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英语语法之情态动词

英语语法之情态动词
英语语法之情态动词

情态动词

一.概念:

情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,表示“可能”、“应当”、“必要”等含义,但其本身词义不完全,不能独立作谓语,必须和动词原形连用。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。其否定形式一般是在情态动词后加not (have to除外),其疑问形式是将情态动词提至主语前。情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有can (could) , may (might), must, need, shall (should), will (would)等。

二.相关知识点精讲:

1.can

1)表能力

can表能力时意味着凭体力或脑力或技术等可以无甚阻力地去做某事。

I can climb this pole. 我能爬这根杆子。

He is only four , but he can read. 他只有4岁,但已认得字了。

Fire can’t destroy gold. 火烧不毁金子。

因为can不能和其他助动词连用,所以表示将来式时用will be able to You will be able to skate after you have practiced it two or three times.

你练习两三次后就会溜冰了。

2)表可能性

多用于否定与疑问结构中,但也可用在肯定句中。

Can the news be true? 这消息可能是真的吗?

It can’t be true. 它不可能是真的。

What can he possibly mean? 他可能是什么意思?

can用在肯定句中表示理论上的可能性(一时的可能)。

A horse in the center of London can cost a lot of money.

Attending the ball can be very exciting.

The road can be blocked. 这条路可能会不通的。

may在肯定句中表示现实的可能性。

The road may be blocked. 这条路可能不通了。

3)表示允许(和may意思相近)常见于口语。

Can (May) I come in ? 我能进来吗?

Can I smoke here ? 我可以在这里抽烟吗?

2.could

1)表过去的可能和许可,(多用于间接引语中)

At that time we thought the story could not be true.

那时我们认为所说的事不可能是真的。

Father said I could swim in the river.

爸爸说我可以在河里游泳。

2)表过去的能力

I could swim when I was only six.

我刚六岁就能游泳。

Could在肯定句中表示过去的能力时,常表抽象的一般的能力。

He could be very naughty when he was a child.

他小时候会是很顽皮的。

3)表“允许”。可表示委婉客气的提出问题或陈述看法

Could I use your bike?Yes, you can.

I’m afraid I couldn’t give you an answer today.

恐怕我今天不能回答你。

The teacher said you could go to the store for sweets.

老师说你可以去商店买糖。

●Could/can+have done 结构表示对过去发生的事情的“怀疑”或“不肯定”。could 加完成式还用于肯定句时一般表过去可能完成而却未完成的动作。

Can they have won the basketball match?

他们赢了那场篮球赛吗?

What you referred to just now can have made her very sad.

你刚刚所谈到的可能令他很伤心。

You could have completed the task a little earlier.

你本来能早点完成任务的。(但事实上并没有提前完成任务)

I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.

我本可以轻易通过考试,但我犯了太多不该犯的错误。

●如表具体做某一件事的能力时,则须用be able to .

He was able to translate the article without a dictionary.

他可以不用词典翻译那篇文章。

●Can表示一贯的能力,be able to表示客观能力和通过努力可以达到的能力

I can’t swim. But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practicing.

The fire spread through the hotel, but everyone was able to get out

When the boat sank he was able to swim to the bank

3.may

1)表示请求、可以、允许。

You may drive the tractor. 你可以开那台拖拉机。

2) may /might 推测性用法可能

He may be right.

He may not come today (可能不)

He may /might come tomorrow.

●注意: 1、只用于肯定和否定句中,不用于疑问句中。

2、might 比may可能性更小

He might get a job.

He may get a job.

3、may no 可能不can not不可能

He may not come He can’t come

3)表建议(可和as well 连用)

You may(might)as well stay where you are.

你还是原地待着好。(may as well 有“还是……的好”的含义)

4)表祝愿

May you be happy!

might

1)表过去的“可能”和“允许”多用于间接引语。

She said that he might take her dictionary.

她说他可以拿她的词典去用。

除在间接引语中外,might一般不表示过去的“可能”与“许可”。表过去的“可能”可用could,表过去的“许可”可用were (was) allowed to。

2)表现在的“可能”,其可能性要比may小。

Electric irons could be dangerous; they might give you a severe shock.

