大学英语语法 第十七讲 定语从句
第十七讲
定语从句
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1 . 关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词(如下表)
功能作用
用于限制性从句或非限制性从句只用于限制性从句
代替人代替物代替人或物
主语who which that
宾语whom which that
定语
whose
( = of whom)
whose
( = of which)
He is a man who ( that) means what he says . 他是一个说话算数的人。(指人, 作主语) The people whom ( that) you met in the campus yesterday are from England . 你昨天在校园里碰到的那些人是从英国来的。(指人, 作宾语)
Is there anyone in your depar tment whose father is a painter ? 你们系里有谁的父亲是
画家吗? (指人, 作定语)
The young man with whom I travelled could speak English . 同我一起旅行的那个年轻
人会说英语。(指人, 作宾语)
The book which( that) you are reading is written by a contemporary American novelist . 你正在读的那本书是一位美国现代小说家写的。(指物, 作宾语)
The bicycle the brake o f which was damaged has now been repaired . 那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了。(指物, 作主语)
Note: what 不能引导定语从句。考察下面一句:
Nimbost ratus clouds are
A
thick
B
, dark gray clouds what
C
forebode
D
rain .
(C 项错。应改为which 或that )
2 . 使用要点
1)关系代词的省略
(1)作直接宾语时可以省略。例如:
The man(whom)you saw just now is our manager . 你刚才见到的那个人是我们的经理。
Is there anything ( that) I can do for you ? 我能为您效劳吗?
Who was the woman ( that ) you were talking with ? 你刚才同她谈话的妇女是谁?
(2)在“there + be”结构的从句中作主语的关系代词可以省略。例如:
This is the only bus( that) there is to that park . 这是开往那个公园的唯一的一路公共汽
车。
The old professor made full use of the time( that) therewas left to him to continue his research
in the field of elect ronics . 这位老教授充分利用余年, 继续他在电子学方面的研
究。
Note: ①关系代词放在介词后作宾语时, 不能省略。但介词位于句尾时, 关系代词可以省
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略。例如:
This is the girl with whom he worked . (whom 不可省)
This is the girl ( whom) he worked with . 这就是同他一起工作的女孩。
This is the room in which Churchill was born . (which 不可省)
This is the room(which)Churchill was born in. 这就是丘吉尔出生的房间。
②who 或whom 的先行词有时可省略。例如:
Who knows most says least . 大智若愚。( = He who, anyone who)
Who works not shall not eat . 不劳无获。
Who eats must pay . 吃了就得付钱。
Whom the gods love die young .
This is written to whom it may concern . ( any person whom)
Who mar ries a beauty marries trouble . ( = Those who)
Who are thirsty drink in silence .
2)如果关系代词紧跟在介词后面, 不能用who 或that , 只能用which 或whom
This is the question about which(不用that) they have had so much discussion in the past few weeks . 这就是几周来他们反复讨论的那个问题。
The people with whom(不用that )he worked thought he was a bit st range . 同他一起工
作的人都觉得他有点怪。
3)如果先行词是all, much, anything , something, nothing, everything , little, none 等不定代词,
关系代词一般只用that , 不用which ( 但something, everything 或anything 后, 偶尔也用which)
Please just tell me anything ( that ) you know about the author of the book . 凡是你知道
的关于本书作者的情况请都告诉我。
That..s all ( that ) I could do at that time . 这就是我当时所能做的。
There is little that can be believed about it .
She has nothing that is good to say .
The book doesn..t say much that amuses children .
She hates everything that is modern .
Note: 在“It is + 名词+ 定语从句+ 定语从句”结构中, 后一定语从句要用that。例如: It is only a man who has seen much of the world that can be a leader . 只有阅历丰富
的人才能当领导。
It is always the mouth which talks too much that arouses troubles . 言多必失。
It is a man who is honest that can do the work . 只有诚实的人才能做这项工作。
4)如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first , last , any, only, few, much, no, some, very 等词修饰, 引导限制性定语从句常用关系代词that , 不用which, who 或whom
He is the only person that was present at the time . 他是当时唯一在场的人。
This is the best TV set that is made in China . 这是中国生产的最好的电视机。
No sample that we have received is satisfactory .
Please send us any information that you have about the subject .
5)在非限制性定语从句中, 不能用that , 作宾语用的代词也不能省略
The Heavenly Lake, which(不能用that) is one of the world famous scenic spots, is on Tianshan Mountain . 天池是世界名胜之一, 位于天山之上。
There are thir ty students in the class, the majority o f whom(不能用that ) are f rom the city . 这个班上有30 位学生, 大多数来自城市。
6)which 可以引导修饰整个主句的定语从句
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
717 一、关系代词引导的定语从句
which 还有一种特殊的用法, 它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句, 代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中, which 可以作主语, 也可以作宾语或表语, 多数情况下意思同and this 相似, 并可以指人。例如:
New Concept English is intended for foreign students , which is known to all of us .《新
概念英语》是为外国学生编写的, 这是我们大家都知道的。(which 作主语)
She was awarded a gold medal, which the whole family considered a great honour . 她被授予一枚金质奖章, 全家人都认为这是极大的光荣。(which 作宾语)
He lost the manuscript during the war, in which case he had to rewrite the book . 他在战争中把手稿丢失了, 既然如此, 他就不得不重写那本书了。(which 作定语)
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was . 她对孩子们
非常耐心, 她丈夫却很少这样。( which 作表语)
I told him to go to a doctor, which advice he took . (指代部分概念)
Don..t call between 12 o..clock and 1 o..clock , at which time I am usually having lunch . She is studying economics, which knowledge is very impor tant today .
