四级作文写作策略 (1)
四级作文写作宝典
第一章四级作文概况
一.四级考试对写作的要求
《大学英语教学大纲》和《大学英语课程教学基本要求》都对培养学生的英语写作能力做了明确规定，即学生能在半小时内完成120字左右的短文，包括书信等应用问题写作，要求文理基本通顺，表达思想清楚，无重大语法错误。通过分析历年的真题发现：英语作文考查的类型基本包括议论文(一般为三段论式的论说文字)，图表作文(要求描述性的语言要贴近图表信息，真实反映语言水平)和应用文写作(包括书信、便条、通知、海报等)。
二.四级改革和写作变化
2005年1月的作文题目是要求学生以导游的身份写一篇演讲稿，不仅包含欢迎辞(表态)行程安排，(说明)，而且包含安排的理由(说理)。2005年6月作文题目是校园文化旅游，要求学生就此阐述不同的观点。2006年1月是个竞选演说，如果我当选学生会主席，我会给大家做点什么事情(说明)。2006年6月17日的四级考试则是一个海报，要求考生构想一个招募志愿者的海报，其中包括应聘人必备的资历和应准备的材料等(说明)。2006年6月24日新题型的作文是传统的议论文形式，讨论大学生选择任课老师相关的问题。2007年1月作文也是传统的议论文形式，探讨对春节晚会所持的不同观点。2007年6月份是欢迎同学加入俱乐部的海报(应用文)。
从上面的题目变化趋势看，描述现象、分析原因、个人看法仍是四级考试写作部分主要考查的重点，在今后相当长的时间内，英语写作教学和辅导的主要突破口应集中在议论文和应用文上。
此外，仔细研究06年6月24日以后的四级试卷，我们还可发现，新四级的写作题目与校园生活密切相关，学生普遍感觉亲切，体裁包括两篇议论文，一篇应用文。不仅如此，新四级写作题中提供的文章框架清晰，思路比较明确，绝大多数考生都能利用“经典句型”或“万能模板”写出及格的作文。尽管新四级前两次都考查了议论文，但这并不能说明写作的重心有任何偏移。根据考试改革方案和课程教学要求的相关规定，应用文写作和议论文仍将是新四级作文的主攻方向。
为了提高大学英语写作水平，从1997年6月份起，四六级考试采用“作文最低分制”来计算成绩。按规定，考生写作成绩若为0分，无论其总分是否高于60分，均按不及格处理；若成绩高于0分，低于6分，计算成绩时，需从总分中减去6分，再加上实得作文分，也就是说，要从总分中减去实得作文分与6分之间的差额部分。
举例来说：若前边85总分得分65分，但是作文得分为0分，那么最后成绩评为不合格。若前边85总分得分59分，作文得分为5分，那么最后成绩不是64分，而是59+5－6=58分。
三．写作部分考核的技能
A思想表达
1)表达中心思想
2)表达重要或特定信息
3)表达观点、态度等
B篇章组织
4)围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点
5)连贯地组句成段，组段成篇
C语言运用
6)运用恰当的词汇
7)运用正确的语法
8)运用合适的句子结构
9)使用正确的标点符号
10)运用衔接手段表达句间关系(如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等)
D写作格式
11)运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式
四、评分标准：
CET作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Award Scores)，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。
从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。
四级作文不注重思维和思想，注重语言的运用。少出错，得高分。四级考试作文主要看内容、结构、语言三个方面。内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人；2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜；结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总结句(Conclusion)；语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。
1．本题满分为15分
2．阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷一份。
3．阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即8分)；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。
具体标准：
2分—条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分—基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。
8分—基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。
11分—切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
14分—切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。[注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。] 5．字数不足应酌情扣分：
累计字数CET-4 110-119 100-109 90-99 80-89 70-79 60-69 50-59 <49
扣分 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9
[注：1．如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。
2．规定的内容未写全者，按比例扣分。
3．只写一段者：0-4分；只写两段者：0-9分
第二章议论文写作
一. 评分标准
议论文将从三个方面进行评分：
1. 表述质量：文章的结构是否合理？文章的表述内容是否流畅易懂？文章是否恰当的使用了各种连接器件？
2. 论证，论点和论据：文章的议论内容是否符合题目的要求？文章的中心论点是否明晰？文章中使用的论据是否能够很好的服务于中心论点？
3. 词汇和句式：文章中是否使用了足够的词汇量？词汇的使用是否准确？文章中是否使用了丰富的句式？句式的运用是否恰当？
基于以上的评分方面，应该从以下几个方面入手：
1. 文章结构：文章的组成成分（开篇，论点，论据和收尾）如何合理分布？
2. 思路拓展：如何以主题为基点进行发散性思维，找出尽可能多的议论素材？
3. 如何通过正确使用句型（含连接器件）和词汇来进行表述？
二. 构思
