英语专业英语词汇笔记
1.What is polysemy?
Having multiple meanings that are related.
2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words? Explain them
1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and then arrange
the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order in which they
developed.
2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning (central
meaning) and then arrange the other meanings (marginal meanings) in
order of popularity.
3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain them
1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one another and are
derived directly from the primary meaning.
2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive from primary
meaning through successive shifts of meaning from one secondary meaning
to another.
4.What is homonymy?
Homonyms are works different in meaning but either identical both in sound or spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
5.Give an example of a perfect homonym, a homophone and a homograph
1)perfect homonym 同音同形date日期/date红枣
2)homophone 同音异形Knew/new, meet/meat
3)homograph 异音同形record(v.)/record(n.)
6.Give an example of the rhetorical use of homonymy
Hi Jack （你好杰克）– hijack（打劫）
7.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? Give an example to
illustrate the difference
1)Polysemy is about connection of meanings. Book can mean a book as in “I
read a book”, and “I book a hotel room”. The second meaning is related to
the first one because in the past hotel staff will write the customers’
information on a book when reserving a room.
2)homonymy is about form. Lie can mean not being honest or being in a
horizontal position. These two meanings have the same form but no
connection.
8.Classify the following pairs of antonyms into complementaries (binaries),
contraries (gradable) or converses (relational). Explain why
1)Good/bad, contraries
2)odd/even, complementaries
3)above/below, converses
4)clean/dirty, contraries
5)remember/forget, complementaries?
6)old/young, contraries
7)before/after, converses
9.What is hyponymy? Give an example
The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word.
例Flower is the superordinate term, rose is the subordinate term.
10.What is synonymy?
Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but nearly or exactly alike in essential meaning.
11.What is the difference between absolute and near (relative) synonyms?
1)Absolute synonyms – interchangeable in every way
2)Near synonyms – similar in denotation but have different shades of meaning
or different degrees of a given quality.
12.What are some of the reasons why synonyms exist?
1)Borrowing from other languages
2)Dialects and regional English
3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words
4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
13.What are some of the factors that discriminate between relative synonyms? Use
examples
1)Range of meaning. “timid” is more extensive because it can be used to
describe the state of mind at a time and the disposition, but “timorous” only
describe the disposition.
2)Degree of intensity. A “wealthy” person has much more money than a
“rich” person.
3)Differences in stylistic features. “ask” is used commonly and tend to be
colloquial. “question” is more formal.
14.(The development of English) What was the language spoken in the British Isles
before English? How was English introduced?
Celtic. Germanic tribe invaded and settled after Roman. They brought their own culture. It was called Anglo-saxon (the name of two tribes) and also called old English.
15.What are the three phases of the English language and what were their time
periods? What events marked the transition of one phase to another?
a)Old English (450 - 1150) ——Norman conquest from France in 1066, but
the real development of middle English started in the 12th century because
the ruling class spoke Anglo French and the peasants spoke Anglo-Saxon so
it took quite a long time for them to intermix.
b)Middle English (1150 - 1500) ——during Renaissance there was an
explosion of information and knowledge about Ancient Greece and Roman.
People stated to read so ideas spread. Greek and Latin words started
entering English. Besides, printing was invented, more can read and write
books.
c)Modern English (1500 – present)
16.Over its history, English has evolved from a highly inflected language to a nearly
non-inflected language. What is the difference? Give an example of inflection in English
Inflection means to modify a word to indicate grammatical relations. A lot of words in a highly inflected language have ending or form changes in order to
show its grammatical function. But a weakly inflected language has fewer
changes. As English developed, it has changed from a highly infected language to
a weekly one.
17.What are the most important languages that English has borrowed from? Why?
1)French – Norman conquest
2)Latin – Renaissance, a lot of Latin book were translated into English
3)Scandinavia – Vikings (9 century) influenced old English
18.What is the difference between a Content Word and a Functional word? Give an
example of each.
?Content words are those are about something. 例nation, earth. ?Functional words are those used to express relations. 例the, and.