He believes in self- reliance, which idea I fully agree to .
She died three days ago, which I can..t believe . ( = which fact , a fact which)
Jim was seriously ill , which she did not know . ( = which circumstance, a circumstance which)
They bribed the officials , which practice was common here .
The president was killed , which circumstance was very serious . ( = which fact )
He hung about for hours and , which was worse, kept me from my work . (which 代表后半句的意思)
Note: 注意下面两种which 的用法:
He is sure to come unless (which is impossible) he has something urgent . ( which 从
句放在括号中, 表示作出某种说明)
She said ,“I..ve done my best .”Which was true . ( which 紧跟在直接引语之后)
7)用作表语的关系代词
(1)关系代词that 可指代人或物, 用作表语, 仅用于限制性定语从句中。例如:
He is no longer the simple-minded man that he was five years ago . 他已不再是5 年前
那个头脑简单的他了。
He is said to be everything that an honest man should be . 人们说他具备了一个正直的
人应有的一切美好品质。
It is not a pro found book that you think it to be .
(2) which 可用作表语, 既可指人, 又可指物; 指人时, 一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特性、品质或才能的人。which 引导的定语从句可以是限制性的, 也可以是非限制性的。
参阅上文。例如:
The modern car is no longer the car which it was in 1930..s . (指物)
He will become the man which his father wants him to be . 他将成为父亲所期望的人。(指人)
She is not the selfish woman which she is generally represented . (指人)
She looks like a Russian , which you are not . (指人, 非限制性, 相当于She looks like a Russian , while you are not like a Russian . )
He is exactly the man which such a family was likely to form .
She did it like a clever girl which she undoubtedly is . 她像一个灵巧的姑娘那样做了这
件事, 她无疑是一位灵巧的姑娘。
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(3) what 可以指人或物。例如:
He is not what he was before . ( = the person that)
The situation isn..t what it used to be .
(4) as 可用作表语, 同such, the same 连用, 引导限制性定语从句; as 亦可单独使用, 引导非限制性定语从句, 相当于which。参阅有关章节。例如:
The town is about the same distance from Nanjing as Yangzhou is .
The question is very difficult , as ( which) indeed it is .
(5) where 指地点。例如:
Leave the dog where it is .
He went to the river bank where the tall t ree was .
8)句子+ and that . . ., 句子+ and . . .at that 和at that
这种结构中的that 为代词, 代表前面句子中的意思。and that 和and . . .at that 可译作“而且”, 表示强调。at that 意为“就是那样”, 一般放在句尾, 作状语。例如:
He can climb up t rees , and that very fast .
Tom is a sportsman, and an excellent one at that .
I will take it at that . 我就照(你说的)那样办好了。
9)whose meaning 和the meaning of which
(1)whose 引导定语从句, 既可指人也可指物。whose 还常在定语从句中同it 连用, it 起形式主语的作用, 表示强调。例如:
This is the building whose windows were all painted green .
A teacher is a person whose duty is to teach .
A teacher is a person whose duty it is to teach .
.. 这两个句子意思相同, 结构有所不同。whose duty it is to teach 中的it 是形式主语, 真正主语是不定式to teach, 从强调结构it is his duty to teach 演化而来。再如:
There are many organizations whose sole purpose it is to help mentally retarded children . (演化自it is their sole purpose to help . . .)
(2)名词(代词或数词) + of + whom 和名词(代词或数词) + of + which。
若用定语从句表示“所属”关系, 先行词指人时, 用“名词(代词或数词) + of + whom”结构; 先行词指物时, 用“名词(代词或数词) + of + which”结构, of 前表示部分, of 后表示整体。whose 指物时, 可用. . .of which 代替。例如:
The committee consists of 20 members, 5 o f whom are women .
The book contains 50 poems, most of which were written in 1930..s .
There are two left , one o f which is almost finished and the other o f which is not quite . After having had twelve months..practice, in the last month of which no attempt had
been made at publication, I decided to make one more effort .
They had a sentence whose meaning was completely beyond them . ( = . . . the meaning
of which was . . .) (注意加the)
She..s become famous by writing a novel whose purpor t nobody was quite sure of .
( = . . .the pur port o f which . . .)
.. 下面三句意思相同:
The river whose banks are covered with trees flows to the sea .
The river of which the banks are covered with trees flows to the sea .
The river the banks of which are covered with trees flows to the sea .
.. 下面三句表述相同的含义:
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
719 一、关系代词引导的定语从句
There are in this class twenty students, whose backgrounds are different .
There are in this class twenty students, the backgrounds o f whom are different .
There are in this class twenty students, o f whom the backgrounds are different .
.. 但是, . . .of which 所修饰的词若是数词、不定代词或另有其他限定词( the 除外) , 不可改为“whose . . .”结构。例如:
There are six possibilities, every one o f which involves difficulty . 有六种可能, 其中每
一个都有困难。
They offered a strong opposition, of the like of which he had never dreamed . 他们进行
了有力的抵抗, 他做梦都没想到会遇到这样的抵抗。
An aircraft engine consists of thousands of par ts , each of which has its importance . (不
可说whose each . . .)
It now has 20 , 000 hectares of land, more than two-thirds o f which are under cultivation . (不可说whose more than two-thirds . . .)
10)先行词是集体名词用who 还是用which
如果作先行词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体, 关系代词用which; 如果指集体中的各个
成员, 则用who。比较:
The basketball team, which is playing very well, will come out first .