构思包括“确定主旨”和“附会论据”两方面的任务。
确定主旨就是在仔细审题后确定文章的基本观点，即支持哪一个，反对那一个；均衡的
的方法；分析原因及解决方略
附会论据就是指构思出具体的分论点及其论据来支持文章的主旨。这方面需要考试的发散性思维。
构思时首先要审题，找出题目中所包含的所有关键性信息；然后根据题目中给出的关键性信息和题目提出的问题进行快速而缜密的思考，根据个人的经验，好恶，素材的多寡和发挥的难易确定文章的主旨，并找出相应的论据。
在构思时，无论何种题目都可以从如下角度来考虑。
人的角度：凡事以人为本，人的和谐共处为导向。那些能为人们带来益处的事情总是我们所推崇的，而那些不利于人的事情总是应该为我们所摒弃。考虑人的因素时，可以从身体健康，精神健康，物质财富，精神财富，生活质量，人的发展，人的成长，人的教育等角度展开。
社会的角度：人组成了社会，因此社会将包含人与人的关系及其独特内容。可以从人与人之间的信任与理解，社会的经济发展，社会文明，社会公平与正义，社会的和谐发展，社会法制等方面考虑。
环境的角度：人类生存的环境极大的影响了人类的生存质量和发展空间，因此环境为题一直是我们关注的话题。可以从环境污染（空气，水，垃圾等），砍伐森林，噪音，全球温室效应，环境恶化导致的疾病，环境与野生动物的关系，环境与人生存的关系，生态平衡等方面。
能力：物质能力，如金钱；精神能力，如知识技术
责任：法律，道德，情感和义务方面责无旁贷的事
权利：人权和产权
意识：传统，习惯和文化
后果：良性或恶性，于国于民的影响，经贸方面，管理方面，环卫方面和警示作用等三. 布局
布局的主要内容是针对题目进行思考，考虑整个文章的结构应该采取何种模式。
四级议论文都是三段式：总—分—总
1. 比较模式
该模式共有两种,一种是运用比较的手法来阐明自己的取舍.在具体的写作中,对于赞成的事物，其优点要详细写，而对于其缺点要少写，甚至略过。对于反对的事物，其优点要少写或略过，一笔代过，对于其缺点就要不惜笔墨大写特写。以此来强调自己的鲜明观点。其结构为：
Part I: S1: Topic: the subjects to be compared
Part II:
句型：
S1: with
或
When it comes to…, some people think/believe that…, others argue/claim that the opposite is true.
…
that A…, but I believe B…
A…
S4: But the chief/ obvious defects/faults are…
或
Like anything else, it also has its …. Second….
或
the advantages of A
…
S10: The advantage/significance of B is more than …
或
an/a
reasons we have advanced confirms just view that…
另一种比较性议论文是作者通过比较来阐述自己的观点：两者都有自己的优缺点，不能完全地否定某一事物，也不能完全地肯定另一方。
其结构为：
Part I: S1: Topic: the subjects to be compared
Part II:
句型：
S1: To most people, …
或
to the two…
S3: The most obvious/biggest advantage of…is…
S4: For example/instance, …
…
, however, is that…
2. 理由模式
理由型主要是解释作者为什么要干某事或为什么不干某事; 或解释为什么会出现某一社会现象或社会问题.
结构如下:
Part I: S1 Topic
Part II:
Part III:
如果只有两个理由，则结构如下：
Part II
常用句型：
S3
the
S9:
3. 批驳模式
该类型议论文主要是对某一观点或做法进行批评或驳斥。要求考生在一些有争议的问题上所反映出来的一种作者认为不正确的看法进行批评，然后阐述自己在这方面的看法或观点。（驳论—立论）
全文可以分为三部分：
Part one:
S2: thesis: my opinion of the issue
Part two: S3: other
S4: detail 1
S5: detail 2
S6: (
S7: writer
S8: detail 3
S9: detail 4
句型：
S4: They hold/argue/believe that…
S5: Another reason they …is that…
of the
4. 分析模式
分析型议论文主要是判断和分析所讨论的事物或观点的性质。就是阐述其重要性，正确
性或荒谬性，危害性等，最后提出对该问题或现象的一些解决方法。
全文可以分为三部分：
Part One:
Part Two:
也可以从正反两个方面同时进行，这时
Part Two: S3: thesis (more specific)
S4:
S7:
…
) but, at the same time, it is not without
shortcomings.
Above all, we may believe that…
四. 首段的写法
在四级作文中，首段的写作一般包含以下三个要素：
1. 对于题目中提出的论述、问题的重述(引题)
2. 对于该论述/问题，表明自己的观点（立论）
3. 对于文章的主体段落布局的预先交代
其中，第一和第二要素是必要的组成部分，而要素三是可选择的组成部分。如果有的话，会使文章看上去条理更清楚，层次更分明。
具体写法：
1. 对于题目中提出的论述、问题的重述
该部分的描写可以将题目中的关键信息进行重组后，用自己的方式表达出来。也可以套用一些句型，如：
When it comes to…, some think/believe/hold/claim…
There is a public debate today that ...
Recently, the problem of …has aroused people’s concern.
·with the
Recently, …
In recent years, … has become a hot topic domestically and internationally.
These days, we oftern hear about ….
Like a coin has two sides, there is a positive aspect and a negative aspect to …
It has long been a contentious issue as to …
Nowadays, it is a heatedly discussed … to many families that ….
…has aroused much public concern in China.
