英语词汇学笔记整理
英语词汇学笔记整理
Part 1 前缀(Prefixes)
1.Negative prefixes
a-;an-缺少、缺乏
amoral(缺德) asexual(雌雄同体的) asymmetry(不均匀的)
anarchy(无政府的)
dis-否、不
dishonest
non-非、否
non-black(非黑人区的) non-science non-smoker nonresistant(非抵抗)
in-；i-；im-；ir-
complete——incomplete correct——incorrect
小结：清辅音[k],[f],[t]前的前缀加in-;唇音之前加im-;“l”前加il-;“r”前加ir-。所以加什么样的前缀由单词的首字母决定。
un-不
unhappy unfriendly infamous
2.Pejorative prefixes 表贬义
mal-不好的，坏的
maltreat(虐待) malformed(畸形的) malnutrition(营养不良的)
malfunction(功能紊乱)
mis-错误的
misdial(拨错号) misleading(误导) misbehaved(行为不规范) misconception(错误的认知) pseudo-错，假的
pseudoscience(伪科学) pseudo teaching(实习)
3.Reversative prefixes 表逆转的前缀
de-
defrost(除霜) deplane(下飞机) deindustrialization(非工业化的) decode(解码)
dis- 表示动作的逆转
disconnect(切断) dishearten(泄气) disown(抛弃)
4.Prefixes of degree or size
arch- means “most”\”supreme”常带有贬义
archenemy archbishop(红衣大主教) arch monetarist(拜金主义者)
co- “joint”or “equally”
coexistence(共存的) combine colleague correspondence(通信联系)
小结：co-这个前缀根据所跟单词的首字母而发生变化
在元音前加co-；-b\-p之前用com-;-l之前用col-;-f\-c\-g前用con-;-r之前用cor- hyper-means “extreme”
hyperactive(过于活跃的) hyper cautious(过分小心的)
mini-means “little”
minibus miniskirt ministered minimal
maxi-means “big”
maxi coat maxi skirt
out-means “surpassing”,程度多，超过
outclass(优质的) outlive(长寿的) outgrow
over-means “excessive”相当的，带贬义
overeat overweight overestimate(高估) overwork overjoyed(欣喜若狂的) overflow(溢出) sub- 亚，次的
subculture(亚文化) subtext(潜台词) subconscious(潜意识)
subsonic(低音速)
super- 超级
supernatural(超自然的) superman
sur- means “over and above”超
surcharge(额外收费) surtax(附加税) surreal(超现实)
ultra- 相当，非常
ultramodern ultraconservative(非常保守的) ultrasonic(超音速)
ultraviolet(紫外线)
under- 低于
undercharged underestimate(低估)
5.Prefixes of orientation and attitude
anti- means “against”反……
anticlockwise(逆时针) anti-aging(抗衰老的) antibacterial(抗菌的) antineutron(反中子) contra- means “opposite”, “contrasting”
contradiction conrafactual
counter- means “against”, “in opposition to”
counterattack counterexample countercurrent(逆电流)
pro- 支持，站在……一方
pro-European pro-student
6.Locative prefixes 表示方位的前缀
fore- 前部
forearm foreground forehead foreword
inter- means “between”, “among”在……之间
international intermarry(近亲结婚) internet
sub- means “under”
submarine(潜水艇) subway sublet(转租)
super- means “above”
superstructure(上层建筑物)
trans- means “across”
transform(变形) transplant transcontinental(跨州的)
7.Prefixes of time and order 表示时间和顺序的前缀
ex- means “former”以前的
ex-husband ex-president
fore- 表时间
foresee(预见) foretell(预言)
post- means “after”
postmodernism(后现代的) postwar(战后) posttretment(复建)
pre- 在……之前
preschooler(学龄前儿童) prehistory(史前史) pre-liberation(解放前)
8.Number prefixes
bi-;di- means “two”双
bimonthly(双月的) bicycle(自行车) bilingual(双语的) bigamy(重婚) dioxide(二氧化物) disyllable(双音节)
multi-;poly- means “many”多，几个
multi-national polygamy(一夫多妻制) polyandry(一妻多夫制)
semi-;demi-;hemi- means “half”半
semiliterate(半文盲) demigod(半人半神) hemisphere(半球) semivowel(半元音)
tri- 三
triangle(三角形) tricycle(三轮车) trinity(三维一体) trilingual(三语的)
uni-; mono- means “one”单一的
uniform monogamy(一夫一妻制) monologue(独自)
9.Neo- Classical prefixes 与科技有关的
auto- means “self”
autobiography(自传) autosuggestion(自荐) autocrat(独裁)
extra- 超的
extraordinary(特殊的) extraterrestrial(外星的)
neo- means “new”新的
neo-Nazi(新纳粹党) neo-impressionism(新映像派)
pan- means “all”, “world-wide”