19.Explain two properties of Basic words and give examples
1)Productivity. Basic words are very productive because thet are mostly root
words or monosyllabic words. They can be used alone and are often used to
form now words with other roots and affixes. 例foot-football-footprint
2)Many basic words take part in a number of set expressions. 例heart- by
heart –from the bottom of one’s heart- lose heart
20.What is a denizen word? Give an example
Denizens are words that were borrowed a long time ago, they look and sound like a native word.
例‘pork’ from the French ‘porc’
21.What is an alien word? Give an example
Aliens are borrowed words which have kept their original pronunciation and
spelling.
例café , fiancée
22.What is a translation loan? Give an example
Translation loans are words and expressions formed from existing material in the English language but tranlate the meaning or the sound from another
language.
例‘black humour’ from the French ‘humour noir’
例‘tea’ from the Chinese
23.What is a semantic loan? Give an example
Semantic loans are where a word already exists in native English but borrows a new meaning from another language.
例‘dumb’ has come to mean ‘stupid’ because of the German word ‘dumm’
24.(The structure of Words) What is a morpheme?
A morpheme is the minimal meaningful unit of language.
25.What is the difference between a morpheme and a morph?
?Morpheme is about meaning.
?Morph is about shape and sound.
Morphemes are abstract, and are realized in speech by morphs.
26.What is the difference between a bound morpheme and a free morpheme? Give
an example of each kind of morpheme
1)Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. 例dis-,
mis-.
2)Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. 例man,
dog.
27.What is the difference between a derivational morpheme and an inflectional
morpheme? Give an example of each kind of morpheme
1)Derivational morphemes can derive new words. 例football, slowly
2)Inflectional morphemes don’t create new words and just indicate syntactic
relationships. 例-ed, -ing, -er, -est, -s
28.What is the difference between a content morpheme and a grammatical
morpheme? Give an example of each kind of morpheme
1)Content morphemes have content and can be used to derive new words. =
derivational morphemes.
2)Grammatical morphemes are grammatical markers, including Inflectional
morphemes & free morphemes. 例while, where, they
29.What is an affix?
An affix is a form that are attached to words to modify meaning or function. 30.What is the difference between a derivational and an inflectional affix? Give an
example of each
1)Inflectional affix do not create new words, and indicate syntactic
relationships between words. 例–ed, talked
2)Derivational affix derive new words. 例–less, careless. non-, non-smoker.
31.What is a root? Give an example
A root is a word element that contains the main component of meaning in a
word. It is that part of a word that remains when all affixes have been removed.
例：internationalists → nation Impracticality → pratice
32.What is a stem? Give an example
A stem is that part of the word form that remains when all inflectional affixes
have been removed.
例：internationalists → nationalists
Undesirables → desirable
33.What is a base? Give an example
A base is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
例：possible, understand
34.(Word Formation)What is blending?
the combination of parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.
35.Give an example of blending and explain how the word has been formed
Smog=smoke+fog
36.What is clipping?
a part of the original word is removed.
37.Give an example of clipping and explain how the word has been formed
Exam-examination
38.What is acronymy?
new words are formed by joining the initial letters of composite names or phrases
39.Give an example of an initialism and explain how the word is formed
Initialism ——pronounced letter by letter. 例：BBC,CCTV
40.Give an example of a true acronym and explain how the word is formed
True acronym ——pronounced as a normal word. 例：NATO, AIDS
41.What is the commonization of a proper name? Give an example
Words come from proper names. 例“rugby” from “Rugby School”, where it
was first played.
42.What are the three most productive ways of forming new words in the English
language?
Affixation, compounding, conversion.
43.What is affixation? Give an example
The formation of new words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases.
44.What is compounding? Give an example
The forming of new words by joining two or more bases. 例hot dog, blueprint 45.Give an example of the use of a conversion prefix (a prefix that you add to
something that changes word class) and explain the shift in word class
Cage (n.) uncage(v.)
46.Give an example of the use of a noun suffix ( a suffix that you add to something
to produce a noun) and explain the shift in word class
Dance(v.) dancer(n.)
47.Give an example of the use of an adjective suffix and explain the shift in word
class
Child(n.) childish(adj.)
48.Give an example of the use of a verb suffix and explain the shift in word class
Short(adj.) shorten(v.)
