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中山大学吴柏林教授 “广告心理学”绝密资料_schiffman07_tif

中山大学吴柏林教授 “广告心理学”绝密资料_schiffman07_tif
中山大学吴柏林教授 “广告心理学”绝密资料_schiffman07_tif

Chapter 7: Consumer Learning

Multiple Choice Questions:

1.Learning is all pervasive in our lives, but there are two different theories on how

people learn – the _____ theories and the _____ theories.

a.behavioral; affective

b.cognitive; rational

c.behavioral; cognitive

d.emotional; affective

(c; Difficulty 1, p. 206)

2._____ theorists believe that people learn through mental processes.

a.Behavioral

b.Cognitive

c.Affective

d.Involvement

(b; Difficulty 1, p. 206)

3._____ theorists believe that people learn as a result of exposure to stimuli and

reaction to those stimuli.

a.Behavioral

b.Cognitive

c.Rational

d.Most

(a; Difficulty 1, p. 206)

4.From a marketing perspective, _____ is the process by which individuals acquire

the purchase and consumption knowledge and experience that they apply to future related behavior.

a.attitude formation

b.consumer learning

c.motivational behavior

d.perception

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 207)

5.Most learning theorists agree that in order for learning to occur, certain basic

elements must be present. Which of the following is not one of those elements?

a.motivation

b.attitude

c.cues

d.reinforcement

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 207)

6.Motives serve to stimulate learning in consumers, and _____ are the stimuli that

give direction to those motives.

a.responses

b.cues

c.attitudes

d.sensory receptors

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 208)

7.Cues serve to direct consumer drives only when they are consistent with

consumer _____.

a.responses

b.expectations

c.behaviors

d.feelings

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 208)

8.How individuals react to a drive or cue constitutes their _____.

a.intention

b.response

c.attitude

d.cognitive behavior

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 208)

9.Behavioral learning theories are also known as _____ theories.

a.stimulus

b.stimulus-response

c.instrumental

d.observational

(b; Difficulty 1, p. 209)

10.Classical conditioning theory of learning is a/an _____ theory.

a.behavioral

b.cognitive

c.observational

d.outdated

(a; Difficulty 2, p. 210)

11.Classical theorists regarded all organisms, human and animal, as _____ entities

that could be taught certain behaviors through repetition.

a.passive

b.active

c.intelligent

d.involved

(a; Difficulty 2, p. 210)

12.Ivan Pavlov was the first theorist to describe the _____ theory as a learning model.

According to his theory, learning occurs when a stimulus that is paired with

another stimulus that elicits a known response serves to produce the same

response when used alone.

a.behavioral learning

b.classical conditioning

c.observational

d.stimulus generalization

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 210)

13.If you usually listen to the 6 o’clock news while smelling dinner as it is being

prepared, you would tend to associate the news with dinner, and eventually the sound of the 6 o’clock news alone might cause your mouth to water even if dinner was not being prepared. This is known as _____.

a.instrumental conditioning

b.classical conditioning

c.conditional learning

d.behavioral learning

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 210)

14.According to some researchers, optimal conditioning, which is the creation of a

strong association between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned

stimulus, requires all of the following except:

a.repeated pairing of the CS and the US.

b.backward conditioning, where the CS should follow the US.

c. a CS and a US that logically belong together.

d.all of the above

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 212)

15.Which of the following is not one of the three basic concepts derived from

classical conditioning?

a.repetition

b.stimulus discrimination

c.stimulus generation

d.stimulus generalization

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 212)

16._____ increases the strength of the association between a conditioned stimulus

and an unconditioned stimulus.

a.Involvement

b.Conditioning

c.Repetition

d.Positioning

(c; Difficulty 1, p. 212)

17.When individuals become satiated with numerous exposures to an ad, and both

attention and retention decline, this is known as _____.

a.repetition

b.advertising wearout

c.reminder advertising

d.the three-hit theory

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 212)

18.Some marketers try to avoid advertising wearout by using _____ variations in

their ads, such as using different backgrounds, print types, or spokespeople.

a.substantive

b.cosmetic

c.superficial

d.concealed

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 212)

19.Some marketers try to avoid advertising wearout by using _____ variations in

their ads by changing advertising content across different versions of an

advertisement.