A common ground has been reached that …
There is no denying the fact that …
It is a common scene in big cities that ...
Now there is a growing awareness that ....
Nowhere in history has … been more visible recently.
One of the burning questions facing our society today is…
另外，还可以以提问的方式来开头。以问题开始一篇论文往往可以引起读者的注意，吸引读者继续读下去，较好的起到了开端引题的作用。如：
Should we allow the government to establish a new college or university in our neighborhood Should we encourage people to make a reservation for luxurious space travel
2. 对于该论述/问题，表明自己的观点
开门见山式：
可以选择的句型：这种写法适用于“自由发挥型”和“给定观点型”
A. 当……问题出现时（后接名词，动名词或名词性从句）
As far as …is/are concerned, …
Speaking of…, …
Considering …, …
In case of…, …
B. 我认为…（后接完整的句子）
In my opinion/Personally,…
From my point of view, I think/believe/hold…
My view is that…
As for myself/For my part, I would like to …
My answer is…
I cannot agree more with …
As far as I am concerned, I would prefer to…
As far as I am able to judge, …
It seems quite clear to me that…
C. 这是…（It is +adj.+to do/that…）形容词可以替换
It is encouraged for us to…
It is beneficial to do/that…
It is unrealistic that…
评价引用观点：这种方法适用于“对比选择型”作文
A. 表示同意（前方必有一观点）
I absolutely agree to/with it.
I could not agree more to/with the opinion.
I would go along with this point of view.
I am for that solution.
I vote for this suggestion.
That is exactly how I see it.
B. 表示不同意（前方必有一观点）
I disagree to/with it.
I am against that solution.
I doubt whether the argument can bear much analysis.
I doubt whether the argument can hold water.
C. 表示同意一方（前方必有两种对立观点）
I absolutely agree to/with the former/latter opinion.
I could not agree more to/with the former/latter opinion.
I would go along with the former/latter one.
I am for the former/latter solution.
I vote for the former/latter.
Others, including me, hold that…
The issue of whether or not…has been widely/heatedly debated currently/recently. quite a few people claim…. On the other handd, those who think differently argue that….As for me/As far as I am concerned/In my opinion…
There is no denying that everything has two s ides. But when we weigh this measure’s advantages against its disadvantages, we can see easily that its advantages outweigh its disadvantages. So I’m
for it.
People’s views on…vary from person to person. Some hold that…. However, others believe that….
三七分观点：这种方法适用于“对比选择型”作文
A. although…（although前是观点）
Globally, I believe…, although several individual cases should be considered.
Universally, I hardly believe…, although several merits should be observed in some cases.
B. but方式（but后是观点）
It is in part beneficial to a person or a group, but I still insist…
It is sometimes beneficial to a person or a group, but I assert…
在提出自己的观点之前还可以罗列出题目中出现的两方面截然相反的观点：
·Some people
that...,
while
others
that...
3.
以间接的语言引出整篇文章主体段落的大致布局，如：
In my opinion, computers would jeopardize the overall well-being of humans in three fundamental ways.
As to …, there are two opposing views, which have caused quite a controversy among citizens. There are three reasons for this.
The reasons for this are as follows.
五. 主体段落写作
经过构思过程和引言段落的写作，我们基本上确定了主体段落的写作框架，因此，主体段落的写作业就水到渠成了。而主体段落的写作关键在于思路的拓宽，换言之，针对引言段落中提出的观点进行思考，寻找相关的理论或理由支持你的观点，或者说，无论写什么样的观点，你都能够想出它的利和弊。无论什么样的题目出现在面前，都要表明观点，做成评判以及搜寻证据来进行支持或反驳。为了达到这样的目的，有两个方法可以借鉴：
1. 多学习一些出色的范文，看一下他人是如何看待这个问题的。他们是如何表达自己的观点的，又是如何来支持自己的观点的，以及他们的写法由和借鉴之处。
2. 多关心一下实事新闻，特别要看一些英语新闻和报道，从中了解世界动态，最新的实事见解以及作对实事的透彻分析，这些内容都有助于我们建立自己的观点，拓展自己的思路。
主体段落的具体写法
好的段落必须是意思完整，语意连贯，完全体现文章的中心主旨，同时又是层次分明，结构严谨，逻辑关系应用合理。
一个段落有三部分组成：
1.主题句：点出段落的主题（谈论什么）
2.扩展句：说明和支持主题
3.结尾句：得出结论
主题句和扩展句是每个段落所必有的，结尾句在有些段落种可能没有。
一篇文章有中心思想，也就是有主题。而每个段落则有段落主题，段落主题是为文章中信服务的。每个段落只能有一个主题，它用一个句子表达，所以称之为主题句。主题句一般位于句首。主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明，这些句子成为扩展句。最后得出一个结论，并用一个结尾句表达。
写好主题句需要注意的事项：
1. 主题句要概括一定内容，不要空泛，否则扩展句将难以说明和支持它
2. 尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子
3. 主题句应该使表达的主题思想完整
扩展句是围绕主题句展开，支持，说明和阐述的句子。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词展开，句子与句子间逻辑清晰，上下转承结合得当，简洁扼要，重点突出。一旦确定了主题和关键词，便要按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句子，句子之间要有连贯性，就必须有一系列的逻辑关系构成，例如：并列关系，因果关系，递进关系，转折关系，解释关系，概括关系，顺承关系，让步关系，对照关系等等。这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间，段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然，连贯，符合逻辑，结构严谨，故极为重要。
转承启合的词汇和表达法
表示顺序的
顺序1 顺序2 顺序3 结论
First, …Second, …Third,…In conclusion,…Firstly,…Secondly,…Thridly,…To concluse,…Initially,…Next,…Finally,…In summary,…
First of all,…Then,…Lastly,…To sum up
In the first place,…Last but not least,…To summarize,…
To begin with,…Last but by no means least,… All in all,…
As has been discussed
above…
As is mentioned above,…表示其它的
举例同时强调结果
For example,…Meanwhile,…In fact, …So,…
An an example,…In the meantime,…. Actually,…Thus,…
For instance,…At the same time,…As a matter of fact,…Hence,…
Of course,…Therefore,…
indeed,…As a result…
Obviously…In this way,…
Apparently,…Eventually,…
Undoubtedly,…Accordingly,…
Unquestionably,…Consequently,…
递进类似转折让步And,…Similarly,…However,…Although,…Besides,…Likewise,…Instead (of) Despite...
