews settled on both sides of the Jordan River. The Jewish people weathered the storms of all kinds of ethnic difficulties and disasters over the long periods of being exiled from one country to another in Europe and elsewhere in the world.
2. Jewish Art and Literature
Jewish people have made remarkable cultural achievements and have produced
many important figures in philosophy, literature, art and other areas of the humanities.
3. Judaism and Jewish Festivals
Jewish culture has contributed considerably to the Western historical
development by providing substantial religious ingredients and many other aspects of the whole basic framework of Western society. In the early period of the Jews’ settlement in Palestine, they had religious beliefs such as worship of trees, stone pillars and all kinds of natural forces. During their Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚), Jews began to establish a new religion. Only from that time was monotheistic Judaism, exclusive among all the other religions and protective of its priesthood and aristocracy, finally set up.
A complete collection of all the documents left by the ancient Hebrews was
compiled into a book called the Bible. The Judaist Bible was adopted by Christianity, which was renamed The Old Testament to distinguish it from The New Testament. The later period of Judaism, had the objectives not too difficult from Christianity. Worship of the Holy Temple was no longer practiced after its ruin and the migration of the Jewish people to every corner of the world. Only Moses’ Ten Commandments (摩西十诫)and the rabbis’ interpretations of the prophet’s doctrines were retained as the core of Judaism.
The Ten Commandments were God’s instructions which were turned into the following commandments:
i. You shall nave no other god;
ii. You shall not speak the name of the Lord lightly;
iii. Remember the Lords’ Day so as to keep it holy. For six days you shall you shall work and do all your labour, but the seventh day is consecrated to God:
iv. Honour your father and your mother;
v. You shall not kill;
vi. You shall not commit impurity;
vii. You shall not steal;
viii. You shall not lie;
ix. You shall have no impure desire;
x. You shall not covet what belongs to your neighbour
4.Introduction to the Old Testament
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The Bible of Judaism is the same as the The Old Testament of Christianity and so totals 39 books and falls into three parts: Pentateuch(摩西五书), Prophets(《先知书》), and Hagiographa(《圣录》) and Apocrypha(旧约·伪经).
Pentateuch is the first part of The Old Testament and consists of five books, which are Genesis(创世纪), Exodus(出埃及记), Leviticus(利未记), Numbers(民数记) and Deuteronomy(申命记). It includes history, biography, religious doctrine, law, proprieties, songs, family history and stories, covering almost everything in relation to all the Jewish traditions and culture.
Genesis describes God’s creation of the world and traces the history of the Hebrews from Abraham to Joseph. It includes stories such as Adam and Eve, Cain and Abel, the Great Flood, the Tower of Babel, the lives of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and how Joseph went to Egypt and so on.
Exodus describes how Moses led the people of Israel out of Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC, including their life in Egypt and how they suffered from oppression. Also it tells how Aaron prevailed over the Pharaoh to agree to their departure, how they went across the Red Sea, and traveled through the Sinai Desert.
Leviticus is a carefully composed book of laws and proprieties, with the records of Jewish rites, offerings and sacrifices and so on.
Numbers is an account of how the Jews, under the leadership of Josue after Moses’ death, fought against Canaanites and won.
Deuteronomy contains the final teachings of Moses, and was doubtless inspired by the 8th century BC prophetic movement in Israel, which was usually identified with the book that inspired Josiah’s reform in 621BC.
The second part of the The Old Testament is the Prophets, comprised of 21 books. Six of them continue to tell the Jewish story from the conquest of Canaan to their captivity in Babylon. It is called The Former Prophets(前先知). The Latter Prophet(后先知)s consist of three principal prophets and twelve minor prophets.
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Chapter 4 Christianity and the New Testament
1. The Background of the Birth of Christianity
The earliest Christian document is The Revelation of John (圣约翰启示录)written in the latter period
of the first century AD. It mentioned only a religious society in Asia Minor. The formation of the mystic elements of Christianity followed on from many prophecies about the arrival of the Messiah. Then He was equated to the Almighty God or the “Son of Man”. Hence, the foundation of Christianity had been well laid by the 2ed century BC. The name of Jesus spread first from mouth to mouth and was recorded only in the second century AD in the four Gospels of The New Testament. A pious religious believer, St. Paul, made the greatest contribution to the final establishment of Christianity. He wrote his famous “espistles” or Christian doctrines, embodying the central beliefs of early Christianity The Gospels(福音书), The Messengers’ Letters(信徒短信) and The Revelation of John before it was collected into The New Testament as the Christian doctrine.
2. The Development of Christianity
Christianity was widely accepted. The early followers of the religion were mostly poor people, salves and even criminals. As time moved on, Christianity appealed to growing numbers of people even the upper class people in the Roman Empire. The development of Christianity witnessed a new epoch in the 4th century AD, when Christianity turned into a National Religion of the Roman Empire. And in the 6th century AD with the proclamation of Christianity as the only state religion, Christianity entered a stage of unprecedented development.
3. The Principal Doctrines of Christianity
In the history of Christianity, there are two documents which contributed much to an accurate definition and unified knowledge of Christianity, namely The Nicene Creed(尼西亚教义) and The Orchiland Agreement(奥吉兰教规).
The Nicene Creed was passed at the Nicaea Council hosted by Constantine the Great and the delegates. The Nicene Creed has been binding on all Christians ever since. It actually describes the fundamental beliefs of the Christian faith.
In AD 529, the Orchiland Council(奥吉兰会议) agreed to what Saint Augustine proposed about sin and redemption. The following document was a result of that council. Because of the sin committed y the first man, one can not make any free choice. Hence if without God’s benefaction, no one could willingly love God or trust God or offer kind service for God… All those who have received baptism and received God’s benefaction have the sight and duty, with Jesus; help and cooperation, to do everything, which could save the souls if he laboured devotedly.
4. The Christian Schism and its Principal Factions
In 1054, the Christian church in Constantinople refused to accept the supremacy of the Roman Pope and was thus excommunicated by the latter. Christianity was initially divided into two parts: the Roman Catholic Church and the Orthodox Eastern Church. The second split took place in the 1520s, Christianity fell into three parts: the Roman Catholic Church, the Orthodox Eastern Church and Protestantism, all of which claiming true representatives of Christianity.