pan-Americanism 泛美主义
proto- means “first”, ”original”原始的，最初的
protohistory(史前人类学) prototype(原型，典型)
tele- means “distant”远程的
telescope telegram television
Part 2 Suffixation 后缀
1.Noun suffixes
[1] noun + noun suffixes, abstract 由此类词缀构成的名词表示抽象的概念
-age means “measure of”or “collection of”
Baggage luggage percentage(集合名词，百分比，不能和数字直接连用) mileage(里程)
-dom means “the state of being”
kingdom officialdom(官僚) stardom(明星地位)
-ery, -ry
slavery nunnery(尼姑庵) nursery refinery(精炼)
-ful means “the amount contained”
handful mouthful spoonful
-hood means “the state”or “time of being something”
childhood boyhood brotherhood neighborhood widowhood
-ing means “material of”or “activity connected with”
carpeting matting tubing blackerring
-ism means “doctrine of”
Impressionism(映像派) optimism pessism idealism materialism
-ocracy means “government by”
democracy(民主)
-ship
relationship friendship dictatorship(独裁主义)
[2] noun + noun suffixes, concrete 由此类词缀构成的名词表示具体的概念-eer means “skilled in”
auctioneer(拍卖师) engineer mountaineer
-er means “having doininant characteristics ”
teenager villager Londoner cooker roaster
-ess means “a female”
actress hostess lioness tigress
在masculine(阳性)名词后加- ess
author : authoress 女作家
heir : heiress 女性继承人
host : hostess 女主人
lion : lioness 雌狮
例外：
actor : actress 女演员
hunter : huntress 女猎人
tiger : tigress 母老虎
negro : negress 女黑人
master : mistress 女主人/情妇（concubine 二奶）
prince : princess 公主
murderer : murderess 女杀手
masculine(阳性) 与feminine 完全不同
bachelor 单身汉——maid 少女
bull 公牛——cow 母牛
cock 公鸡——hen 母鸡
dog 狗——bitch 母狗
gentleman 男士——lady 女士
horse 马——mare 母马
king 国王——queen 王后
monk 和尚——nun 尼姑
nephew 外甥——niece 外甥女
在名词前后加上性别名词
man-servant——maid-servant
cock-sparrow——hen-sparrow
he-goat——she-goat
tom-cat——she-cat
peacock——peahen
-let means “small”小
booklet piglet starlet
-ling means “minor”or “off spring of”小，后代
duckling princeling
-ster means “involved in”
gamester(means a person who plays a game for money)
gangster(黑帮)
[3] verb + noun suffix 加在动词后的名词后缀
-ant means “a person or thing”
informant consultant(顾问) inhabitant lubricant(润滑剂)
-ee means “one who is object of the verb”
interviewee nominee(被提名者) trainee
-er, -or means “a person or thing”
Driver teacher silencer(消音器) computer
-al means “the action on result of”
arrival refusal revival
-ation means “the process or state of”
classification(分类) interpretation(分析) explanation globalization(全球化) exploration
Part 3 转类法——词形不变，词性改变
Assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form.
eg: 1. He designed to be a scientist.
1.He had a desire to be a scientist.
Zero derivation 零派生
eg: smoke
The smoke from the chimney. (noun.) ——He smokes a pipe. (verb.)——Let’s have a smoke. (noun.)
英语词类的转化一般是简单词
补充：breakfast 的来历
在阿拉伯，fasting为斋月，从breakfast的结构看来，意为“打破斋戒”的意思，在晚餐和早餐之间的时间较长，而吃早餐就像打破了一个小型的斋戒。
Conversion to noun
A. 表示一种心理状态或感情
doubt: I doubt that.
She has doubts on her boyfriend behavior.
love: I will never love you.
Love is like a red red rose.
补充：smell a rat 发现了蛛丝马迹
B. 表示一件事或行为
search: The policeman searched every corner.
The search was in vain.
laugh: We couldn’t stop laughing.
When I mentioned him, he let out a lovely laugh.
C. 表示所给动作的受动者
answer: No one answered the door.
You didn’t give me your answer.
bet : I bet you 5 dollars that they will win.
I won my bet.