Moreover,…In like manner,…Conversely,…In spite of…
In addition,…In the same way,…By/In contrast,…Albeit…Additionally,…Accordingly,…On the contrary,…
What’s more,…On the other hand,…
Furthermore,…
必不可少的过渡词汇
强调
still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially, obviously, clearly.
比较
like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.
对比
by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast.
列举
for example, for instance, such as, take …for example. Except (for), to illustrate.
时间
after, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during,nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while.
顺序
first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important.
可能
presumably, probably, perhaps.
解释
in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms.
递进
What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again.
让步
although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen.
转折
however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas
原因
for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to.
结果
as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence.
总结
on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short.
其他
Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this
purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case
拓展句的文字表述：
A. 给出多条理由：
First(ly),…Second(ly),…Last(ly),…第一点，…第二点，…第三点…
To begin with,…首先，（用于提出第一条理由）
First of all, …首先，…（用于提出第一条理由）
The first and most important reason is that…（用于提出第一条理由）
On the other hand, …另一方面，…（经常用于在给出一条理由后，给出其他理由）Another equally important aspect is…另一个同样重要的方面是…（经常用于在给出一条理由后，给出其他理由）
Besides, other reasons are…除此之外，另外的理由是…（经常用于在给出一条理由后，给出其他理由）
For one thing…, for another…一方面…，另一方面…（给出两条理由）
Last but not least, …最后但也很重要，…（经常用于给出最后一条理由）
There are a number of reas ons for my choice. For one thing/On one hand…; for another/ on the other hand…
B.提出假想例子的方式：
We can assume …我们可以假定…
Let’s assume that…假使…
Suppose that…假定…
Just imagine what would be like if…如果…，考虑会怎样。
It is reasonable to expect…预计…是合情合理的。
It is not surprising that…….并不奇怪。
C.举普通例子
For example(instance),…例如…
…such as A, B, C and so on(so forth). 如A,B,C等等。
A good case in point is…一个很恰当的例子是…
A particular example for this is…对此，一个特别的例子是…
Consider the case of…考虑…的例子
Let’s take…as an example,…让我们以…为例，…
D. 引用
One of the greatest early writers/thinkers/scientists said…一个伟大的作家/思想家等曾说过，…“…”, such is the remark of a world known …“…”是出自…的一句名言.
“…” That is how …comment/criticize/praise/remark. “…”是这样评价/批评/夸奖…的。
“…” How often we hear such words like there. 我们经常听到这样的话。
E. 提出原因
There are many reasons for…对于…可能有很多原因。
The answer to this problem involves many factors. 这个问题的答案可能涉及到多方面的因素。Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves…任何对此问题的讨论都不可避免地涉及…
The first reason can be obviously seen. 第一个原因是显而易见的。
Most people would agree that…大多数人都同意…
Some people may neglect that in fact…一些人可能忽略了事实上…
Others suggest that…其他人认为…
Part of the explanation is…部分的解释是…
F. 进行对比
The advantages of A outweigh the disadvantages of B. A的优点超越了B的缺点。
Although…enjoys a distinct advantage…尽管…具有明显的优势，但是…
Indeed, A carries much weight than B when something is concerned. 就某事而言，A的重要性超越了B.
…maybe…, but it suffers from the disadvantage that…. …可能会…，但是他有一个缺点…In comparison/contrast, ……比较/对比起来…
G. 承上启下
To understand the truth of…, it is also important to see…为了清楚…的真相，也需要考虑一下…
A study of…will make this point clear. 对…进行研究就会把这一点弄清楚。
H. 让步
Certainly/Admittedly, B has its own advantages, such as…当然B也有其自己的优点，例如…
I do not deny that A has its own merits. 我并不否认A有其自己的优点。
经典句型
时间(首段引题句子)
In this day,…/In recent years,…/In the past few years,…
Nowadays/These days/Recently/Currently,…
Along with the development/improvement/advances of/in…,…
As…, …
空间(首段引题句子)
In many/most countries of the world…
Around the world…
事件(首段引题句子)
…has been in the limelight/brought into focus.