Some of their principal assertions are Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Protestantism. Roman Catholicism has its own view and interpretation of the proper relation the church and the state, and of
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other Christian traditions based upon Roman Catholic doctrine. To a certain extent, this doctrine is similar to that held by orthodox Christians of every label and consists of a belief in The Bible. Roman Catholic doctrine appears to go beyond the shared beliefs, which constitute the doctrine of each of the Christian groups. Eastern Orthodoxy(东正教) and Roman Catholicism(天主教) are largely in agreement, while Protestantism differs from both Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholiscism on several issues. For example, Roman Catholic theology defines and numbers the sacraments differently from Orthodox theology; but, over against Protestantism, Roman Catholic doctrine insists, as does Eastern Orthodoxy, upon the centrality of the seven sacraments(圣事)baptism(洗礼), confirmation(坚振), Eucharist(圣体), extreme unction(给临终者涂油礼), penance, matrimony(婚配), and holy orders as channels of divine grace.
5. An introduction to The New Testament
The New Testament contains altogether 27 parts, which were completed in the latter half of the first century AD. They are all of the recollections of the early Christians. The earliest manuascript was written in Greek and possibly translated from Arabic, the Palestine language. It consists of the four Gospels, a book of Acts of the Apostles(使徒行书), Letters(短信), and The Revelations of John.
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Chapter 5The Middle Ages and Germanic Culture
1. The Setting of the Middle Age
The period in European history from the collapse of the Roman Civilization in
the 5th AD to the period of the Renaissance in the 14th century is termed generally as the Middle Ages.
The Middle Age nonetheless provided the foundation for the transformations of the Humanists’ own Renaissance. The period from the fall of Rome to about the year 1000 was called the Dark Ages, also called Late Antiquity, or the Early Middle Ages. Apart from the flowering of the Carolingian court established by Charlemagne, no large kingdom or other political structure arose in Europe to provide stability. The only force capable of providing a basis for social unity was the Roman Catholic Church. The Middle Ages therefore present the confusing and often contradictory picture of a society attempting to structure itself politically on a spiritual basis. This attempt came to a definitive end with the rise of artistic, commercial, and other activities anchored firmly in the secular world in the period just preceding the Renaisance.
2. The Formation and Development of German Culture
The Carolingian (王朝的) culture was developed under the influence of the
Christian Church. This was first demonstrated in the monopoly of education by the Church. Those who received education were mostly priests and monks. Many of the teaching staff in parish schools was priests. The language used in teaching was Latin and the seven subjects, seven arts, namely, grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. Carolingian literature, education and culture in general advanced through borrowing from late Roman and contemporary Byzantine models and techniques. Artists added decorations to enhance books for priests to use in their religious services to enhance their importance. In the Roman basilica style, these illuminations usually demonstrated what artists felt and thought, rather than what they saw. However, Charlemagen’s chapel at Aachen borrowed form the architectural style of the Byzantine imperial palace in its octagonal concept. This highlighted the imperial nobility and majesty of the structure by joining the imageries of heaven and earth.
The cultural tradition of Greece and Rome was well preserved and even
continued in a way, but the development of the Eastern Roman Empire was based on its absorbing some eastern culture. Therefore the cultural significance became more complex and sophisticated than its predecessor Roman culture. Among the foremost cultural accomplishments of the Eastern Church was the founding of the University of Constantinople whose head, Leo, and his successors turned it into a successful institute of learning in literary and religious subjects. Its inheritance and development of the tradition of classical culture was demonstrated in many respects, such as the founding of Neoplatonism, Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy with eastern mysticism. The principal books of this period included Tours among the Oriental countries, The History of the Justinian War, and The Secret History. The architecture of Byzantium(拜占庭) was quite characteristic of both the classical ages and that of the eastern countries.
3. Byzantine Culture
There was a glorious tradition of Byzantine historiography, which was
maintained by a number of figures like George Acropolites, historian of the Empire of Nicaea, George Pachymeres, Gregoras and finally, Emperor John VI Cantacuzenus, who wrote his memoirs after
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abdicating in 1354.
4. Medieval Social Ideology
In the early and middle periods of the Medieval Age in the dominant scholarly
studies, more emphases were placed on the defence of the divinity. Ideas concerning all kinds in feudal societies were associated with religious theologies. A major principle was to regard all human life and social phenomena as being created and controlled by God. The development of productive forces and scientific and technological advances in the middle and later periods of the Middle Ages, thus prepared the ideological conditions for the Renaissance with its resurgence of art and literature. Scholasticism owed its birth to having provided a means to resist anti-Christian tendencies.
Scholasticism was initiated by the Medieval theologians to defend and consolidate the status of Christianity, which had been threatened by increasing suspicion among both its disciples and the ordinary people. The scholars used Plato and Aristotle’s philosophies to explain Christian doctrines. Scholasticism maintained holiness of the Christian doctrines by meticulous reasoning and inference. Scholasticism regarded the Bible as the only source of absolute truth, making reason submit to religious faith. In opposition to Scholasticism were the ideas of materialism, represented by men such as Averroes and Roger Bacon. Averroes denied the absurd ideas of religion and asserted that philosophy should adopt rational thinking as its basis. Another representative was the Englishman Roger Bacon, whose interest lay in mathematics and experimental sciences, especially optics. He made a distinction between philosophy and theology, and between rational and philosophy on the one land and various religious beliefs on the other.
5. Literature, Art and Politics
Medieval literature was represented in poems, particularly in hymns expressing
the intense religious feelings of love of God. Foremost of these literary works were epics like The Song of Roland(French), The Song of the Cid(Spanish), The Song of the Niebelungs(German). Italian poem such as Dante’s Divine Comedy was an epoch-making event. The artistic achievements of the Medieval Age mostly related to religious representations. This was evidenced in the architecture, sculpture and painting of the period. Gothic buildings were in a phase of rapid development and remained the major style in most of European countries into the 16th century and onwards. Typical buildings were Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Cologne Cathedral(科隆大教堂) in Germany, Canterbury and Lincoln Cathedrals in Britain, and Milan Cathedral in Italy.
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Chapter 6 Culture during the Renaissance
1. Background to the Renaissance
The Renaissance was an important stage in the historical process of the Western
civilization and marked the turning point from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development
of Western culture. Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and hence prepared the necessary conditions for rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the Modern Age.