电熨斗会有危险,它可能电着人。

3)may (might) + have +done 表示对过去发生行为的推测,含有“想必”、“也许是”的意思。

It may have been true. 这事也许是真的。

He might not have settled the question. 他可能尚未解决那个问题。

4.must

1)表示必须、必要

We must do everything step by step .我们必须按部就班地做一切事情。

Why must you always bother me? 为什么你偏要打扰我呢。

2)must be + 表语的结构,通常表示猜测,含有“一定”之意。(只用在肯定句中)

He must be an honest boy. 他一定是个诚实的男孩。

This must be your room. 这一定是你的房间。

3)must 的否定式有两个:当回答由must引起的问题时,否定答复要用needn’t 或don’t have to 表示“不必”、“无须”、“用不着”、“不一定”的意义。当表示“不应该”、“不许可”、“禁止”时,就用must not。

Must I go tomorrow?明天我必须去吗?

Yes, please.是的,请吧! No , you needn’t. 不,你不必去。

4)must +have +过去分词的结构,常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生行为的推测,含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。否定和疑问句用can。

She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。

5)have to的含义与must是很接近的,只是have to 比较强调客观需要,must着重说明主观看法。have to 的否定式:don’t have to do 表示“不必做……”之意。

I must clean the room.(主观想法)

I have to clean the room.(客观需要)

另外,have to 能用于更多时态:

We had to be there at ten .我们得在十点钟到那里。

We will have to reconsider the whole thing.

这一切我们将不得不重新加以考虑。

6.shall

1)用于第一人称征求对方的意见,如:

What shall I wear on the journey? 我路上穿什么好呢?

Shall we dance? 我们跳舞好吗?

2)shall 用于第二、三人称时表允诺,警告,命令,威胁(现已少见),如:

She shall get her share. 她可以得到她的一份。

You shall have it back tomorrow.你明天可以将它拿回。

should

一般不应被认为是情态动词shall的过去式,主要用法有:

1)用于第一人称疑问句中询问对方的意愿,但语气较委婉温和,如:

What should we do now? 我们现在该怎么办?

2)表示应该、必须,常与must 换用。例如:

We should (must) master a foreign language at least.

我们应当至少掌握一门外语。

3)“should+be+表语”的结构,表示推测或惊奇。例如:

They should be back by now. 他们现在应该回来了吧。

I am sorry that she should be so careless. 我感到遗憾她竟会那样粗心。

●“should+have+过去分词”的结构,表示过去该做而实际上尚未做的动作或行为;其否定则表示发生了不应该发生的行为。其同义结构“ought to have +过去分词”,表示过去“早应该”、“本当”之意,语气较强。例如:

I should have thought of that. 这一点我是应当想到的。(但没想到)

They should not have left so soon.他们不应当走得这么早。(但已走了)

●在“It is natural (stran ge, natural, necessary, surprised, impossible, important ) that……”句型中,主语从句中的谓语动词要用should +动词原形”表示“理所当然”、“奇怪”、“必要”、“惊异”等的意思。在lest(以免)、for fear (that) (以防)、in case(以备万一)等之后也要用should+动词原形;在advise, sugest, order, demand, request 等的从句中should+do”例如:

It is necessary that he(should) be sent there at once.

有必要马上派他到那里去。

It is strange that he should say so. 他会说这样的话真是奇怪。

Let us go at once lest we should be late for the train.

我们马上走吧,以免赶不上火车。

7.will和would

1)表示意志,决心或愿望。例如:

Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.

我们一定要支持全世界人民争取和平的斗争。

He would not let me try it . 他不肯让我去试。

2)will表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性,would表示过去的习惯行为。

He will sit there hour after hour looking at the traffic go by.

他会经常一连几个小时坐在那儿观看来往的车辆。

He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.

他在北京时,常来看望我。

3)用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中,表示对对方的请求,would的语气比will委碗

Would/will you kindly tell me the way to the station? 请问到火车站怎么走? 4)表可能性

This will be the book you are looking for.