…has aroused/drawn wide/public attention/concern
One of the problems/issues we are faced with is that…
There is a heared/vehement debate/discussion on…
Anyone who…is aware of…
Now most dangerous for our nation is the trend of… which is pervasive in…
A virtual epidemic of… is now under way in this country. According to a recent poll, …
Now in many big cities, an overwhelming majority of the public…What accounts for the phenomenon
提出作者观点
Personally/Frankly/From my point of view, I think/believe/hold that…
Personally/Frankly/From my point of view, I am against/for…
In my opinion/As I see it/As far as I am concerned,…
同意/反对
I (absolutely) agree with…
I could not agree more with…
I disagree (entirely) with…
I (really) cannot accept…
While it is commonly believed/ generally held/ widely accepted that…, but I believe…
Contrary to the widely-held/ popular belief/ thought, I prefer/ think differently that…
争论
Some people say/think that…, while others believe that…
People who advocate…say that…, while those who oppose it argue that…
Although it is true that…, it is also true that…
At first sight, it seems that…, but…
共识
It is commonly/widely/generally said/believed/accepted/assumed that…
As is well known, …
It is true that…
It goes without saying that…
There is no doubt that…
Needless to say, …
…, more and more people begin to realize/notice the importance/seriousness of…
分歧
People from different backgrounds hold different opinions on…
Views towards…vary from person to person.
提醒
We must not lose sight of the fact that…
Despite all these advantages/merits, the drawbacks/negative effects of…should not be neglected/ignored.
程度
比较级and 比较级
the+比较级, the+比较级
…so(such)…that…
…too…(for…) to…
It is becoming increasingly …for….to…
There is a growing tendency these days for …to…
The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.
The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.
A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...
It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that...
For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.
Like anything else, it has its faults.
A and
B has several points in common.
A bears some resemblances to B.
However, the same is not applicable to B.
A and
B differ in several ways.
Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
People used to think ..., but things are different now.
The same is true of B.
Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.
It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...
引用
Statistics/…researches have shown/indicated/proven that…
There is enough/plentiful evidence to suggest that…
衡量:…outweigh…/…be much greater than…
等同:…, like…, …/…, as well as…,…/…be as…as…/both…and…/either…or…/
not only…but also…/…be to…what/as…be to…
取舍:… rather than…/…instead of…
限定:In such/certain/some/many cases,…
条件:If…, then…/Provided/providing that…,…/Now/Seeing that…, …/Where there be…, there be…
目的:…so that…/In order to…, …/…in order to/so as to…
影响:…affect…/…have/has an effect on…/…can be harmful/helpful to…
因果:
…cause/lead to/result in/give rise to…
…be the cause of…
…be the reason behind/for…
..., due to/owing to/attributable to…
…, because of…
…be caused by …
…result from…
…, resulting from…
The reason(s) for…be…
…(,) because/since/as/for…
A number of factors are accountable for this situation.
A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem).
The answer to this problem involves many factors.
The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...
The factors that contribute to this situation include...
The change in https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6a12151636.html,rgely results from the fact that...
We may blame ...,but the real causes are...
Part of the explanations for it is that ...
One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ...
Another contributing factor (cause ) is ...
Perhaps the primary factor is that …
But the fundamental cause is that ...
It may give rise to a host of problems.
The immediate result it produces is ...
It will exercise a profound influence upon...
Its consequence can be so great that...
重要性
…play(s) a(n) important/major role/part in…
…be of great/crucial importance.
可能性
…be (un)likely to…
…be more/less likely to…
It is impossible (for …) to…
引申
…means…
建议
I recommend/suggest that ….shuold do…
主体段落论证方法的使用：
论证方法的主要作用是：将比较抽象的论证角度进行扩充，使其变得充实，同时也增加了文章的可读性以及说服力。通常使用的论证方法有如下几种：
举例或例证法：引用社会实例或个人经历；引用媒体报道或统计数据。
引用社会实例或个人经历, 可以用如下句型引出：
1. As a matter of fact, …’s story can be considered as a typical sample to show …
2. …, considered by many to be…, …
3. …is a vivid example of people who…
4. One reported instance of …took place in…when…
引用媒体报道或统计数据, 可以用如下句型引出：
1. Apart form individual experience, more supporting voices are clearly heard via media such as TV, radio and even internet, the most widespread information channel. It is reported that…
2. A recent survey based on a large number of…revealed that…
3. A recent paper by …, who…., looks at …from an unusual direction. He…
4. A 2004 study by…found that…
5. Research in…on…has shown that….
6. A report from…, …(人物身份介绍)，says that…
7. The (机构名称) has estimated that…
8. …’ research/study found/estimated that…
9. According to a new/recent/official study/report/survey/poll, in 2005, …rose/increased/decreased by X percent/at average of X percent/from X percent to Y percent.