2. Source, Features and Significance
There are many sources contributing to Renaissance. During the reign of
Charlemagne the Great(查理曼大帝742-814) seven courses established at the school. During the 12th century, a cultural and economic revival took place in Europe; many historians trace the origins of the Renaissance to this time. The balance of economic power slowly began to shift from the region of the eastern Mediterranean to that of Western Europe. The 13th century saw the climax of medieval civilization. The classic form of Gothic architecture and sculpture and been fully established by the time. Overall, the break-up of feudal structures, the strengthening of city-states in Italy, and emergence of national monarchies in Spain, France, and England, as well as such cultural developments as the rise of folk culture and popular literature had occurred in most European countries by the end of the Middle Ages. Furthermore, changes in secular education, particularly the founding of universities, culminated in the birth of a self-consciously new age with a new spirit. One can not help looking back to the classical learning of Greece and Rome as the inspiration for what has come to be known as the Renaissance.
3. Cultural Achievements of the Renaissance
The cultural achievements of the Renaissance can be summed up into 2 phases:
art in the early period and art in the latter periods. Realist tendency was obvious in the art of the early period of the Renaissance, and visible mostly in the use of religious subject matter drawn from Biblical and mythological legends and figures. Works such as those of Giotto di Bondone(1266-1337) in painting, Donatello and Ghiberti in sculpture are perfect examples. Another famous figure is Filippo Brunelleschi(1377-1466) whose mathematically based architectural designs helped solve the problem of the pillarless dome. He tried to portray his structural figures by making them recede into the background and hence appear three-dimensional.
In painting, artists of the later period of the Renaissance mastered the technique of portraying nature on the basis of an insightful assimilation of classical heritage. High Renaissance art emerged in the latter period of the Renaissance. It flourished for about 35 years, when Rome revolved around three towering figures: Leonard da Vinci (1452-1519), Michelangelo (1475-1564), and Raphael (1483-1520). The Virgin of the Rocks(岩间圣母), Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are considered the most representative works of Da Vinci’s. Genesis and Final Judgment and the sculpture David were representatives of Michelangelo Buonarotti(米开朗琪罗). Just as well known as Da Vinci and Michelangelo was Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520) who established his reputation with his famous fresco The School of Athens which included over fifty figures altogether. The fourth well-known artist from this period was Tiziano Vecellio (提香·韦切利奥) (1477-1576) commonly known as Titian in Venice.
It was in art that the spirit of the Renaissance achieved its clearest formation. Art, since the
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Renaissance, has come to be seen as a branch of knowledge, valuable in its own right and capable of providing man with images of God and his creations. A whole group of these painters presented some of the highest artistic achievements of human history. The Renaissance as a unified historical period ended with the collapse of political stability and the eruption and continuation of the Italian wars.
4. Social Ideology and Religious Reformation
The representative figures of the Renaissance claimed to recover and revive
Graeco-Roman classicism and its culture which had been ignored and distorted by theology and the Church, and held that the new ideology should be based on individual interests and characteristics of individualism. These ideas were principally epitomized by Dante(但丁), Petrarch(彼特拉克), Boccaccio(薄伽丘) and Machiavelli(马基雅维里).
The reformation is closely related to the Renaissance in its origin and significance. If the Renaissance was to recover ancient culture and art, the Reformation was to recover ancient Christian theology. The necessity for the Reformation lies in a perception of moral degeneration in the Catholic Church. The situation was particularly critical in Germany where the peasants and the poor townspeople strongly demanded political and intellectual reform and democracy. The reformists included the lower classes of aristocrats and handicraft workers, like Martin Luther(1483-1546). Martin Luther developed the idea of justification by faith and attacked the sale of indulgences. These arguments criticized the Pope’s corruption and provoked a major controversy with the German ruler. Influenced from Catholicism and by Luther’s Protestantism John Calvin (1509-1564) made himself head of the strictly Presbyterian government, which combined both state and religious powers, known as Calvinism.
5. Development of Natural Science
The Renaissance witnessed the development of natural science especially in the
field of scientific revolution by Copernicus(1473-1543) and in scientific achievement by Galileo and Newton. Copernicus put forward the hypothesis that the earth and the other planets orbited about the sun and that the earth was not therefore at the centre of the universe. Galileo’s achievements include the discovery of the isochronisms of the pendulum and the demonstration that acceleration of a falling body does not depend on its mass. He constructed telescopes and discovered Jupiter’s satellites and observed the sunspots and the mountainous nature of the moon. He also experimented with the concept of flying. Isaac Newton developed the theory of differential calculus. Besides he studied diffraction and interference of light waves and invented the reflecting telescope. Finally, Newton’s analysis of the so-called mutual perturbations of the planets, caused by their individual gravitational fields predicted the natural collapse of the solar system unless God acted to set things right again. Other scientists included William Gilbert (1544-1603) discovered and demonstrated the circulation of blood.
6. Beginning of Modern Philosophy
Francis Bacon was the founder of materialism and experimental science. His
books of Essays, Instauratio Magna(伟大复兴), a project for the complete reorganization of human knowledge, claimed knowledge is power. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), an influential British philosopher, developed his political philosophy based on the view that men are essentially selfish and to escape anarchy they have entered a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. The so-called Leviathan is a tremendous fabricated machine as is limited from nature. Rene Descartes laid the foundation for scientific materialism. In his Discourse de la method(方法论), he divests himself of all previously held beliefs “I am thinking, therefore I exist.”
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838 7. Classicism and the Cultural Salon
Classicism tends naturally to be expressed by the adoption of certain classical forms, such as the
alexanderine, the heroic couplet, and the ode in association with verse, in addition to the forms other than literature, like the Palladian style and in painting, the idealized landscape of Claude and Poussin. In respect of language features, classicist drama is also distinguished by its moral irony, formal beauty as well as brevity and understatement.