这可能就是你要找的书。

She would be about 60 when she died.

她死时大概60岁。

8.need

1)need作情态动词时无人称和数的变化,后接动词原形,多用于否定和疑问句中。

I need n’t go to school today.

2)由need引起的一般疑问句中肯定回答用must或have to,否定回答用needn’t。

3)need做实意动词时,主要用于肯定句中,有人称和数的变化,后接带to 的不定式。其否定式和疑问式都要借助助动词do。

He needs to buy school things.

You don’t need to do it yourself.

4)needn’t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事,但没有做的必要,意为“本没必

要…”。

You needn’t have waken me up; I don’t have to go to work today

9.表推测的情态动词句子的反意疑问句

He must/may be in the room, isn’t he?

He can’t be in the room, is he?

He must have finished the work, hasn’t he?

He may have done the work last night, didn’t he?

10.情态动词+行为动词进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式(即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式),表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如:

He must be playing basketball in the room.

She may be staying at home.

11.情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式(即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式),表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如:

They should have been meeting to discuss the problem.

He may / might have been buying stamps in the post office when you saw him.

12.用作情态动词的其他短语

would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。例如:

1)The soldier would sooner die than surrender.

2)The brave soldier would as soon die as yield to such an enemy.

3)I’d rather walk than take a bus.

4)If you don’t like to swi m, you may just as well stay at home.

三、归纳总结

(1)肯定句中一般用must(一定),may(可能),might/could(也许,或许),其中must 表推测的语气最强,其余依次减弱。

The book must be hers. Her name is on it.

这本书一定是她的,她的名字在上面。

He must be running.他一定在跑步。

They may know the way to the library.

他们可能知道去图书馆的路。

(2)否定句中一般用can't/couldn't(不可能)。

That man can‘t be Mr. Li, because he has gone to London.

那个人不可能是李老师,因为他去伦敦了。

(3)疑问句中用can/could(能)。

—Can the red sweater be Tom's?

这件红毛衣会是汤姆的吗?

—No, it can't. He can't stand red.

不,不可能。他不能忍受红色。

[注意] 在表示婉转地提出请求、想法、建议等或用于疑问及否定句表示惊讶、不相信等时,might,could不是may,can的过去式。

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1

Grammar —Adverbial Clause 方式状语地点状语时间状语 用从句形式当状语,即状语从句 (一)时间状语从句引导词 till, until A until B : A 一直延续到 B 出现或发生就停止 I sleptuntilnoon. I didn ’ t go to bed until midnight. I entered the room until 6:30. I didn ’ t enter the room until 6:30. as soon as, the minute, the moment, the instant, immediately, directly no sooner ? than, hardly ? when, scarcely ? when(结合倒装句 ) before, after, 完成 +since( 自从 )+过去时间 --what was the party like? --Wonderful. It ’ s yearsI enjoyed myself so much. A. after B. before C. when D. since