10. All the statistics/data/findings from …clearly show/strongly prove/point to the fact/seem to suggest that…
引用论证法：
恰当地引用某人的一句话，一句名言或一个短语，可以加深读者对文章的感受。
1. 人物，身份介绍，once said…
A proverb says...
As the old Chinese saying goes...
As the proverb says…
六. 结尾段写作
作为议论文的终结，结尾段有三大功能：
1. 使用一些表示结论的连接词来表明文章接近尾声。
2. 给出作者对论题的最终的思考和评价。
3. 对文章中提出的论点进行斟酌和权衡，并强调和突出作者的观点。
结尾提示表达法：
In summary…
In short…
In brief…
To sum up…
In conclusion…
All in all…
On the whole…
In a word…
On account of this, …
注意：千万不要简单的重复引言段的内容，而是应该融入主体段的种种论点，然后在进行一个综合性的整理，以便形成一个全面性的结论。
一般作文有五种结尾段模式：
模式一综合归纳式
对全文做出简短的归纳，概括，得出结论
From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that…
Thus it can be concluded that…
If all these factors are contemplated, therefore, I think…
Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that…
We can conclude from the foregoing reasons and examples that…
Now, after close examination, it is not difficult to draw the conclusion that…
Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably draw the conclusion that…
Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that…
模式二比较对照式
All in all, while A fails to…/cannot…, it’s advantage/significance outweigh that of B in terms of…Anyhow both the ways have their merits/strengths and their faults/imperfections, but both must be improved in order to achieve the best possible result/effect.
Anyhow both the ways have their merits/strengths and their faults/imperfections, a combination of their merits might be a step in the right direction..
模式三高瞻远瞩式
All these factors/elements taken into consideration, it is not difficult to conclude that…
Based on the debate from different aspects, it can be safely predicted that…
As is discussed in the article, …have/has…and will …in the future.
模式四重申主题式
Whether …is good or not/positive or negative/does good or harm, one thing is certain that…
With all those discussed above, more and more people begun to realize that…
模式五引申拓展式
提出建议，解决方法。这种方法特别适合讨论问题的文章，例如对事物原因或结果的分析，提出建议和解决方法，也可以展望未来。在文章的结尾处表明对未来的展望或号召读者采取行动。
We might do more than identify the causes/factors; it is important to take action to …
The significance of …is far-fetching; it might exerts a profound influence on…. Let us …
No doubt, it’s high time that we took immediate action s to…
It is necessary that effective measures/ remedies should be taken to …
七. 作文的检查
30分钟的写作，时间再紧，也要留出两三分钟的时间把文章通读一遍，进行必要的修改。在限时、紧张的写作中，出现错误，尤其是语言上的错误是不可避免的。如果把这些错误留在那里，不得到改正，就会影响整篇文章的质量。阅卷人虽然不但会按你文章中语言错误的累计数目进行扣分，而且尤其是一些幼稚的错误，会给阅卷人员留下不好的印象，从而影响文章的分数。
那么修改应注意哪些方面呢？从结构方面来说：（1）看一看中心思想是不是突出？文章中有论述和材料是否都围绕着这个中心思想展开？如发现个别句子或例子游离于中心思想之外，甚至与中心思想发生冲突，就应把它从文章中去掉。（2）看一看段与段之间，句与句之间是否连贯？衔接是否自然，或给人一种断裂、跳跃的感觉？如发现这种情况，就要加一个句子或一些词，或改变一下说法，以求文章的连贯。
但就修改来说，主要还是放在语言上，即语法和词汇上。
以下各例中，a）表示错误的或不宜提倡的句子，b）表示正确的或值得模仿的句子。1．动词谓语的时态是否有错
例1
a) We college students had enough time to take a part-time job, no matter how busy we were ...
b) We college students have enough time to take a part-time job, no matter how busy we are ...
命题作文一般都是议论文，而写议论文一般都是用现在时态。只有举例，提到过去的事才会用到过去时。
例2
a) Riding bicycles had more advantages than taking a bus.
b) Riding bicycles had more advantages than taking a bus.
考生中用过去时写作与他们教材课文体裁（大多为叙述文、说明文）和平时写作练习（大多写个人经历的故事）有关，也与他们过度概括有关，认为所有文章都用过去时。
例3
a) There are so many countries using English that it had been regarded as an international language.
b) There are so many countries using English that it has been regarded as an international language.
在论述同一事情，即发生在同一时间里的事时，前后半句或相邻的几句在时态上要保持一致。
2．主语和谓语，名词和代词，以及人称是否保持一致
例4
a) The eating habit of Chinese people have changed in the past decade.
b) The eating habit of Chinese people has changed in the past decade.
不管主语和谓语隔开多远，主语当中还有修饰成分，谓语要和真正的主语在数上保持一致。
例5
a) Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season.
b) Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when they are in season.
例6
a) I feel proud to come to our university.
b) I feel proud to come to this university
our和主语I不一致，或把our改成my，或改成this。而这里用this 较妥。
3．修饰语是否放在正确的位置上
例7
a) Without television, people can't get information which comes from other parts of the world immediately.