The cultural salon was a meeting place for men of letters and the nobility and flourished as an established institution to the mutual advantage of both from 1617 until 1665. The guests at Catherine de Vivonne’s salon included quite a number of notables of the time and the discussion was an assembly of wits, artists, writers or other men and women of society, who gathered to exchange ideas about various kinds of cultural subjects. The enthusiastic operation of the cultural salon received much attention and support from the French court. Other kinds of salons appeared afterwards such as a club under the leadership of Louis XIII (1629) and the French Academy (1637). Besides, drama was the most vigorous and popular cultural activity, represented by Moliere, whose famous comedy was Tartuffe(答尔丢夫).
西方文化入门 Chapter 7 Culture during the Enlightenment
1. Background
The Enlightenment was a strong intellectual movement to provide the necessary conditions, especially the theoretical tenets, for the bourgeoisie to come to power. In a way, the Enlightenment serves as a continuation of the Renaissance, in terms of opposing feudal autocracy and Christian dogmatism. The Enlightenment is generally agreed to have originated in France, where Louis XIV personally seized power from the prime minister in the middle of the 17th century. He then took measures to fortify his totalitarian position as a king by appointing himself as the prime minister. Due to his measures and reforms, France freed herself gradually from her political and social predicament, and became more powerful in economic and military achievements, and thus played a leading role in European political affairs. With the increasing improvement of her political and military situation, France started her colonial expansion and joined in an intensive competition with other European powers for territories in India, Louisana, Canada and the West Indies. At that time, France seized more colonies and showed greater strength than Germany and England, which were weakened through domestic turmoil, especially civil wars.
2. Empiricist Influences from Britain
Beginning from the Renaissance, amongst the intellectuals there was a preoccupation with the natural world. The thinkers of the Enlighenment processed to utilize what they knew of the realities of nature to attempt an empirical account of the structure of the human mind. Ultimately the school of so-called British Empiricism responded to the practical needs of the time. Such views dominated this aspect of Enlightenment philosophy in Europe for a considerable period, at last up to the time of Kant. In contrast to the metaphysical and rationalistic philosophy of the late Renaissance, that of the Enlightenment was epistemological and empiricist in emphasis. The representatives of empiricists are generally believed to be John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.
3 .Representative Figures and Their Ideas
The centre of the Enlightenment was France although Britain, Germany and other European countries were also influential in this movement. The leading figures were different from each other in faith and thinking as well as the motivation in getting involved in the movement but found much in common in their pursuit of an idealistic society. Among the most influential figures involved in the Enlightenment were V oltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau and Diderot.
The ideas of V oltaire(伏尔泰) can be summed up as: his opposition to Christianity and his belief in a god of nature; theory of human nature as natural sociability, rationality and a sense of religion; views of social freedom and equality; the theory of the enlightened autocracy. Those of Montesquieu(孟德斯鸠) are of the natural origins of society, of geography and environment, and classification of government and division of power as well. The following are from Rousseau: human society and the origin of the state, the social contract; the theory of people’s sovereignty, the theory of social equality, and theory of social education.
4. Literature and the Significance of the Enlightenment
Classicism had exerted considerable influence upon European literature since the Renaissance. This was demonstrated in both drama and poetry where classical writers tried to pursue a kind of ancient beauty and regarded ancient achievements unsurpassed by the contemporary writers. Nonetheless, the
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bourgeois writers, who came upon the scene with capitalist economic development, did not agree to this classicist assertion and desired to seek more freedom to produce what conformed to the interests of the bourgeoisie. Consequently a dispute arose on what kind of literature should be developed. Maybe it is the reason why most of European countries did not produce important writers or impressive literary works during the Enlightenment. But England was perhaps an exception for it fostered a pretty large number of accomplished writers who wrote some important works. Among this group of writers were John Milton (1688-1674), John Bunyan (1628-1687), Alexander Pope (1688-1744),Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)，Jonathan Swift (1667-1745), Samuel Richardson (1689-1761), Henry Fielding (1707-1754) and Samuel Johnson (1709-1784).
The profound repudiation of royal monarchy and Christian Church during the Enlightenment went far beyond those made by the Renaissance in both breadth and depth. The ideas of social equality, human right and liberty and atheism had spread all over France and Europe, greatly shaking the foundation of royal autocracy and its status in people’s minds. The Enlightenment provides the theoretical and ideological preparation for the arrival of the French Revolution. The revolutionary and ideological principles they elucidated and interpreted contributed immensely to the French Revolution in its preliminary stage. The core ideas in the Enlightenment were the bourgeois resistance to the feudal landlord class and the challenge of rationalism to theological ideas. The banner of liberty, equality and philanthropy was the best gift that the thinkers of the Enlightenment offered to the French Revolution. The Encyclopaedia had widespread influence as an expression of progressive thought and served, in effect, as an intellectual prologue to the French Revolution. In this sense, one can say that without the Enlightenment’s theoretical and ideological preparation, the French Revolution is beyond imagination. The Encyclopaedia was a showcase for representatives of the new schools of thought in all branches of intellectual activity. The work was notable for its attitude of tolerance, liberalism, and also for its innovative coverage of the trades and mechanical arts. In its skepticism, its emphasis on scientific determinism, and its criticism of the abuses perpetrated the contemporary legal, judicial, and clerical institutions. The Encyclopaedia’s publication, opposed as it was by conservative ecclesiastics and government officials almost from the start, and meeting with Jesuit censorship and suffering the suppression of several volumes by the French Council of State (1752), nevertheless proved to be one of the most valuable books of its kind and has endured the test of time.
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西方文化入门 Chapter 8 Romanticism, Realism and Naturalism
1. Romanticism: Characteristics, the Romanticist School and its
Achievement
As a literary and artistic movement, Romanticism has involved itself in such
areas as poetry, painting and music from the end of the 18th century and into the first part of the 19th century, principally exhibiting the features like individualism, emotionalism, worship of nature, fascination with the alien aspects of foreign lands, the nationalist movement, and disillusionment as well.
In spite of the fact that Romanticism was arguably born in France, its substantial achievements were made in Germany and England respectively though its manifestation in visual art had still much to do with France. In Germany was the distinguished Storm and Stress and romantic music. In England was the well-known romantic poetry while romantic painting belonged principally in France.