The basketball team, who are having a rest , will begin another match in twenty
minutes .
11)如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, 应用who 或whom, 不用which
Is there anyone here who can speak French ?
He saw the manager talking with somebody whom he didn..t know .
12)如果有两个或两个以上先行词, 兼指人或物, 应用that
The famous writer and his works that the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among
the students .
They spoke highly of the diplomat and his brilliant success that they read about in the newspaper .
He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car .
A victim is a person , animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, ect . .
13)不可以说a film about that I told you
关系代词that 前不能用介词, 须把介词移至句尾。参阅上下文。比较:
Have you seen the film about that I told you ? (误)
Have you seen the film that I told you about ? (正)
The seventeenth century was one in that many significant advances were made in both science and philosophy . (误)
The seventeenth century was one in which many significant advances were made in
both science and philosophy . (正)
14) a girl with whom to work 还是a girl whom to work with
关系代词whom 和which 可以同不定式和介词连用, 其结构为:
介词+ whom/ which + 不定式
(whom/ which 省略)不定式+ 介词
.. 要注意的是, 介词在前时, whom 和which 不可省略, 介词在句尾时, whom 和which 必须
省略。比较:
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She is a pleasant girl with whom to work . (正)
She is a pleasant girl to work with . (正)
She is a pleasant girl whom to work with . (误)
He has not reached the proper age at which to marry . (正)
He has not reached the proper age to marry at . (正)
He has not reached the proper age which to marry at . (误)
.. 注意下面一句:
Who that you have ever seen can do better ? 你曾见过谁能做得更好? (这里只能用
that , 避免与who 重复)
15)“介词+ 关系代词”结构问题
介词+ 关系代词( whom,which)引导定语从句的现象很多, 但也较复杂, 须细加考察。其
要点如下:
(1)“介词+ 关系代词”结构可以引导限制性定语从句, 也可以引导非限制性定语从句。
(2)“介词+ 关系代词”结构中的介词可以是in, on , about , from, for, through , with , to, at , against , without , by means of, because of, by virtue of 等, 关系代词只用whom 或which, 不可用that。
(3)“介词+ 关系代词”结构中介词的选用或根据上下文要表达的具体意思, 或根据先行
词的习惯搭配, 或根据定语从句中某些词或短语的习惯搭配, 有时候, 这个介词可能
就是作定语从句谓语的短语动词的一个固定介词(如sail for 中的for, choose from 中
的f rom等)。
(4)“介词+ 关系代词”结构在定语从句中可以作状语或定语, 并可修饰别的名词一同作
状语。
(5) which 在定语从句中可以单独作定语, 而whom 却不可。参阅上文。
There..s only one problem about which they disagree . (习惯搭配, 谓语的一部分)
This is the ring on which she spent 1, 000 dollars . (习惯搭配, 状语)
The author with whom all of us are familiar will visit our company . (习惯搭配, 表语)
I can..t remember the age at which he won the prize . (习惯搭配, 状语。at the age 在
..岁时)
Sound is a tool by means o f which people communicate with each other . (状语)
He was found disappointed at his failure, because o f which he was criticized . (状语) Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance, in which case I would but stand there, nodding and waving . (定语)
Ten years of hard work changed her greatly, f or which reason he could hardly recognize her at first sight . (定语)
Water boils at 100℃, at which temperature it changes to gas . (定语)
I called her by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize .
Jane spent four years in college, during which time she studied medicine .
Note: ①from where 中的where 为关系代词, 可以引导定语从句。例如:
She stood near the north window, f romwhere she could see the whole garden . ( = through which)
He climbed up to the top of the temple, f rom where he could see nothing but
t rees . ( = from the top of . . .)
That..s the place f rom where the river branches out .
比较:
From where did he come ? ( where 是疑问代词)
Where did you buy the book ? ( where 是疑问副词)
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
721 二、关系副词引导的定语从句
②两个词或三个词构成的固定短语动词, 在定语从句中一般不宜将介词分开放在关
系代词前, 如: listen to, look at , depend on, pay attention to, take care of 等。例
如:
Please tell me what you are listening to . (不说. . . to what you are listening)
This is the girl whom he will take care of . (不说. . .of whom he will take care)
16)是定语从句还是宾语从句
who, whom 和which 等引导的从句, 可以是宾语从句, 也可以是定语从句, 应加以区别。例如:
He is the writer whowrote the book . 他就是写这部书的那位作家。(只能是定语从句) Please tell Professor Wang who wrote the book .
A . 请告诉写这本书的王教授。(定语从句)
B . 请告诉王教授, 这本书是谁写的。(宾语从句)
Would you ask the woman who is singing in the room ?
A . 你去问问正在房间里唱歌的那位妇女好吗? (定语从句)
B . 你去问问那位妇女, 谁在房间里唱歌, 好吗? (宾语从句)
17)“介词+ which”后接不定式短语作后臵定语, 相当于一个定语从句
Allow me half an hour in which to wash the clothes .
He had no pretext on which to break his promise .
He has a knife with which to de f end himsel f .
She has saved another thousand dollars with which to sup port her family .