a.substantive

b.cosmetic

c.superficial

d.concealed

(a; Difficulty 3, p. 212)

20._____ is our ability to make the same responses to slightly different stimuli.

a.Stimulus discrimination

b.Stimulus generation

c.Stimulus generalization

d.Classical conditioning

(c; Difficulty 2, p. 214)

21.Many “me too” products succeed in the marketplace because of people’s ability of

_____.

a.stimulus discrimination

b.stimulus recognition

c.stimulus generalization

d.stimulus generation

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 214)

22.Manufacturers of private brands try to make their packaging closely resemble the

national brand leaders and people end up confusing them because of our natural ability of _____.

a.stimulus discrimination

b.stimulus recognition

c.stimulus generalization

d.stimulus generation

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 214)

23.The classical conditioning principle of _____ is applied by marketers to product

line, form and category extensions.

a.stimulus discrimination

b.stimulus recognition

c.stimulus generalization

d.stimulus generation

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 214)

24.In _____, the marketer adds related products to an already established brand,

knowing that the new products are more likely to be adopted when they are

associated with a known and trusted brand name; thus marketers take advantage of the principle of stimulus generalization.

a.product form extension

b.product line extension

c.category extension

d.copycat marketing

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 214)

25.Offering Crest Whitestrips and Listerine PocketPaks as substitutes to the already

existing whitening toothpaste and mouthwash allows marketers to take advantage of people’s stimulus generalization capabilities by offering a _____.

a.product line extension

b.product form extension

c.category extension

d.“me too” product

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 214)

26._____ is the practice of marketing a whole line of company products under the

same brand name.

a.Corporate marketing

b.Family branding

c.Capital branding

d.Licensing

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 216)

27.Campbell’s Soup Company continues to add new food products to its product line

under the Campbell’s brand name. This is known as _____.

a.corporate marketing

b.family branding

c.capital branding

d.licensing

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 216)

28._____ is allowing a well-known brand name to be affixed to products of another

manufacturer.

a.Corporate marketing

b.Family branding

c.Capital branding

d.Licensing

(d; difficulty 2, p. 217)

29.Licensing is a marketing strategy that operates under the principle of _____.

a.stimulus discrimination

b.stimulus recognition

c.stimulus generalization

d.stimulus generation

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 217)

30.When a famous cartoon character is used by a manufacturer on t-shirts and caps in

return for a fee, this is known as _____.

a.capital marketing

b.licensing

c.family branding

d.product form marketing

(b; difficulty 3, p. 218)

31.All the following could be forms of licensing agreements except:

a.“Always Coca-Cola” stamped on T-shirts.

b.Godiva liquor products.

c.Better Homes and Gardens gardening tools.

d.Proctor and Gamble producing Tide tablets laundry detergent.

(d; difficulty 2, p. 219)

32.Counterfeit products are easier to sell because of the wide adoption of _____ in

the industry.

a.product line extensions

b.product form extensions

c.licensing

d.immorality

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 219)

33.Stimulus _____ results in the selection of a specific stimulus from among similar

stimuli.

a.generalization

b.recognition

c.discrimination

d.selection

(c; Difficulty 2, p. 219)

34.The key to overcoming _____ is effective positioning. To be able to position a

product in a way to differentiate it in our overcommunicated society.

a.stimulus generalization

b.selective attention

c.stimulus discrimination

d.boredom

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 219)

35.The product imitator hopes that the consumer will _____, whereas the market

leader wants the consumer to _____ among similar stimuli.

a.discriminate; select

b.generalize; discriminate

c.select; generalize

d.none of the above

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 219)

36.It is difficult to overthrow a brand leader once stimulus discrimination has

occurred because the leader has had a longer period to teach consumers to

associate the brand name with the product. In general, the longer the period of learning:

a.the less likely the consumer is to discriminate.

b.the more likely the consumer is to discriminate.

c.the more likely the consumer will generalize.

d.none of the above

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 219)

37._____ learning theorists believe that learning occurs through a trial-and-error

process, with habits formed as a result of rewards received for certain responses or behaviors.

a.Classical conditioning

b.Behavioral

c.Instrumental conditioning

d.Cognitive

(c; Difficulty 2, p. 221)

38._____ is useful in explaining how consumers learn very simple kinds of behaviors;