大学英语四级作文范文10篇
大学英语四级作文范文10篇 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Living in the 21st century(生活在21世纪的优缺点) Living in the 21st century offers certain advantages,such as a higher standard of living, but it also has some disadvantages, such as a polluted environment. To begin with, most people now have more money for less hard work. They earn higher salaries than before and enjoy better social security, such as social welfare for laid-off workers and disability insurance. Secondly, because of the advance in medical technology which leads to better medical care and treatment, people’s life expectancy is longer. Moreover, most people now can afford to buy foods of high nutrition and enjoy their leisure time. Thirdly, modern conveniences such as radio, TV, internet, various vehicles and labour-saving machines in the home, all greatly facilitate human communication, transportation and housework as well. Nevertheless, living in the 21st century also has its disadvantages. The most serious one is the increasingly polluted environment; air is filled with smog and water is contaminated by iehemicals from factories.Another main disadvantage is the personalization of human relattonships which mostly result from people’s ever-increasing contact with machines and numbers. Still one more disadvantage is the weakening of spiritual values. An undeniable fact is that a large number of people are solely interested in materialistic culture,while neglecting spiritual civilization. Limited by space, we have to skip the examples. In conclusion, although the 21st century has indeed given us a lot of advantages, it may not have made us wiser, because it has also made our earth dirtier, our people less humane, and our spirituali iife poorer, We shpuld continue to enjoy the benefits of technological advancement,however, we must make a concerted effort to preserve our natural environment for future generations. Moreover, we should take the time now to make our lives more meaningful in anihcreasingly impersonal, computerized world. 全国大学英语四级考前作文预测 二 On responsibility .(关于个人责任) We Chinese place a high value on responsibility. It is traditional deal for us Chinese to take care of our parents. We owe them a great deal for the love they give us while we are growing up. It is right, then, when they are getting older with each passing day, we help them and see that they are well cared for. In this way, we give back some of the love and care they have given to us. As loyal Chinese citizens, we must have a strong sense of responsibility to our country. I t is our duty to keep China strong in the eyes of the world. Therefore, we should study and work hard for China’s strongness
英语四级作文写作
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2018年6月英语四级作文万能模板
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高分模板： ①Nowadays/Recently, ______. ②As a result/Thus, ______. ③There are various reasons accounting/responsible for ______. ④For one thing, ______. ⑤For another, ______. ⑥In addition, ______. ⑦As far as I am concerned, ______. ⑧On the one hand, ______. ⑨On the other hand, ______. ⑩In a word, ______.
①开门见山，描述现象。 ②说明该现象造成的结果或影响。 ③承上启下，表明产生上述现象的原因是多方面的。 ④⑤⑥具体分析产生上述现象的各种原因。 ⑦表明自己的态度和看法。 ⑧⑨提出解决问题的方法。 ⑩得出结论，总结全文。 2. 对比选择型 这类作文多为提纲式作文，议论文体裁。通常首先论述相反的两种观点，或分析某一社会现象的优缺点，然后提出自己的看法。 写作模式： 第一段提出要讨论的主题，说明人们对此看法不一；
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2.为了有更强的节奏感和押韵,汉语中也经常会出现排比句。 在翻译这些句子时,为了符合英文表达的逻辑,就要有所删减或省略。 3.注意词类变形和词性转换,尤其是名词、动词、形容词之间的转换。 4.要注意语态之间的转换。汉语中主动语态出现频率较高,英语中被动语态的使用率较高。 5.在遇到较长的句子或较复杂的句子时,可以考虑分译,以使译文简洁,通俗易懂。 三、英语四级考试写作技巧 英语四级写作复习技巧之前,建议大家多学习四级范文。 写作考试技巧: 1.卷面整洁,不要做涂改。 2.少用模板、少说空话,多些现场发挥,这点要求你要注意平时积累。 建议大家背点开头、结尾的万能句型,积累一些好的写作语料,四级作文就成了。相关文章： 1.英语知识 2.30%的英文 3.英语资料下载 4.英语最实用口语100句 5.各等级的英语水平是什么
[英语四级作文]英语四级写作要求