18) that 有时相当于for which 或in which
有时候, that 相当于for which 或in which, 表示原因或方式。参阅下文。
He apologized to her for the very reason that he had wronged her . ( that = for which)
I wish you would see things in the light that we see them . ( that = in which)
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1 . 关系副词也可以引导定语从句, 并在从句中分别表示时间、地点或原因等
1)关系副词的意思相当于“介词+ which 结构”(其用法分类列表如下)
关系副词被替代的先行词在从句中的作用
when( = at , in , on , during which) 表示时间的名词时间状语
whe re ( = in , at which ) 表示地点的名词地点状语
why( for which) 只有reason 原因状语
He will always remember the day when( on which) his father returned f rom America . 他
将永远记着父亲从美国返回的那一天。
This was the time when( at which) she left for Beijing . 这就是她动身去北京的时间。
The bookstore where( in which) his sister works is the largest one in Nanjing . 他妹妹工
作的那家书店是南京最大的。
I don..t know the reason why ( for which) he didn..t come to the meeting yesterday morning
. 我不知道他为什么没参加昨天上午的会议。
2)关系副词引导定语从句时只起状语作用, 既不能作动词的宾语, 也不能作介词的宾语
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The man is said to come from a town where nobody knew . (误)
The man is said to come from a town which nobody knew . (正)
That is the age in when people live in peace and happiness . (误)
That is the age in which people live in peace and happiness . (正)
Do you know the reason why she did it for ? (误)
Do you know the reason why she did it ? (正)
Note: ①地点名词后当然可以接where 从句, 但其他如case, point , conditions , job 等表示
“情况, 方面”等的名词后亦可接where 从句, 这种用法的where 相当于under
which , f rom which 等, 意为“在这种情况下, 从..中”等。例如:
There are some cases where this rule does not hold good . 在某些情况下, 这条规则
不适用。
There are many instances where he is cool-headed . 他在许多情况下都是冷静的。
He had to face the conditions where pressure was heavy . 他必须面对压力很大的
情况。
They are in a di f f icult situation where all efforts seem futile . 他们的处境艰难, 似
乎一切努力都是徒劳。
I will show you the point where you fail . 我将指出你的失败所在。
This is a job where you can learn something . 从这项工作中你能学到一些东西。
②where 和in which 均可引导定语从句, 有时可以换用, 但含义并不完全相同。比
较:
That is the city where she grew up . (仅指一个地点, the city 可省)
That is the city in which she grew up . (强调“在..之内”, the city 不可省)
.. 但在下面的句子中, 只可用in which, 不可用where:
She had only the long nights in which to study . 她只有在漫漫长夜里才能学习。
( in which 表示时间)
They hired two boats in which they came up to the source of the river . 他们租了两
条船, 乘船来到了那条河的源头。( in which 表示乘船)
③但when 有时可作关系代词, 意为“那时”, 可作介词宾语。例如:
He left his hometown in 2002 and since when he has never come back . ( = since
then)
2 . that 有时也可以代替关系副词when, where, how 或why 引导定语从句, 表示时间、地点或
原因, that 也可以省去
This is the university that( where) he studied at 20 years ago .这就是他20 年前求学的那
所大学。(注意: 这句用where 时, 后不可用at )
Do you still remember the day that (when) he arrived ? 你还记得他到达的那一天吗?
This is the second week that ( during which) he hasn..t come for class . 这是他第二周没
来上课了。
The night that (when) she left was rainy . 她离开的那天晚上下着雨。
She knows the place that (where) he stays . 她知道他呆在哪里。
The speed that ( at which) he is driving is 100 miles an hour . 他以每小时100 英里的速
度行车。
That is the manner that ( how) he deceived her . 他就是那样欺骗她的。
I don..t like theway that( in which) he did it . 我不喜欢他做这件事的方式。
The reason that (why) he missed the train is that he got up late .
3 . how 不能用来引导定语从句
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
723 三、as
在定语从句中的用法
This is theway how he behaves . (误)
.. 如果要用how, 句子中就不能有先行词。可以说:
This is how he behaves .
This is the way he behaves .
三、as 在定语从句中的用法
1 . 引导限制性定语从句
在限制性定语从句中, as 多和such 或the same 连用, 构成“such . . .as”和“the same . . .as”
结构, 可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。在“the same . . . as”结构中,“as”也可以用“that”代替。例如:
Such people as were recommended by him were reliable . 他所推荐的人是可靠的。(“as”作主语)
Such books as I have read are classical works . 我所读过的书都是些经典著作。(“as”作
宾语)
I..ve never seen such a talented young man as he is. 我从未见过像他这样才华横溢的年
轻人。(“as”作表语)
I..d like to use the same tool as ( that ) is used here . 我想使用和这里用的一样的工具。(“as”作主语)
.. the same . . .that 虽然在结构上与the same . . .as 相同, 但有时句意却不一样。比较: This is the same book as I read last week . 这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。
This is the same book that I read last week . 这就是我上周读的那本书。
.. 但如果先行词表示抽象概念, 则没有这种区别。例如:
She told me the same story as( that ) she had told you .
.. as 还可以用在so 和as 之后, 构成“so . . .as , as . . .as”结构。这种结构前面的so 或as 是副词, 后面的as 是代词。例如:
In the city, I saw so grand a National Day celebration as I never dreamt of .