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情态动词 有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。情态动词无人称和数的变化;不能单独使用,必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语。 情态动词 句和疑问句中表示请求,允许,意为“能够” could 是can 的过去式,意为“能、会”,表示过去的水平在疑问句中表示委婉请求 may 表示请求、许可,意为“能够”表示推测,常用于肯定句中,意为“可能、也许” might 是may的过去式,表推测,常用于肯定句中,意为“可能、也许”must 表示主观看法,意为“必须、应该”表有把握的推测,用语肯定句dare 表示敢于,主要用于否定句和疑问句中 should 意为“应该”,表示要求和命令表示劝告、建议 had better 意为“最好”,表示建议 used to意为“过去常常,表示过去的动作、行为 考点一情态动词知识清单 情态动词有具体的词义,但也同助动词一样,需要与其他词语一起构成句子的谓语,另外情态动词没哟人称和数的变化,情态动词后必须跟动词原形。 1. can 的用法 (1)表示水平、许可、可能性。表示水平时一般译为“能、会”,即有种水平,尤其是生来具备的水平,此时may 和must 均不可代替它。(2)表示可能、能够。如:I can finish it in an hour. (3)表示许可,常在口语中。如:You can use my dictionary. (4)表示推测,意为“可能”,常用于否定句和疑问句中,此时can’t 译为“不可能”。 2.could的用法 (1)can的过去式,意为“能、会”,表示过去的水平。 (2)could 在疑问句中,表示委婉的语气,此时没有过去式的意思。 3.may的用法 (1)表示请求、许可,比can 正式, (2)表示推测,谈论可能性,意为“可能,或许”,一般用于肯定句中。 (3)may的过去式为might ,表示推测时。可能性低于may 。 4. must的用法 (1)must 表示主观看法,意为“必须、一定”。 (2)其否定形式mustn’t表示“一定不要”“千万别”“禁止, 不许”.(3)对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t或don’t have to . (4)must 表示有把握的推测,用于肯定句。当must 表示肯定的判断、推测时,其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。 She must have finished writing, hasn’t she? 5. need的用法 (1)need 表示需要、必须,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,其否定形式为needn’t,意为“没有必要,不必”。用need 提问时,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t。如:----Need I stay here any longer? ----Yes, you must .-----No. you needn’t . (2) need 还能够作实义动词,此时有人称、数和时态的变化,后边多接动词不定式。 6. dare 的用法dare意为“敢、敢于”,用法近似于need,有两种词性: (1)dare 作为情态动词,多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中,无第三人称单数形式,只有一般现在时和一般过去时。 (2)dare 作为实义动词,此时有人称、数即时态的变化。注意:在口语中,dare 的各种形式常与不带to 的不定式连用。Do you dare tell her what I said? 7. shall 的用法 (1)shall 表示征求对方意见(多用于第一、三人称), Shall we go out for a walk? (2)表示决心、警告、命令(多用于第二、三人称), No one shall bring your beepers or mobile phones in the exam. 8. should的用法 (1) should 意为“应该”,可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。We should protect the environment. (2) should (would)like to do sth. 表示“想要、愿意做某事”,常用于口语中。Would you like to go with me? 你想和我一起去吗? (3)Should have done 表示对过去动作的责备、批评。 You should have finished your homework. 9. will 的用法 will表示意愿、意志、打算,可用于多种人称。 I will help you if I’m free this afternoon. 10. had better 的用法 had better 意为“最好”,没有人称的变化,后面接不带to 的不定式,其否定形式为:had better not。 We had better go now. You had better not give the book to him. 考点二含有情态动词的疑问句 1. 由can、may、must构成的疑问句 (1)句式:Can/ May/ Must…+ 主语+动词原形+….?如:Can you repair the car? Could he be a good student? May I borrow your ruler?Must we clean the room now? (2)对may 引出的问句,能够有下列回答方式:Yes, of course. Yes, certainly.Sure.No, you mustn’t.No, you can’t. (3)对must引出的疑问句,回答为:Yes, …must.No,…needn’t/don’t have to. 2. will,would,shall 的用法 (1)will 在一般疑问句中表示客气的“请求、劝说”。would 是will 的过去式,语气更加客气、委婉。Would you show me your picture book? Will you please give me a call? (2)对will/ would you…的回答方式有以下几种:Yes, I will. (No, I won’t.)Sure . (I’m sorry , I can’t.)All right.Certainly. (No, thank you .) Yes, please. (3)shall引出的疑问句用于第一人称,表示征求对方意见或客气的请求。其回答方式有以下几种:Yes, please.All right. No, thank you. 考点三不同情态动词的否定意义也不同 1. (1)can’t可译为“不会”,如:I can’t play basketball. 我不会打篮球。(2)当句子表推测时,用can’t表达不可能,He can’t be ill. He is playing chess with Tom.(3)can’t还可用来回答“ May I …?”这样的问句。May I come in ?No, you mustn’t. / can’t.(4)can’t还可用于固定习语中。She can’t help crying. 2.may 的否定式为may not ,译成“可能不”,He may not be at home. 3.(1)mustn’t表示不许,不可。He mustn’t leave his room.

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