The French artists characterized their work by intense linear drawings and bold contrasts of light and shade. This type of artistic style was further developed by the following generation in a genre of English Romantic landscapes represented by the works of J. M. W. Turner and John Constable. They were inclined to display a variety of transient and dramatic effects of light and colour by focusing in their landscapes on a natural world’s dynamic capability for arousing awe and grandeur. In Germany, a group of talented composers created works of lasting value and influence during this period, including Beethoven, Hayden, Mozart, Schubert and Schumann. Romantic poetry emerged principally in England and is represented by two groups: the Lake Poets and the young radical poets. The former group includes Wordsworth and Coleridge while the latter includes Byron, Shelley and Keats.
2. Realism: Definition and Performance
Realism refers to the accurate, detailed, non-ornamented depiction of nature or of
human life. Realism rejects any subjective, imaginative or idealized portrayal but advocates a close observation of outward appearances. Hence, realism has generally existed in many artistic currents in different civilizations. It is both a way of thinking and a method of creation in the arts. The realist mode is reflected both in writing and in painting, too.
3. Naturalism: Novels and Naturalist art
A tendency occurred in literature and the visual arts during the late 19th- and early
20th –century when some writers and artists were inclined, under the influence of scientific knowledge and experiment, to adopt the principles and methods of natural science, especially the Darwinian view of nature, to literature and art.
In literature, the writing intentionally offered no moral judgment y assuming scientific determinism that emphasized man’s accidental, physiological nature rather than his moral or rational qualities. The first major novelist who expounded the tenets of naturalism was Emile Zola (1840-1902). In art AndréAntoine and the Freie Bǔhne of Berlin faithfully reflected nature and it was always a nature “red in tooth and claw.” As a historical movement, naturalism contributed to art an enrichment of realism, new areas of subject matter and a scope and formlessness that were indeed closer to life than to art. Its multiplicity of impressions conveyed the sense of a world in constant flux.
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Chapter 9 Ideology and Philosophy during the 18th and 19th Centuries
1. English Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism represented an enthusiasm for promoting private interests with a
freedom to run business and make contracts. As well, it believed in free trade and free exploitation of workers. They held that the state is only like a security vigil (值夜监视人) at night, responsible for the protection of the safety of the people and their properties, for the protection of the safety of the people and their properties, for the maintenance of a society based on civilian freedom. They emphasized that the state should make no interference in economic life. These ideas are to be located in the Utilitarianist thought represented principally in the works of Jeremy Bentham and John Mill.
2. German Social and Philosophical Ideas
The German philosophy departed from French materialism and set out on the
road to idealism. Classical German philosophy arose at the same time when the French Revolution occurred when the Industrial Revolution developed vigorously in Britain and while the bourgeois revolution was spreading widely all over the European continent. The German philosophers, while receiving influences from the French bourgeois revolution and making such demands as individual freedom, protection of human rights and private property, carried on its own kind of German modification by claiming that the people had no right to riot or torture, or to execute a monarch when they accepted Rousseau’s ideas on freedom. German philosophy substituted science for theory, bourgeois freedom and equality for the absolutist theory of divine right and did provide a theoretical weapon with which the bourgeoisie could demand political power. Kant was a philosopher with dualist tendency. Among Kant’s philosophical ideas, the concept of “things in themselves” certainly had a wide influence. Fichte(费希特) demonstrated his nationalism in his essay An Appeal to the German Citizens . Hegel set up the most massive system of objective idealism in the history of European philosophy. In opposition to Hegel’s rationalism, Schopenhauer(叔本华) emphasized the importance of will. Nietzsche was among the earliest to regard the initiator of the modern philosophy of human life. He showed great impact on the Chinese intellectuals.
3. French Utopian Socialism
The French Bourgeois Revolution and the British Industrial Revolution provided
two general conditions for the birth of Utopianism. The immature theory agrees with the immature conditions of capitalist production and the immature state of classes. The theory of Utopian Socialism was born in such circumstances. It’s representatives were the Frenchmen Saint-Simons and Charles Fourier and the Englishman Robert Owen. The Utopian thinkers believed in the return of human nature, assuming natural character could contribute a lot to the carrying out of essential reform. They emphasized the anticipated change in man, socialism as a non-political socialism. They dreamed of taking the road of peaceful reformation. Maybe some of their ideas are credible, but obviously, such advocacy(拥护) was not easy to carry out at the time. This is why they had to fail.
完整版欧洲文化入门参考资料