49.What differences typically exist between a compound and its matching free
phrase? Give an example
1)Phonological features. In compounds the word stress usually occur on the
first constituent whereas in free phrases this generally falls on the second.
例fat head复合词fat head短语
2)Semantic features. A compound expresses a single idea. 例hot dog
3)Grammatical features. A compound tends to behave as single grammatical
units such as a verb, noun, or adjective. 例’bad-mouth’ used as a verb
50.(Meanings)What is a ‘referent’?
The object or idea to which a word or phrase refers. It is arbitrary and
conventional.
51.What is a ‘concept’?
Concept is the totality of real world knowledge about an item.
52.What is the relation between ‘word’, ‘concept’ and ‘referent’?
A word symbolizes a concept, a concept refers to a referent, a word stands for a
referent. 【Words are connected to their referent via a concept.】
53.What is ‘sense’?
The realization of a concept by a definite language system.
54.How would you describe the difference between a word whose meaning is
motivated and a word whose meaning is unmotivated?
See if there is connection between linguistic symbol and its meaning.
55.What is onomatopoeic motivation? Give an example and explain its motivation
Some words are created by imitating the natural sounds. 例ha ha
56.What is morphological motivation? Give an example and explain its motivation
Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic and the meanings of many of them are the meanings of the morphemes combined. 例airmail, hopeful 57.What is semantic motivation? Give an example and explain its motivation
The meaning is based on an association with the conceptual meaning of a word.
例the mouth of the river.
58.How would you describe the difference between conceptual meaning and
associative meaning?
?Conceptual meaning is meaning as it is given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. The same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers in the same speech community ?Associative meaning is secondary meaning supplemental to conceptual meaning. It can be influenced by a range of factors including culture, education, religion, experience, geographical region and so on 59.What is connotative meaning? Give an example
associations that a word has that is suggested by its conceptual meaning
例mother- love, care, forgiving
60.What is stylistic meaning? Give an example
stylistic properties that make them appropriate for different styles.
例child is formal, kid is informal. Father is formal, papa is informal.
61.What is affective meaning? Give an example of pejorative and appreciative
meaning
the speaker’s attitude towards the person o r thing in question
例the country is backward. (pejorative) the country is developing.(appreciative) 62.What is collocative meaning? Give an example
associations a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment’
例tremble with fear; quiver with excitement.
(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
00832英语词汇学1107全国试题
全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %) 1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. ( ) A. small B. large C. fixed D. free 2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( ) A. agree with B. disagree with C. be the same as D. be different from 3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( ) A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot 4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. Mao jackets D. Watergate 5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( ) A. own B. let C. rent D. lend 6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( ) A. full B. short C. long D. paralleled 00832# 英语词汇学试卷第1页共6页