He is as great a painter as ever lived . (one of the greatest)
2 . 引导非限制性定语从句
在非限制性定语从句中, as 作为关系代词代替整个主句。as 引导的从句位臵较灵活, 可
以位于主句前面、中间或后面, 一般用逗号与主句隔开, 通常译为“(正) 如..一样, (正) 像..一样”等。
as 和which 在这种用法上的区别是: which 作为关系代词也可以指前面的一个句子或词
组所包含的内容, 但which 指的通常是前面提到过的情况或事实, 而不是后面提到的情况或事实;which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。as 既可指前面已经提到的
情况, 也可指后面将要提到的情况。另外, as 后若为is 或was + 过去分词构成的被动语态, is 或was 可省掉。which 后的is 或was 在同样情况下则不可省。as 引导从句时, 有“为人所熟知, 显然”的含义, which 则没有这层意思。as 引导的从句往往表示一种附加说明, which 引导的从句则为较重要的评说。例如:
As(不用which)might be expected, John was admitted to the university . 约翰被大学录
取了, 这是可以预料到的。( as 代替后面的句子, 在从句中作主语)
More American troops are being sent to the Middle East , as(可用which) I have learnt
from the newspaper . 我从报纸上得知, 更多的美国部队正在被派往中东。( as 代替前
面的句子, 在从句中作主语)
The material is elastic, as(不用which) shown in the figure . 如图所示, 这种材料富有弹
性。
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Another recession is setting in, as is already occur ring, for instance, with the car indust
ry . 又一次衰退正在到来, 比如, 在汽车工业中已经出现了这种情况。
She usually takes for ty winks(小睡一会儿) after lunch , as is her habit .
He is a bit out of her mind , as all those who know him can see .
As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city . (不可说As it is reported, 因为as
引导定语从句同时作主语, it 是多余的)
As a poet points out , life is but a dream . (不可说As a poet points it out , as 引导从句同
时作宾语)
I advised my sister , as was my duty .
She became angry , as many could see .
The result , as may be expected , is bad .
Children, as is always the case, love their mother .
.. 但下面两句用it 都是正确的, 因为it 代表一个单词, 在习惯用语as we know 后作宾语: Money, as we know it, is the root of all evils . 正如我们所知, 金钱是万恶之源。
Cambridge, as we know it, is one of the oldest universities in the world .
比较:
He didn..t have any hope of success, as she knew . 正如她所知道的, 他没有任何成功的希望。( as 为关系代词, 引导定语从句, 亦可放在句首)
He didn..t have any hope of success, as she thought . 他没有任何成功的希望, 而她却认为他有。( as 为连接词, 相当于but 或yet , 原句意为: He didn..t have any hope of success, but she thought he had . as she thought 不可放在句首, 可视为表示转折或让步的状语从句)
.. 下面是常见的as 引导的结构, 一般位于句首, 有时也位于句中或句尾:
as is well known 众所周知
as is often the case 情况常常如此
as may be imagined 可以想象得出
as often happens 这种情况常常发生
as has been said before 如前所述
as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的
as will be shown in . . . 将在..中指出
as is hoped 正如所希望的
as is usual with sb . (某人)经常如此
as is natural 很自然
as is supposed 如所料想的
as is anticipated 如所预料的
as is the custom with 习惯如此
.. 考察下面两句:
The telephone was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell .
A . as is known by us
B . as do we know it
C . as we know it
D . as we know(D 项正确)
Football and baseball played in the United States today are basically modifications
of games that originated in England .
A . as
B . are
C . being
D . that (A 项正确)
Note: ①as 从句可以表达比例。例如:
As prices rise, ( so) the demand for higher wages will increase .
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
725 三、as
在定语从句中的用法
As we get older , we become less willing to change our ideas .
②as 从句可以表示评论。例如:
The hall , as of ten hap pens, became very crowded .
As everyone knows, a little learning is a dangerous thing .
③as 从句表示两个动作、行为相比较。例如:
She scolded him, as she had scolded her son .
He failed to keep his promise, as I thought he would .
④as 引导原因状语从句时, 主句不可以that..s why 开始。例如:
As I know you are interested in classical music, that..s why I want to invite you
to the concert . (误)
As I know you are interested in classical music, I want to invite you to the
concert . (正)
I know you are interested in classical music, and that..s why I want to invite you to the concer t . (正)
⑤表示某一类别事物的举例, 要用such as 或like, 不用as。例如:
He prefers eating fresh things as tomatoes and cucumbers . (误)
He prefers eating fresh things such as tomatoes and cucumbers . (正)
He prefers eating fresh things like tomatoes and cucumbers . (正)
She..s fond of some sports, like volleyball .
⑥表示某人、某事起什么作用, 充当什么角色, 以什么资格。例如:
She worked as a secretary . 她任秘书。
He served as the British ambassador to China . 他任英国驻华大使。
.. 考察下面一个歧义句:
As a manager of the company , I give you this warning .
⑦as 后可跟名词短语、介词短语、形容词和过去分词。例如:
As in previous elections, he lost the suppor t of the majority .
He was regarded as something o f a troublemaker .
They described him as
very dangerous .
having a hot temper .
seriously wounded .
⑧连词as 可以表示一种情况也适用于另外一人、一事或一群人, 这种用法中, as 后的句子要倒装。例如:
I fear snakes, as do most people . 我怕蛇, 大多数人都怕蛇。
He suffered a lot , aswere many people in those years . 他受了许多苦, 就像那些年月里许多人一样。
He is an orthodox Jew, as were all his f amily . 他是个正统的犹太教徒, 同他全家
一样。
⑨“the same . . .as”结构中的as 有时也可作关系副词。例如:
I ever studied at the same college as ( that ) she did . 我曾经和她在同一所大学读书。
⑩结构as is hoped, as is usual with sb . , as is natural , as is supposed, as is anticipated, as is the custom with sb . , as is often the case 等中的as 既可视为关系代词,
相当于which, 引导定语从句, 也可视为连词, 后省略了it , 引导状语从句。例如: He stayed late into the night , as is often the case . ( = which is often the case, =
as it is often the case)
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在某些习惯用法中, 用as 而不用which。例如:
Professor Smith , as we know, has written a new book on the subject .