欧洲文化入门参考资料 这是一本中国大学生了解欧洲文化的英语教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。 《欧洲文化入门》教学大纲 一、课程基本信息 1、课程英文名称：European Culture: An Introduction 2、课程类别：专业限选课程 3、课程学时：32学时 4、学分：2 5、先修课程：《高级英语》、《英国文学选读》、《美国文学选读》 6、适用专业：英语 7、大纲执笔：英语专业教研室 8、大纲审批：外语系学术委员会 9、制定(修订)时间：2005 二、课程的目的与任务： 本课程为专业选修课程，旨在通过该课程的学习，学生比较系统地学习有关欧洲文化的基本知识，以提高学生的文化知识和文化修养，并为以后开专业课提供大量重要的背景文化知识，从而更好地了解和学习英语，提高文学欣赏水平。 三、课程的基本要求： 本教学大纲对象是高等院校英语专业高年级学生，全部用英语授课。 了解欧洲文化对英语发展的影响和欧洲文化发展的脉络； 了解来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等； 了解欧洲各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物； 将欧洲文化与同时期的中国文化进行比较； 学生应准备一些工具书、参考书、选本、译本。 四、教学内容、要求及学时分配： 希腊、罗马文化 基督教及其《圣经》 中世纪 文艺复兴与宗教改革 十七世纪 启蒙运动 浪漫主义 马克思主义与达尔文学说 现实主义 现代主义及其它 五、考试考核办法：笔试 六、教材及参考书：
欧洲入门文化试题及答案
欧洲文化入门Exercise3 1．第1题 Mary's pregnancy to Joseph, her husband, was ___. A.a scandal B.a luck C.incredible D.unfortunate 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 2．第2题 It was ____who unified England for the first time. A.King Edward and his successors B.King Arthur and his successors C. King William and his successors D.King Alfred and his successors 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 3．第3题 According to the New Testament, the central message of Jesus was__. A.the kingdom of God B.the human persons C.the Holy Spirit D.God 您的答案：A 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0
4．第4题 The religious ministry of Jesus was followed by his 12 apostles for ___. A.12 is a lucky number B.they were the only apostles Jesus had C.they were the only apostles Jesus could select D.Israel was made up of 12 tribes 您的答案：D 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 5．第5题 Greek mythology relates the development of the order of the universe to_____ . A.Pandora B.Zeus C.Chaos D.Cronus 您的答案：C 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 6．第6题 Which is not true about the heroes in Greek mythology? A.They represented a kind of bridge between gods and mortals B.They never die C.They got gods' favor D.They had some defect to balance out their power 您的答案：B 题目分数：2.0 此题得分：2.0 7．第7题
西方文化入门大纲
西方文化入门（2010） 一、课程名称：西方文化入门 二、学时与学分：36 学时，2 学分 三、适用专业：英语专业本科、 四、课程教材：自编教材 五、参考教材：Duncan Sidwell著，《欧洲文化概况》，外语教学与研究出版社，2008年 12月第一版 王佐良，李品伟等主编，《欧洲文化入门》，外语教学与研究出版社，1992 年9月第二版 六、开课单位：外语学院 七、课程的目的、性质和任务: 西方文化入门是英语专业的一门文化课，目的是使学生了解西方文化的历史发展和文学，文化传统，促进学生对西方文化内涵的兴趣，提高对文化差异的敏感性和宽容性，培养学生跨文化的交际能力。 八、课程的基本要求： 了解西方文化发展的历史脉络，如，作为西方文明源头的希腊罗马文明，基督教的兴起与传播，欧洲中世纪文明，文艺复兴，宗教改革，理性主义的勃发，工业革命和现代欧洲，殖民主义与帝国主义，等；了解西方文化中的一些关键概念，如，希腊城邦，罗马帝国，上帝和子民，人文主义，民主与自由，人权，平等与博爱，科学和技术，工业革命，殖民主义，帝国主义，等；从欧洲的角度了解文学在古代，中世纪，近代和现代的发展，学习希腊文学，罗马文学，文艺复兴时期意大利、英国、西班牙等国经典文学片断，了解欧洲古代，中世纪，文艺复兴，启蒙时期，浪漫主义和现实主义时期文学的特点和精神实质；旨在使学生对西方历史，文化的发展脉络有较为清晰的了解和把握。 九、课程的主要内容： 介绍西方文化的源头古希腊古、罗马的文明，重点为雅典的民主制，希腊史诗与悲剧，希腊建筑艺术，罗马帝国及其影响，罗马文学；《圣经》简介，上帝与子民，中世纪教会组织，人文主义文学，宗教改革，启蒙时代的精神，平等，自由与博爱，欧洲浪漫主义文学，英国工业革命，马克思主义与达尔文主义的兴起与传播，等。 十、说明： 西方文化内容多，涉及面广；由于课时原因，本课程将不涉及一次世界大战以后西方文明的发展，也不涉及美国文明的发展。本课程教材，参考教材均为英文；讲授中英文并用；讲授方式以讲座为主。 十一、考核方式： 课后作业，期末考试。
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记 1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture. 2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element. 第一章 1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta. 2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour. 3、Olympus mount，Revived in 1896(当代奥运会) 4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)‘s epics was created by Homer. 5、The events of Homer‘s own time. (错) (They are not about events of Homer‘s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.) 6、The Homer‘s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey. 7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad. 8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey. 9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。In the 20th century. 10、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C. 11、三大悲剧大师①Aeschylus 《Prometheus Bound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《Prometheus Unbound》 ②Sophocles(之首) 《Oedipus the King》—→Freud‘s “the Oedipus complex”(恋母情结) —→David Herbert Lawrence’s《Sons and lovers》(劳伦斯)447页 ③Euripides A.《Trojan Women》 B. He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧) 在肖伯纳手中达到高潮，属于存在主义戏剧的人物 C. Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人) D. Realism can be traced back (追溯到) to the Ancient Greece. To be specific(具体来说)，Euripides. 12、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes. 18页 Aristophanes writes about nature. —→浪漫主义湖畔派(The lakers )华兹华兹 13、History (Historical writing)史学创作新古典主义代表作家《格列夫游
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案
欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案 第一章 填空题： 1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian 2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey 3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides 4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus 5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides 6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C. 7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar 8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly. 判断题 1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes 2. Herodotus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians 名词解释： 1. Pax Romana 答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana 2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece 答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks mea nt only the adult male citizens. 2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题： 1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop? 1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics. 2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C. A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century. B. The establishment of democracy. C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens. 3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.