D. 表示所给动作的施动者
bore: Politics bore me nowadays.
He became a bore.(讨厌鬼)
cheat: He always cheats at cards.
A cheat is a person who cheats.
E. 表示所给动作的使用工具
cover: I covered the table with a cloth.
The cloth is a cover.
补充词：hen-pecked 妻管严 a cure 疗法 a wrap 包裹物
F. 表示所给动作的态势
walk: He walks just like his father.
His walk is just like his father.
G. 表示所给动作的发生地点
divide: This is the place where the two river divide.
This is the divide between the two river.
great divide 伟大的分水岭（暗指离婚）
rise: Smoke rose from the factory chimney.
Adj. to noun
一些表示有某种信仰，某一国籍或者某些特征的人称名词很多都来自形容词a Christian 基督徒的 a white 白人 a daily 日报
shorts 短裤the poor 穷人new rich 暴发户
the sick 病人
一般在前面带有定冠词的总是作为一个整体
Conversion to verb
1.Noun to verb 名词转化为动词
1)to put in/on N.
bottle n.瓶子——to bottle (to put in a bottle)
garage n.车库——to garage
to list 把……列表to cage 把……装进笼子
to can 装罐头to corner 使……走投无路
2)to provide with N. 给予，提供
to shelter (to give shelter to ) 掩护，遮蔽
to fuel 加燃料
to finance 提供财力
to arm 武装
3)to deprive of N. 去掉
to core 挖去果心to skin剥皮to juice 榨汁
4)to be/out as N.
这一类动词表示名词指的是人或动物的典型动作
to nurse 护理to tutor 辅导to father 像父亲般的对待
to ape 模仿to monkey 胡闹
2.Minor categories
(1)But me no buts. 不要给我再但是了！
(2)His speech contains too many ifs.
(3)The book is a must for students in science.
(4)It tells about the how and why of flight.
(5)This is the age of isms.
(6) The pros and cons. (正方和反方)
一些固定短语
the haves and have-nots 有钱人和没有钱的人
ins and outs 来龙去脉
ifs and buts 借口，托词
ifs and therefores 条件和结果
hows and whys 情况和原因
has-been 过时的人物
out 出路
转类法有时候会使单词的重音发生变化
【1】 读音的变化
以/s/, /f/, /θ/结尾的名词在转类为动词时发音变化为/z/, /v/, /e/
【2】 重音的变化
动词转类为名词时，重音由第二个提到第一个
Part 4 剪切法
1. Clipped word
Shortening a word without changing its meaning
2. Acronym
A word is formed from the initial letter
Clipped words
1) Front clipping 对词的消剪发生在词的前部
Phone —telephone plane —airplane burger —hamburger 2) Back clipping 对词的消剪发生在词的尾部
Ad —advertisement photo —photography
mike —microphone Gent —gentlemen
3) Front and back clipping 对词的消剪同时发生在词的前部和尾部 flu —influenza tec —detective
fridge —refrigerator
script —prescription
4) Middle clipping 对词的消剪发生在词的中部
maths—mathematics specs—spectacles
5)Phrase clipping 将一个短语消剪为一个词
pub—public house pop-singer—popular song singer
three D—three dimensional film
IQ—intelligence quotient
EQ—emotion quotient
AQ—adversity quotient
6)Journalist clippings 用于新闻媒体的消剪Dept.—department cwlth—commonwealth
Acronym
BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation
VIP: Very important person
IOC: International Olympics Committee
UN: The United Nation
ID: Identification Card
TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language
NATO: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
生活中的英文缩写
WC water closet 抽水马桶
CCTV China Centurial Television 中国中央电视台
MTV music television 音乐电视
ATM automated teller machine 自动提款机
CBD central business district 中心商务区
EMS express mail service 邮政快递
SOS save our ship 求救信号
CEO chief executive officer 首席执行官
与电脑网络有关的英文缩写
DVD digital video disk 数字视盘
DOS disc operating system 磁盘操作系统
VCD video compact disc 视频压缩盘片
PK player killing 一对一单挑
IT information technology 信息技术
新闻中的英文缩写
GDP gross domestic product 国内生产总值
UFO unidentified flying object 不明飞行物
TMD theater missile defense 战区导弹防御系统
NMD national missile defense 国家导弹防御系统
FBI federal bureau of investigation 联邦调查局（针对美国境内）CIA general intelligence agency 中央情报局（针对美国以外）Part 5 拼缀法(blending)
一个词失去部分或者各个词都失去部分音节连成的一个新词
1）新单词由第一个单词的首部+ 第二个单词的尾部brunch—breakfast + lunch
Oxbridge—Oxford + Cambridge
smog—smoke + fog
motel—motor + hotel
botel—boat + hotel
Chinglish—Chinese + English
Japlish—Japanese + English
2）新单词由第一个单词+ 第二个单词的构成spaceplane—space + airplane
travelogue—travel +catalogue
3）新单词由第一个词的首部+ 第二个单词构成medicare—medical + care
medicaid—medical + aid
Euroasia—European + Asia
4）新单词由第一个单词首部+ 第二个单词首部构成Amerind—American + Indian
Interpol—international + police
Sic-fi—science + fiction
Part 6 类比法(new words by analogy) marathon—telethon; talkathon
sunrise—moonrise; earthrise earthquake—starquake; youthquake chairman—chairwoman; chairperson housewife—househusband hamburger—cheeseburger Part 7 特色英语词汇
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学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。 （3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。 （5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。 —Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语 —The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表 4.What is vocabulary？ （1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合 （2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词 （3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词 5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标 准或者不同的目的进行分类。 By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。 By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词