She has gone out for a walk, as may be imagined .
as 引导的从句在意义上应同主句保持和谐一致, 如果不一致, 则须用which。例如:
He got up early, as was usual with him . (可用which)
He took over the government , which was unlawf ul . (正)
He took over the government , as was unlaw ful . (误)
She married him, which was unexpected . (正)
She married him, as is unexpected . (误)
She married him, as expected . (正)
as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时, 还可用be 以外的其他连系动词作谓语, 如seem, become 等, 一般不用其他行为动词; 但which 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时, 则可用各类动词作谓语。例如:
He didn..t say anything at the meeting, as seemed strange .
He did much but said little, as became his character .
She failed in the experiment , which surprised all of us . (不可用as)
.. 但在as it often happens , as it often occurs 等含有it 的结构中, it 省去后, as 则可以同行为动词连用。例如:
Two bikes were stolen last week , as ( it) of ten happened in the school .
注意下面一句的含义:
She is dead, as I live .
她死了, 正像我还活着。(误)
她死了, 而我还活着。(误)
她的的确确是死了。(正)
本句中的as I live 是一种习惯说法, 意为indeed, 用于强调, 类似的还有: as I am here, as the sun shines 等。
3 . as 构成的短语
as likely as not 多半(with greater probability) as one (man) 一致地
as often as not 常常(very frequently) as regards 关于
as soon as not 更愿(more willingly) as concerns 关于
as far as 至某地, 就..而言as concerning 关于
as follows 如下( as comes next ) as far as . . .is concerned 关于, 至于
as from 自..之日起( dating from) as good as 像..一样, 几乎等于
as ( so) long as 只要, 在..的时候(while) as such 作为..的身份, ..的本身
as much as to say 好像是说( just) as soon 宁可( rather )
as yet 至今, 尚( until now) as well 也, 亦( also)
as well as 和( in addition to) not (never) so much as + 动词连..
without so much as + 动名词连..都不都不(not even)
such as 如, 像( for example) not such as + 动词不至于
in so far as 视..而定as a matter of fact 事实上( really,
as a rule 通常, 照例(generally) actually)
as many 同数的, 和..一样多as against 比..(in comparison with)
She will come as likely as not . 她多半会来。as many again 多一倍
During foggy weather the trains are late as o f ten as not . 有雾时, 火车常常晚点。
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
727 三、as
在定语从句中的用法
She would stay at home as soon as not . 她可太乐意呆在家里了。
Is he as good as his word ? 他是否言而有信?
She gave a look as much as to say“Mind your own business !”她摆出一副好像是说“不用你管”似的面孔。
I haven..t heard from her as yet . 我至今仍未收到她的信。
You will learn your lesson only in so far as you are willing to study them . 你的功课学
得怎样, 完全视你努力的情况而定。
I would just as soon live here . 我还是住在这里好。
Her illness was not such as to cause any anxiety . 她的病尚不令人担忧。
Note: 比较同一短语的不同含义:
Wealth , as such, doesn..t matter much . 财富本身算不了什么。(本身)
In the countryside st rangers are welcome as such . 在乡间, 外乡人是名副其实作
为外乡人受到欢迎的。(名副其实地)
There are no hotels , as such, in the town . 这个小城里没有像样的旅馆。(像样
的, 真正的)
Languages, such as English and French , are not difficult to learn . 语言, 如英语
和法语并不难学。
She recognized me as soon as she saw me . 她一看见我就把我认出来了。(一..
就)
He didn..t arrive as soon as I had expected . 他来的不像我期待的那么早。(像..
一样早)
I would just as soon stay at home as go . 我与其去还不如留在家里好。(与其..
不如= rather . . .than)
He could as soon write an epic as drive a car . 他要是会开汽车就会写叙事诗了。
(要是能..的话就会)
She cannot so much as write her own name . 她甚至连自己的名字都不会写。( not
/ never so much as 后跟动词)
She left without so much as saying“Thank you”. 她连一声道谢都没说就走了。(without so much as 后跟动名词)
Leave it as it is . 顺其自然。(放在句尾, 表示“照原样, 照样”)
As it is, they are not sisters . 事实上, 她们不是姐妹。(放在句首, 表示“事实上”)
The world , as it is, full of new inventions . 现在的世界充满了新的发明。(放在
句中, 表示“现在的”)
She felt , as it were, in a dream . 她觉得仿佛在梦中。( as it were 表示“好像, 仿佛”)
As long as there is life there is hope . 有生命就有希望。(只要= on condition that)
You shall never enter the room so long as I live in it . 我住在这个房间的时候你
永远不能进去。(当..的时候= while)
You can stay here as long as you want . 你想在这里呆多久就呆多久。(像..那
么久)
As long as you are going, I..ll go too . 既然你去, 我也去。(既然= since)
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She has as many books as you . 她的书和你的一样多。(和..一样多)
He can learn as many as 100 new words by heart in one day . 他一天内能背会多
达100 个生词。(多至, 多达)
Take as many as you want . 要多少就拿多少。(多少..多少)
He has been writing the novel as many as 10 years . 这部小说他整整写了10 年。
(整整的)
As many as come are welcome . 凡来的都欢迎。(凡..的都)
四、but 在定语从句中的用法
but 作为关系代词也可以引导定语从句, 同具有否定意义的主句连用, 其先行词可以是
人, 也可以是物。but 在意义上等于“that . . .not”,“who . . .not”,“which . . .not”。but 只
用于限制性定语从句。例如:
There was not a single student in my class but ( who did not) learnt a lot from him . 我班
上每一个学生都从他那里学到很多东西。
There was not one house but ( which was not ) was burnt down . 所有的房子都被烧掉
了。
Not a day went by but(which did not )brought us good news . 没有一天不给我们带来好
消息。
There are few of them but admire your achievement . 他们几乎每个人都羡慕你的成就。What did she see but was miserable ? 她所见皆凄惨不堪。( = She saw nothing except
what was miserable . )
Who could he stay with but were thieves and gangsters ? 他不同小偷强盗呆在一起又能
同谁呆在一起呢?