西方文化入门复习题
西方文化入门复习题 填空题 1. The earliest civilization in Greece was the Cretan Civilization, also known as the Minoan Civilization. 2. At the end of Mycenaean civilization, the Trojan War broke out. 3. In the 6th Century B.C. the city of Sparta gained greater control of Peloponnesus by organizing an alliance of almost all the Peloponnesian states. 4. The Persian wars, which were between Greek states and Persia, ended with The Battle of Marathon. 5. In Greek mythology, the Olympian gods include Zeus, Hestia, Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, Hera, and other six gods. 6. One of the features of Greek mythology is that gods resembled humans. 7. Plato was Socrates’ student and the author of The Republic. 8. The Senate was a political institution started from ancient Rome and still part of the parliaments in some western countries. 9. The first Triumvirate of Rome included Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus. 10. The capital city of Byzantine Empire was Constantinople. 11. The exiled Jews systematically recomposed their legends and manuscripts into the book Talmud. 12. The Bible of Judaism is the same as the New Testament of Christianity. 13. Christianity became the sole official religion of the Roman Empire in 392 AD under the emperor Theodosius. 14. Christianity has broken up into several factions, principally the Roman Catholicism, the Eastern Orthodoxy, and the Protestantism. 15. After the destruction of Roman Empire in 476, Europe entered the Middle Ages, which lasted about a thousand years or so and was dominated by Germanic people whom the Romans had called savage. 16. In the 7th Century, Muhammad, an Arabian merchant, founded the religion of Islam. 17. The most striking feature of Renaissance was doubtless the flourishing of humanism, which was exemplified by the developments in science, religion,
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结 1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist， one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas
英语介绍 西方文化
★1My View on Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization ★2Greek Influence On Western Culture .论文 ★3My View on Comparison between Socrates and Confucius Referring to Socrates, some people may think that Socrates is a Western Confucius. They have much in common. Both of them are the father of the world whom influenced many people around home and abroad from ancient to now.;both make great contribution on education,philosophy and politics; Both of them had great influence on their followers and so on. However, as a result of differences in thought, background and other aspects, there were also some differences between them. One key point is that Socrates emphisized individualism while confucius the collectivism.(这句是瞎掰的，不知道对不对) Socrates and Confucius had many similarities as well as difference, yet their contribution to human being in education, philosophy and other aspects are indelible. ★4 Greek civilization Greek civilization as we think of it is primarily an idealized view of one group of Greeks based in and around the city states
欧洲文化入门
《欧洲文化概论》是由外语教学研究出版社出版的中国大学英语专业教材。书中介绍了欧洲各个历史时期和人物的典故、语录、成语、人名、地名等，并按时间顺序具体简洁地描述了欧洲从古至今的历史。本书通过对欧洲不同时期的思想、科技、政治、社会等方面的重要时代和人物进行英语教学，使学习英语的学生更好地了解欧洲历史文化，从而使英语学习更加顺利，更好地掌握英语语言和文化。 1相关概要编辑 《欧洲文化入门》是一本中国大学英语系的教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好[1] 2课程目的编辑 为学习英语的学生而设，因此用英语讲授，提到的地名，人名，书名，事件的名称等等也按英语惯例拼写，例如用Aristotle而不是Aristote （法）或Aristoteles（德）。 3课程内容编辑 欧洲文化的重要方面都讲到，但由于材料太多，又必须突出中心，为
此本书采用历史叙述法，将全部内容 分为10个大题按照时间顺序来讲，如下： 1 希腊，罗马文化； 2 基督教及其《圣经》； 3 中世纪； 4 文艺复兴与宗教改革； 5 17世纪； 6 启蒙运动； 7 浪漫主义； 8 马克思主义与达尔文学说； 9 现实主义； 10现代主义及其他。 在每题之内也已介绍最重要的基本事实为主，讲述力求具体扼要。以下是总目录（主干），其实每个目录下都包含还有很多内容（枝节），在本书中都有详细介绍Contents: Introduction https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4a6375315.html,es of the Subject 2.Two Major Elements in European Culture DIVISION ONE GREEK CULTURE AND ROMAN CULTURE I. Greek Culture Questions for Revision
欧洲文化入门要点
WEEK 1-3 Reformation and Counter-Reformation P138-139 The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It begin with Martin Luther‘s 95 thesis in 1517. This movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible, The demands of the reformists: ---direct communication between the individual and God ---simplifying rituals ---abolishing heavy taxes levied on their countrymen ---abolishing the indulgences 1) Pre-Luther Religious Reformers John Wycliffe (about 1330?a1384) p-139 Chief forerunner of Reformation. English theologian and religious reformer. He believed that Christ is man??s only overlord and that salvation depends upon predestination and grace rather than on membership of a visible church. He took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time. Jan Hus (1372-1415) A Bohemian Czech religious leader, theologian. Attacked the abuses of the Church/ was imprisoned and exiled/ was burnt at stake / the Hus War 2) Martin Luther(1483-1546) and His Doctrines Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church. Beginning of the Reformation p-140 Translation of the Bible Gospel of love and Ideas of Equality In the history of Germany, Martin Luther was more than a religious leader, he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system and a writer whose forceful language helped fix the standards of the modern German language 3) John Calvin (1509-1564) and Calvinism Calvin was a French theologian. His Institutes of the Christian Religion was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times. Presbyterian government Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved. Calvinism was one of the main courses of the capitalist spirit 4) Reformation in England p-143 John Knox Scottish Presbyterianism Henry VIII / matrimonial affairs / Catherine Aragon / Anne Boleyn In 1534, the Act of Supremacy marked the formal break of the British with the papal