英语笔记整理
高分作文标志 1、是否长短句交叉； 2、用词是否恰当，准确，形象，尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词； 3、关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词； 下面给出写好一篇作文的注意事项： 1.适当用被动代替主动，这样能更客观的反映事实, 句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to. )举个经典结 尾It is ,therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. Thus， its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively. 2.善于使用插入语，比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 如however / therefore /for example/I believe 做插入语放在中间，一般放在动词， 助动词后，两边分别加上逗号。 比如说：Other individuals, however, take the attitude that … 3. 一定要学会换词，换形象，具体的代替太宽泛的。(考试中一般不要出现good, bad , many, thing, think, people, opinion 等等)比如上面例子中，applicable代替proper, approaches代替ways, implement代替carry out, sharpen one’s competitive edge代替enhance one’s competitiveness(提高某物竞争力) 下面举一篇例子，给各位钻石班会员共勉！ Computer and I By Simmy I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present, which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that i indulged myself in googling an army of useful information i had expected ,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music. That night I was sleepless, feeling that the whole world belonged to me. exceedingly 替换 very thrilling 替换 exciting
英语词汇学笔记--名词解释篇
英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicologyword精品
《英语词汇学》（课程代码： 00832 ）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning （词的意义） Reference （所指关系）is the relati on ship betwee n Ian guage and the world. Concept 概念），which is beyond Ianguage, is the result of human cognition n. 认识； 知识； 认识能力 ,reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense （语义）de no tes the relati on ship in side the Ian guage. Every word that has meaning has sense （not every word has referen ce ） Motivation （词义理据 ）account for the connection between the linguistic （word ） symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation （拟声理据）words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation （形态理据）compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes comb in ed.彳艮多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation （语义理据）refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It expla ins the connection betwee n the literal sense a nd figurative sense of the word.（ 由字面义派生出来的弓丨申 义） Etymological motivation （词源理据）the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relati on ships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning （夕卜延意义 ）,is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-mea ning. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associati ons suggested by the con ceptual meaning, traditi on ally know as connotations . Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for differe nt con texts. 语法意义 Types of Meaning 词义的分类
八年上英语笔记整理
笔记整理: Unit1 1.频度副词: always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever, never. (对他们提问用how often). 并且他们是一般现在时的标志 2.go skateboarding 去玩滑板 3.do/take exercise 做运动 4.morning/eye exercises早操/眼保健操 5.surf the Internet 上网冲浪 6.once a week/twice a month/ three or four times a day(对其提问也用how often) 7.How often do you go shopping? How often does your mother clean the house? How often do they play sports? (注意助动词的运用) 8.activity survey 活动调查 9.most 大多数most students/ most of the classmates 10.at Green High School 在格林高中 11.Here is/are… 12.the result（c.n）of…。。。的结果the results of the final exam(期末考试的结果) 13.as for 至于，关于As for homework 14.the results for ―watch TV‖ 15.junk food 垃圾食品（u.n） 16.vegetables(c.n) and fruit(u.n) 17.want sb. to do sth. 18.be good/bad for 对…有好/坏外be good to sb 对…好be good with sb 和某人相处得 好be good at=do well in 擅长 19.healthy (adj) health(n) 固定搭配有：a healthy lifestyle, be in good health=keey/stay healthy, healthy food, it’s good for your health, 20.how many hours=how long, how many times=how often 21.eatting habits(注意不能说a eating habits) 22.try to do 尽力做某事try one’s best to do尽某人最大的努力做某事 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/4b15461596.html,e home from school 从学校回家 24.look after=take care of 照顾 25.help sb (to) do 26.get good grades 取得好成绩（注意不能说a good grades） 27.the same as/be different from 28.keep in good health=keep healthy保持健康 29.less meat更少的肉 Unit2 1.What’s the matter? What’s the trouble? What’s wrong? What’s up? 询问某人怎么了（除了 What’s up外，都可以在后面加上with sb） 2.have a cold/have a fever/have a headache/have a toothache/have a sore throat/have a sore back/have a stomachache/have a sore leg 3.lie down 躺下(lie作动词讲有撒谎的意思，常用短语：lie to sb 对某人撒谎tell a lie 撒了一个谎) 4.have a (good) rest （好好）休息