Nothing is so hard but it becomes easy by practice .
Nothing is so hard that it does not become easy by practice .
.. but 结构也可以省略。例如:
No rule but has exceptions . ( There is)
Few books but have a misprint or two . ( There are)
.. 考察下面两句:
There is
A
no work
B
whatever what
C
he can
D
criticize . (C 项有问题)
There are very few rules of grammar .
A . that are not with exceptions
B . but have exceptions
C . not having exception to them
D . not with exception to them(B 项正确)
五、what 用法要点
1 . 用作关系代词
1)用于“what is (was) + 形容词比较级”结构中
本结构中, what 是关系代词, 泛指上文或下文, 意为“更.., 尤其..”。这种结构通常
用作插入语。例如:
He attended the contest and what is more surprising, won a gold medal .
She was born in a rich family; what was better still , some of her relatives were famous scholars .
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
729 五、what
用法要点
Great men are often unknown, or what is worse, misknown .
If, what seldom happens, he would repent , he would be a good boy .
He knows how to write and, what is a di f f erent thing , how to make money .
She decided, what was the only choice, that she would keep it a secret .
The boy is not only very clever but (what is very likely ) honest . (放在括号中作出某种
说明)
He has ( what is more precious) a noble heart .
2)what = the thing( s) which 或the person( s) that
what 既可以指人, 也可以指物。指人时相当于the person ( s ) that , 指物时相当于the thing( s) which。值得注意的是, 这种用法的what 本身已包括先行词, 故前面不能再有先行词。也就是说, 前有先行词时, 视具体情况用that , which 或who, 没有先行词时, 就要用what。what 在其所引导的从句中可以作主语、宾语和表语。例如:
That is exactly what he told me . (指物)
What has been done can not be undone . (指物)
Never pretend to be what you are not . (指人)
She is what you call a snob . ( = She is the woman that you call a snob . )
That is the furniture what we want to buy . (误)
That is the furniture that(which) we want to buy . (正)
Any meat what has been preserved by drying is called“jerky”. (误)
Any meat that has been preserved by drying is called“jerky”. (正)
比较:
I don..t know what you want . 我不知道你要什么。( what 是疑问代词)
That is what you want . 那就是你要的东西。(what 是关系代词, = the thing which)
She asked me what I didn..t know . (这是一个歧义句。译为“她问我所不知道的东西”时, what 为关系代词, 相当于the things that; 译为“她问我不知道什么时”, what 为疑问代词。)
Note: ①有时候, 介词可以放在句尾, 也可以放在what 前。例如:
What did you do it for ?
For what did you do it ? (For what = Why)
What will you depend on ?
On what will you depend ?
.. 但在下面的短语中, 介词不可放在句尾。
By what means did they get the information ? (凭什么方法)
In what circumstances will they sign the t reaty ? (在什么情况下)
In what respect are their measures better ? (在哪方面)
At what time did he finish writing the long poem ? (在什么时候)
In what way will you settle the problem ? (用什么方式)
②what 有时可用作副词, 表示“到什么程度”。例如:
What does the affair matter ? ( = How much) It matters much .
What do I care if I fail again ? ( = How much) I care little .
2 .whatmoney 相当于all the money that
what 在其所引导的从句中还可以作定语。例如:
The father gave what money he had to his son . ( = all the money that)
We..ve decided to give you what help we can . ( = any help that , as much help as)
He shared what little water he had with his companions . ( all the little water that )
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What songs he has learned are about love . ( = All the songs that)
What f ew she had was stolen . ( = The few that )
.. 考察下面两句:
The main facts in human life are five: bir th, food , sleep, love and death . One could increase
the number—breathing for instance —but these five are the most obvious . Let us
briefly ask ourselves our lives .
A . they play in what part
B . they play what part in
C . what part they play in
D . in what part they play(C 项正确)
Gail Shelley..s“Passage”, what
discusses the continuing
B
psychological development of
normal adults, is
C
a most
D
profound and important book . (A 项有问题)
3 .no sense whatever 的含义
whatever 可作形容词, 常同not , any, no, nothing, anything 一起用于否定句或疑问句中, 放在名词或代词之后, 意为“一点也..”, 相当于副词短语at all。例如:
I have no doubt whatever about it . ( = I have no doubt about it at all . )
She has no sense whatever . (没有头脑)
I know nothing of it whatever .