四六考试中，让考生十分苦恼的问题之一就是英语写作，想要自己的作文拿到高分不是投机取巧就能做到的，最主要还是与考生平时的练习息息相关，下面为大家总结的英语四级写作要求，希望对大家的复习有所帮助。 一.写作的目的及要求 目的：测试学生用英语书面表达思想的能力，能够直接有效地测出考生综合使用语言的能力，较准确地反映考生的英语水平。 要求：大学英语作文测试要求考生能够运用学到的语言知识，按规定的题目要求，在30分钟内写出一篇120个词左右的短文，语义连贯，表达正确，无重大语法错误。题目的内容包括科技，社会，文化，或日常生活等方面的一般常识。题目形式多种多样，有提纲作文，段首句作文，关键词作文，图表作文，书信作文，和规定情景作文等。 二.评分原则 1.四级作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 2.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适切的表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍 三.写作的标准 14(99)分文章切题。文字通顺，条理清楚，无重大语言错误，仅有个别小错。 11(78)分文章切题。文字通顺，条理清楚，但有少量语言错误。 8(56)分基本切题。有些地方表达不清，文字勉强连贯，语言错误相当多，有些是严重错误 5(35)分基本切题。思想表达不清，连贯性差，有较多的语言严重错误。 2(14)分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎，大部分有错误，且多数为严重错误 英语四级写作需要注意的问题 一、基本语法问题 通过对很多考生的试卷分析，发现在写作方面，基本语法层面的问题依然层出不穷，所以语法是四级作文写作的常见扣分点之一。例如：无法保持时态在全文的一致，这一现象很普遍，往往是紧接的两句，在没有任何时间状语的情况之下，就出现了时态的不一致;
英语四级作文写作
记叙文题型作文 写作步骤 要求考生写一篇记叙文，描述事件发生的时间、地点、原因、人物及结果，最后对事件进行简单分析，如：2003年6月四级作文、2003年9月四级作文、2004年6月六级作文。对这类题型，通常分为三个步骤来写： 第一段、总结描述 交代清楚故事涉及的人物、时间、地点： 主题句 第二段、具体描述 具体描述事件发生的原因、经过和结果 起因＋经过＋结果 第三段、对事件的分析 分析句1+分析句2+分析3 记叙文题型作文写作范文练习 Directions：for this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic the day my classmate fell ill. 1、简单描述一下这位同学生病的情况； 2、同学、老师和我是如何帮助他的； 3、人和人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是.... ［写作模板：架构阶段］ 第一段： 开篇句：about _____ o'clock one evening in _______, _____. 扩展句：________. (展开描述一下事件) 第二段： 主题句：without hesitation, _____. it wasn't long before _____. 扩展句：1、one ______. 2、another _______. 3、our teacher _______. 第三段： 结尾句：is _______? who can tell ? but ______. 扩展句：1、when ____ , people showed _____ spirit regardless of ____. 2、this kind of care between persons is the very kind giving, unselfish and priceless devotion or sacrifice. 3、and it is just because of this care that we can have warm families, a happy life and a beautiful world. ［写作模板：填充阶段］ 第一段： 开篇句：about nine o'clock one evening in may, my roommate li ming was lying in bed, trembling with cold and having a cough. 扩展句：his head was aching so intensely that he kept groaning. his forehead felt very hot. we took his temperature. it was 38.5℃. (展开描述一下事件) 第二段： 主题句：without hesitation, i dialed "120". it wasn't long before an ambulance arrived.
英语四级写作方法与评分标准(doc 42页)
更多资料请访问.(.....) Writing Section A Composition (35
minutes)Section A Composition (35 minutes) (一)写作题的性质 写作是人们表达思想的一种重要手段，我们称之为comprehensive test的综合测试，体现的是学生综合运用语言的能力。因为它不仅考核考生对词汇的掌握、对语法的应用，同时也考查了学生的表达能力、思维的逻辑性和条理性。我们知道，学习英语需掌握四种技能：听、说、读、写。 (二) 考试大纲对英语写作的要求和规定 测试目的：按照基础阶段英语教学大纲的要求，检查学生在基础阶段末期的英语写作能力。 测试要求： 作文。要求根据所给的题目和
列出的写作提纲或图表、数字统计表等(也附有写作提纲) 写一篇200词的短文，能做到内容切题、完整，条理清楚，文章结构严谨，语法正确，语言通顺恰当。作文的类别有说明文、议论文或记叙文。考试时间为35分钟。 (三)英语四级写作的评分标准 (1)文章内容切题、丰富，文章通顺，表达清楚。 (2)行文流畅。 (3)组织严密，逻辑性强。 (4)句型多样化，句法结构正确。 (5)用词得体、恰当、丰富。 (6)语法正确。 (7)拼写及标点正确，书写整
洁。 很多学习者翻开作文书籍，就如同想打开一本武功秘籍，只希望看到5个字母trick(技巧) 。技巧固然十分重要，但在应试准备中，常常需要70%的基础和30%的技巧。这里要提醒大家的是，不可高估技巧的作用，犹如在武打片中，要想得到某某宝典和剑法，是需要付出惨痛的代价的。 Writing techniquesWriting techniques Master A: 从文章的形式结构看，一篇文章通常可分为引言（introduction），正文（body）和结束语（conclusion）。引言和结束语，简单扼要，正文具体而明晰，把要论的论清楚。
英语四级作文写作技巧汇总
英语四级作文写作技巧汇总 1.词汇的变化 1 用不同的词汇表达相同的意义，避免单调，枯燥的重复。 如：好学生：top/gifted/superior/excellent/outstanding students 损害：have a negative effect on; do great injury to; cause great damage to 妨碍：stand in the way of..; be an obstacle/barrier to.. 对很重要：be indispensable/important/vital to 学习知识：pursue/acquire/learn knowledge/skill 许多：a large portion of; many a; enormous; large numbers of 重视：assign/attach much importance/significance to.. 强调：place/put much emphasis/stress/value on.. 越来越：be increasingly +adj.; be on the rise; the growing number of.. 接触新思想：be exposed to new ideas; have an/some acquaintance with.. 接触社会：come into frequent/close contact with the society; 提出观点：advance/put forward/come up with ideas 作出努力：make tremendous/persistent effort to do sth.; take great pains to do sth. 影响学习：interfere with studies; have an interference with studies