关于西方文化的基本精神
西方文化的基本精神 概述： 西方文化精神起源于以征服和利用对象世界为目的的“天人二分”的哲学理念，只要包括批判否定已知讲求探索的科学精神；注重个体差异，讲究人权的民主精神，建立在人权与社会契约理论基础之上的法制精神以及以约束自我，寻求自我完善为目的地宗教精神。 西方文化的科学精神是一种开拓性的，批判性的，否定性的意识理念。它促使人们去发现，分析，理解，最终利用对象世界。人们以批判的眼光去看待世界，渴望超越，这样的情况下，各学科发展迅速，这样就带来了西方哲学文化和科学技术的高度发达。西方文化的民主精神讲究“分别性”和“公平性”。分别性即人的差异性，公平性则是指天赋人权，人人自由平等。倡导自我是西方民主的核心。法制则是平等自由的保障，是资本主义自身发展对平等自由的竞争环境要求的体现，注重法制，规范，秩序。宗教文化是西方文化的重要组成，它是人们于现实和理想的矛盾中寻求自我解脱和安慰的结果，是人们约束自我的价值尺度。各种精神理念共同作用下，西方世界形成了自身特有的文化精神和传统。 关键词： “天人二分”科学精神批判否定民主精神分别性天赋人权法制精神社会契约论 资本主义发展宗教精神彼岸此岸价值尺度 Key Words: the spunk of science animadversion and gainsay democracy the distinctness rights of man the legal system the discussion of a bargain in the society the development of capitalism the two worlds the measures for what is important 西方文化的本源是“天人二分”的哲学观念、分析思维和逻辑思维的思维方式，由此生发并形成它的几种基本精神。 一是科学精神。西方文化的科学精神具体表现为科学探索精神和批判否定的精神。 所谓“天人二分”，就是把人与对象世界区分开来，甚至对立起来，致力于征服和支配对象世界，以满足人的生存发展需要。而人们要征服和支配对象世界，当然首先就要认识对象世界，掌握它的客观规律，这样就发展出它的科学精神和分析思维方式。 首先在开拓性的认知探索方面，西方文化从源头上开始，就表现出一种不懈地追求真知和真理、勇于开拓和探索的科学精神。比如古希腊哲学就主要是一种偏重于求“真”的哲学，即本体论哲学。所谓本体论，就是研究存在的学说，对于一个事物的存在，首先要追问它是一种什么样
西方文化英文解析
1.What is the function and status of external etiquette? Etiquette plays a decisive role in external relationships. Etiquette functions subtly in coordinating human relationships. In social contacts, those who behave with good manners will be held in esteem and give people a good impression.Otherwise they will be viewed as haughty, ignorant or foolish, and are likely to be cold-shouldered or cast aside. In the contemporary age, various new thoughts, new information and technologies spring up constantly. All these make the connection, exchanges and cooperation among people more important. Mutual understanding, trust, care and common affection among people not only create a friendly social atmosphere, but also meet every normal people’s needs in different degrees with regard to their healthy and reasonable psychological necessities. So, the coordinating function that etiquette plays in human relationships is becoming more and more necessary, dynamic and indispensable. 2.What have we learnt from the little story RANGQIANGXIANG? 3.Through what does etiquette mainly display? 4.What is the essence of courtesy? The essence of courtesy is respect. It includes respecting oneself, respecting others and respecting the society. Should a person respect himself, he is able to deserve others’respect. Self-respect hints respecting oneself proper and respecting the profession that one is engaging in and the company or institution that one is working at. Respecting others covers respecting one’s superiors/bosses, colleagues, subordinates, clients/customers, opponents. Respecting one’s superiors is the bounden (非做不可的)duty; respecting one’s colleagues is the basic requirements; respecting one’s subordinates is the virtue; respecting one’s clients is the common sense and respecting one’s opponents the cultivation. To respect oneself and others is one of the fundamental principles where foreign affairs related etiquette is concerned.As all know, different countries and nationalities have their own particular customs, habits and manners due to their different histories, religious beliefs and so on. Suppose we don’t know the local customs and habits, we should spend more time to ask and observe.Respecting the society will beautify the living environment and help to optimize the development of human beings. It requires people to pay special attention to the social morality, to maintain social order, to protect the environment, to love people and the nation, and to abide by law. So the essence of courtesy is respect.
欧洲文化入门--10年真题
2010年10月高等教育自学考试北京市命题考试 欧洲文化入门试卷 第一部分选择题 (共40分2 points each) 1(The Romans conquered Greece in ( A(146 B(C( B(500 B(C( C(700 B(C( D(1200 B(C( 2(The playwright who contributed greatly to Greek tragic art was A(Sophocles B(Aristophanes C(Herodotus D(Homer 3(The greatest of Latin poets was A(Horace B(Virgil C(Homer D(Cicero 4(Daniel was taken prisoner to after the fall of Jerusalem. A(Egypt B(Persia C(Babylon D(Assyria 5(David was ( A(a Hebrew king B(the boy who killed Goliath C(the man who made Jerusalem the capital D(all of the above 6(In the formative period of feudalism, the bishops were themselves A(scholars B(hermits C(feudal lords D(knights 7(As a result of the Crusades，luxuries of the East poured into the West(They were spices( perfume(hand(woven carpets and ( A(tea B(Chinaware C(silk D(silverware 8(Martin Luther held that was the supreme authority( A(the Church B(the Bible C(the Pope D(Jesus 9(Ophelia is a character in Shakespeare’s ( A(Hamlet B(Othello C(Macbeth D(Merchant of Venice 10(The Reformation shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man(thus paving the
欧洲文化入门中文版课件
第一章希腊罗马文化 希腊罗马文化可以说是欧洲文明的起源，所以这一章节应该是比较重要的章节。我们先看希腊的发展。 希腊文明分为几个时期，她形成于公元前800－500年，经历了古典时代（也就是公元前500到公元前336年）和希腊化时代（也就是公元前336年到公元前31年）。希腊文明达到顶峰是公元前5世纪。公元前146年，希腊被罗马攻克。希腊文明也就被罗马文明所取代。 这段历史的重要大事有： 1、公元前12世纪，随着特洛伊人的入侵，希腊堕入“黑暗时代”。荷马史诗描述的正是希腊人与特洛伊人之间的战争（《以利亚特》和《奥得赛》）。这里要注意的是，荷马史诗描述的时代并非荷马生活的时代。荷马生活在公元前700年。 2、公元前6世纪，希腊世界开始有了全面改变，为后来的古典时代打开了通途。其中两个重要的城邦国家是雅典和斯巴达。雅典发展起一个完全不同类型的社会，公元前594年，梭伦成为雅典的首席执行官，他的贡献在于，在组织上为以后建立著名的雅典民主奠定了基础。雅典之所以在当时拥有卓越的地位，是因为它在打败庞大的波斯帝国这场重大战争中起了最主要的作用。历史之父希罗多德在他的历史书中进行了详尽的描述。 3、由于雅典的不断扩张引起了斯巴达的恐慌，因而在公元前431
年爆发了伯罗奔尼撒战争。战争最终以雅典的失败而告终。修昔底得这位历史上最伟大的历史学家在其作品中，详尽描写了这一战争。 4、伯罗奔尼撒战争后，斯巴达专横跋扈，底比斯和雅典为求相互保护而结成新的联盟。公元前371年，马其顿国王腓力二世打败了底比斯和雅典联军，他的闻名世界的儿子亚历山大大帝统治了希腊。至此，古典时代结束，希腊化时代即将开始。 古典时代的希腊造就了一批哲学家和剧作家。哲学家主要以苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德为代表。苏格拉底提出自由辩论的重要性。柏拉图的目标是要实现一个既能维持贵族特权，又可为贫苦阶级接受的社会，并构件了唯心主义的根基。亚力士多德寻求自然界和人类社会各个方面的秩序。剧作家有埃斯库罗斯、阿里斯托芬、索福克勒斯。这一时期希腊也造就了像阿基米德和欧几里得这样的数学家，以及像希罗多德和修昔底得这样伟大的历史学家。 希腊的艺术和建筑在神庙上得到最高体现。著名的雅典卫城的圣地帕台侬神庙就是卫雅典娜女神建造的。 接下来我们从希腊文明走向罗马文明。 希腊化时代与罗马时代前期相互交融，最终过渡到罗马时代。罗马时代经历了早期共和国（公元前509－公元前264年）、后期共和国（公元前265－公元前27年）、早期帝国（公元前27年－公元284年）和后期帝国（284－476年）。公元前500年，