4 . know what..s what 的含义
what 同其他词类结合, 构成一些惯用习语, 常见的有: know what..s what 内行( 有判断力) , so what 那又怎么样, what if 如果..怎么办, what..s what 真相(具体情况) , give
sb . what for 严斥..(痛打..) , know what one..s about 有头脑(会处理困难局面) ,
what ( how) about . . .怎么样, guess what 告诉你一个消息, and what not 其他(等等) , what of it ? 那又怎么样? I tell you what 我有一个建议(我有个想法) , and I don..t know what . . .什么的(相当于and God knows what ) , what have you 等等。
This is a meeting to find out what..s what .
She said I was stupid and thoughtless and I don..t know what .
Guess what , the spy was caught on the spot .
We should try to meet the needs, cultural , recreational, what have you, of the members of the community . (以及别的)
A: He isn..t satisfied with your plan ?
B:Well, what of it ? (那又怎么样?)
I know what . ( = I have an idea . )
He knows what is what . ( = what is useful or important)
I..ll tell you what . ( = something)
They sold pens , pencils, rubbers and what not . (或and what have you , and what all , and the like)
You told her the secret ? So what ? (那怎么啦?)
You..ve given up the plan . What then ? (那怎么样?)
What i f he fails to come ? ( = What will happen)
What though he loses the match ? ( = What will happen)
What do you say to the plan ? ( = What do you think of)
What is behind the news ? ( = What is hidden behind)
What is the point of holding another meeting ? ( = What is the meaning)
I must give the man what for . ( = punishment )
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
731 五、what
用法要点
Dr . what..s-his-name said it was true . (某某博士)
He heard of it from Miss what-do- you-call-her . (某某小姐)
She has flown to what..s-its-name-city . (某某城市)
Please show us what-do-you-call-it . (某样东西)
5 .What is called
what is called, what we call 和what you call 表示“所谓的”, 有时含有贬义。例如:
He is what is called a“child prodigy”. 他就是所谓的神童。
It is what you call a“new fashion”. 这就是你所谓的“新潮”。
Some of what we call great books are written in blood and tears . 我们称为伟大的书, 有
些是用血泪写成的。
6 .What one is
what one is 表示“某人现在的样子, 某人今日的成就, 某人的人品”, what one has 表示“某人所有的, 某人的财产”;what one was(或used to be)表示“某人过去的样子”。例如: I admire him for what he is, not for what he has . 我因他的人品而羡慕他, 不是因他的
财富。
Her painstaking effor ts made her what she is . 她今天的成就是她勤奋努力的结果。
He is not what he was . 他已非从前的他了。
7 . what . . .for 和for what
what . . .for 和for what 常用于询问原因或目的, 相当于why。例如:
What did you leave the school for ? 你为什么离开那所学校?
= Why did you leave the school ?
For what will he go abroad ? 他为什么要出国?
= Why will he go abroad ?
8 . what with . . .and what with
what with . . .and what with 意为“半因..半因”, 表示原因, 后一个what with 可省; what by . . .and what by 意为“半靠..半靠”, 表示方式, 后一个what by 可省。例如: What with continual rain and ( what with ) a bad hotel , we didn..t enjoy our holiday much . 由于连续下雨, 旅馆又不好, 我们的假日过得不怎么愉快。
What by threats , and (what by) entreaties, he gained his purpose . 半靠威胁, 半靠恳
求, 他达到了目的。
Note: ①what 可用于双重疑问句中, when,who,where 等也可以这样使用。例如:
What novel written by what writer was the best in the nineteenth century ? 哪位作
家写的哪部小说是19 世纪最好的?
Who defeated whom in the battle ? 在那次战斗中谁打败了谁?
How long has he lived here and since when ?他在这里住了多久并从何时开始住在
这里的?
How much food is eaten by howmany people in this country ?在这个国家有多少人
吃多少粮食?
.. 这种含有两个疑问词的结构也可用作宾语。例如:
I don..t know what is better than what here . 我不知道这里什么比什么好。
高中英语语法定语从句总结全
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初中英语定语从句专项训练及答案及解析
初中英语定语从句专项训练及答案及解析 一、定语从句 1．According to the survey, women ________drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than ________who don’t. A． who； that B． /； these C． who； those D． / ； / 【答案】C 【解析】 试题分析：句意为：据调查，每天喝超过两杯咖啡的女人比那些不喝咖啡的女人患心脏疾病的机会大得多。根据语境可知，本题考查的是定语从句的引导词和代词的用法。在定语从句中，引导词由先行词而定，who的先行词指人。此外，这里指的是“喝咖啡与不喝咖啡的那些女人”的比较，代词应用those，表示同名同物，故应选C。 考点：考查引导词和指示代词的用法。 2．The leaders from eight countries attended the Shanghai cooperation organization summit in Qingdao got the welcome of the Chinese people. A．whom B．what C．who D．which 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 句意：出席上海合作组织青岛峰会的8国领导人受到中国人民的欢迎。考查关系代词辨析。what不是关系词，可排除。whom和who都用于先行词是人时，但whom用作宾语，who用作主语或宾语；which用于先行词是物时。本句先行词The leaders是人，可排除which；关系词在从句中做主语，可排除whom。根据句意结构和语境，可知选C。 3．Ant Forest is a popular mobile app_____ allows people to plant real trees in the desert by collecting “green energy points’’. A．what B．who C．whom D．which 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 蚂蚁森林是一款允许人们通过收集绿色能量在沙漠里种植真的树木的流行的手机应用软件。 考查定语从句。本句为定语从句，先行词是a popular mobile app指物，关系词用which，故选D。 4．The only language ____ is easy to learn is mother tongue． A．which B．that C．/ D．it 【答案】B
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初中英语定语从句专项练习题与答案详解(第2套
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