商务英语阅读课堂笔记整理版汇总汇编
Business English A Reading course（整理版） 商务英语阅读的主要内容： 商务英语阅读主要包括世界经济形势、经济全球化、国际贸易与投资、金融风险与管理、商业文化、企业管理等。这些阅读材料不但传递最新的世界经济和国际商务信息，开阔学生的视野，还提供最新、最典型的商务语言和词汇，有助于学生熟悉并掌握商务英语文章的典型语言用法、语言风格及语言特点等。 1）阿迪达斯Impossible Is Nothing. 没有什么是不可能 2）香奈儿Fashion passes, style remains. 流行稍纵即逝,风格永存 3）飞利浦Let us make things better. 让我们做得更好 4）麦氏咖啡Good to the last drop. 滴滴香浓,意犹未尽 This Bill of exchange shall be accepted first and then can be honored by the acceptor. (该汇票应先承兑，然后由承兑方进行支付） Words & expressions: Transnational road warriors 从事跨国商务活动的人 Faculty and alumni Performance-review process 绩效考核过程 Make an assessment of sb 对某人作出评价 In a group setting 公共场合 Have a one-on-one session with sb 进行单独会话 Tone down 缓和语气 Career progression 事业发展 Cultural gulf 文化鸿沟 In the arena of international commerce 在国际商务的平台上 Common ground 共同点 At the institutional level 制度层面 Fall short 结果，后果 Ongoing cross-pollination 不断学习他国先进事物 Trait 特征 Be customer-centric 以客户为本 Implement 实施 Commonality 共性 The integration of the global economy 全球经济一体化 See local context ad integral 本土文化语境知识 一些跨国公司英文名称： Procter & Gamble Company 宝洁公司 Johnson & Johnson Ltd. 强生公司 Carrefour China Inc. 家乐福 Bayerische Motor en Werhe AG宝马公司
英语词汇学考试重点整理
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
英语单词笔记
1、stop doing sth 停止做某事 stop to do sth 停下来去做某事 stop from doing sth 阻止做某事 2、count on 期望指望 3、thanks to 由于，多亏 It was thanks to George that we won the game. 4、located 坐落于 reside 居住（用于人） 5、学分credit；credit hour；hour of credit 学分credit,Course credit,Academic credit 学分制credit system,academic credit system,point system 关于学分About Credits,Grading Criteria 6、be suggested as 被建议作为 7、compress 英 ['k?mpres] 美 ['kɑ?mpres] vt.压缩；压榨 n.[医]敷布 8、stuck 英 [st?k] 美 [st?k] adj.不能动的；束手无策的；不得不的 v.刺入，插入；阻塞，塞（动词stick 的过去式和过去分词）9、calender 英 ['k?l?nd?] 美 ['k?l?nd?] n.砑光机 v.以砑光机压光 10、calendar 英 ['k?l?nd?(r)] 美 ['k?l?nd?r] n.(名词) 1.历，日历，月历 2.历法 3.行事历，日程表 4.历书 5.记事录，记事本 6.议案一览表，议会日程 7.一览表，重大事件一览表 8.总目录 9.【律】案件日程表，开庭日程表 v.(动词) 1.把…排进日程表 2.把…记入行事历 3.把...列入表中 4.为作分类索引，编索引 5.确定日期 calendar year 【天文学】历年[区别于fiscal year] 一整年的时间(如自今年5月6日至明年5月6日)
考研英语词汇复习笔记
考研英语词汇复习笔记 翻硕复习的一大重头戏就是词汇，而词汇量是巨大的，必须要有日常的积累和复习，并且掌握科学的记忆方法，才能最有效地积累词予匚量。下面是关于英语词汇的学习笔记，以供大家参考。(1) 1. bereave :使某人丧失(尤指亲属)bereave Sb Of Sb an accident WhiCh bereaved Him Of his Wife 使他丧失妻子的事古攵the bereaved husband 死了妻子的男人 the bereaved丧失亲人的人 bereavement(n):丧亲之痛，丧失亲人 deprive : take Sth away from sb;PreVent Sb from enjoying Or USing Sth剥夺sb/sth的sth;阻止某人 享有或使用Sth deprive sb/sth Of Sth deprive Of OneS CiVil rights剥夺某人的公民权deprivation(n):剥夺;贫困;被剥夺的事物WideSPreaCl deprivation 普遍贫困 MiSSing the HOIiday WaS a great deprivatiOrL错失假日是极大的损失。 deprived(adj):贫困的，穷苦的deprived ChildhOOd 贫苦的童年
2. abdomen : Part Of the body below the CheSt and CliaPhragm,cOntaining the stomach.腹部 abdominal(adj)腹部的an abdominal OPeratiOn 月复咅8手术belly : (口)front Of the HUman body from the WaiSt to the groin;belly 肚子，胃 With an empty belly 空着肚子 in the belly Of a ShiP 在船腹里 belly OUt(动词用法):鼓涨,凸出The Wind bellied OUt the SaiIS 3. c onSeCrate : devote sth/sb to Or reserve sth/sb for a SPeCial (esp religious) PUrPOSe 扌巴sth/sb 献给 sth/sb 做某种(尤其宗教)用途COnSeCrate sth/sb to Sth COnSeCrate OneS Iife to the SerViCe Of GOd,to the relief Of SUffering献身于为神服务(解除世人痛苦)的事业 devote : give OneS time z energy to sth/sb; dedicate 为某人付出，向某人奉献，献身于devote Oneself/sth to sb/sth devoted(adj):热爱的，非常忠实的Z全心全意的a devoted SOn
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