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicology
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义) Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n.认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation (词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 很多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( 由字面义派生出来的引申 义) Etymological motivation (词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. associative meaning 关联意义 Lexical meaning 词汇意义 Types of Meaning conceptual /denotative meaning 词义的分类概念意义 Grammatical meaning 语法意义directly to their origins. In other connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 文体意义 affective meaning 感情意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning( 外延意义 ), is the meaning given in the dictionary and
英语专业-英语词汇学-笔记
1.What is polysemy? Having multiple meanings that are related. 2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words? Explain them 1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and then arrange the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order in which they developed. 2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning (central meaning) and then arrange the other meanings (marginal meanings) in order of popularity. 3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain them 1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one another and are derived directly from the primary meaning. 2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive from primary meaning through successive shifts of meaning from one secondary meaning to another. 4.What is homonymy? Homonyms are works different in meaning but either identical both in sound or spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 5.Give an example of a perfect homonym, a homophone and a homograph 1)perfect homonym 同音同形date日期/date红枣 2)homophone 同音异形Knew/new, meet/meat 3)homograph 异音同形record(v.)/record(n.) 6.Give an example of the rhetorical use of homonymy Hi Jack （你好杰克）– hijack（打劫） 7.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? Give an example to illustrate the difference 1)Polysemy is about connection of meanings. Book can mean a book as in “I read a book”, and “I book a hotel room”. The second meaning is related to the first one because in the past hotel staff will write the customers’ information on a book when reserving a room. 2)homonymy is about form. Lie can mean not being honest or being in a horizontal position. These two meanings have the same form but no connection. 8.Classify the following pairs of antonyms into complementaries (binaries), contraries (gradable) or converses (relational). Explain why 1)Good/bad, contraries 2)odd/even, complementaries 3)above/below, converses 4)clean/dirty, contraries 5)remember/forget, complementaries? 6)old/young, contraries 7)before/after, converses 9.What is hyponymy? Give an example The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word.
英语修辞学笔记整理
英语修辞学 Ⅰ. Phonetic figure of speech 语音修辞 1.Alliteration 押头韵 Bread not bombs. Cut crimes with jobs not jails. Time and tide waits for no man. 2.Assonance 押元音 Let us help you extend yourself. Could anything ever replace the taste of old grape and apple juice. Haste makes waste. Spend dime save your time. 3.Consonance Women don’t angonize,organize. Farms not arms. 4.Aposiopesis 中间间断法 Another step forward,you will… 5.Pun 双关 To Engla nd I will steal,and there I’ll steal. If we don’t hang together,we hang separately. On Sunday they pray for you,on Monday they prey on you. You earn your living.You urn your dead. Ⅱ.Syntactic figure of speech句法修辞 1. Repetition 重复 There is no,no,no,life. 2. Anaphora 句首重复 I want to know,I want to know who is the girl. 3.Epiphora 句尾重复 Reading makes a full man,conference a ready man and writing an exact man. 4.Simploce 首尾重复 Those who are toil to death,those who are worried to death,those who are bored to death. 5.Parallelism 平行结构 It was not anger,nor surprise,nor disapproval,nor horror,nor any of emotions that she has been prepared for. Kind hearts are the gardens,kind thoughts are the roots,kind words are the flowers,kind deeds are the fruits. 6.Antithesis 对照 It was the season of light,it was the season of darkness;it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair. When poverty comes in at the door,love flies out of at the window. 7.Climax 高潮 I came，I saw, I conquer. I was born American,I live American,I shall die American. 8.Anticlimax 反高潮突降法