_____ is more helpful in explaining complex, goal-directed activities.

a.Instrumental conditioning; repetition

b.Classical conditioning; instrumental conditioning

c.Repetition; high involvement

d.High involvement; classical conditioning

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 221)

39.Fear appeals in ad messages are a form of _____.

a.positive reinforcement

b.negative reinforcement

c.classical conditioning

d.behavioral conditioning

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 221)

40.Marketers of headache medicine, life insurance and mouthwash use fear appeals

in their advertising. This is a form of _____.

a.positive reinforcement

b.negative reinforcement

c.classical conditioning

d.behavioral conditioning

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 221)

41.When a learned response is no longer reinforced to the point at which the link

between the stimulus and the expected reward is eliminated, it has reached the point of _____.

a.decay

b.extinction

c.being forgotten

d.reassessment

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 222)

42.Marketers can overcome consumer forgetting through _____, and can combat

extinction through _____.

a.enhanced customer satisfaction; learning

b.repetition; enhanced customer satisfaction

c.learning; trial

d.none of the above

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 222)

43.The objective of all marketing efforts should be to _____.

a.create awareness

b.attract new customers

c.maximize customer satisfaction

d.promise highest quality levels

(c; Difficulty 2, p. 223)

44.Notifying customers of an upcoming sale, or the ability to call in a money transfer

and not have to come in the bank, are both forms of _____.

a.relationship marketing

b.product reinforcement

c.illegal practices

d.negative reinforcement

(a; Difficulty 3, p. 223)

45.Marketers have identified three types of reinforcement schedules: _____, _____

and _____.

a.total; continuous; fixed

b.continuous; systematic; variable

c.systematic; fixed; random

d.fixed; variable; random

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 223)

46.A free after-dinner drink always served to patrons at a restaurant is an example of

a _____ reinforcement schedule.

a.fixed

b.total

c.systematic

d.random

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 223)

47.Your local coffee shop gives you a free cup of coffee every tenth time you make a

purchase. This is an example of a _____ reinforcement schedule.

a.total

b.fixed

c.random

d.variable

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 223)

48.Slot machines or gambling casinos operate on the basis of a _____ reinforcement

schedule.

a.fixed

b.total

c.random

d.systematic

(c; Difficulty 2, p. 223)

49.Lotteries, sweepstakes, and door prizes are all examples of _____ reinforcement

schedules.

a.fixed

b.total

c.random

d.systematic

(c; Difficulty 2, p. 224)

50.Reinforcement performed before the desired consumer behavior actually takes

place is called _____.

a.timing

b.learning

c.shaping

d.modeling

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 224)

51.Some car dealers realize that in order to sell new model cars, they must first

encourage people to visit their show rooms and test drive their cars. Many dealers offer small gifts, such as key chains and DVDs. This is a form of behavior

reinforcement known as _____.

a.timing

b.free sampling

c.shaping

d.modeling

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 224)

52.When advertisers want an immediate impact on the consumer, to introduce a new

product, they generally use a _____ timing schedule to hasten consumer learning.

a.distributed

b.massed

c.continuous

d.random

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 224)

53.A distributed advertising schedule, with ads repeated on a regular basis, usually

results in more ____ learning.

a.short term

b.long term

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a810047914.html,sting

d.involved

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 224)

54._____ is the process through which individuals learn behavior by observing the

behavior of others and the consequences of such behavior.

a.Shaping

b.Modeling

c.Reinforcement

d.Recognition

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 224)

55.If a teenager sees an ad that depicts social success as the outcome of using a

certain brand of shampoo, he or she will want to buy it. This is how advertisers use _____ to sell products.

a.observational learning

b.modeling

c.shaping

d.both a and b

(d; Difficulty 3, p. 224)

56.Consumer models with whom the target audience can identify are shown

achieving positive outcomes to common problem situations through the use of the advertised product. This form of advertising is known as _____.

a.shaping

b.involvement

c.observational learning

d.classical conditioning

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 225)

57.Learning based on mental activity is called _____ learning.

a.behavioral

b.classical

c.observational

d.cognitive

(d; Difficulty 1, p. 226)

58.Instead of stressing the importance of repetition or the association of a reward

with a specific response, _____ theorists emphasize the role of motivation and mental processes in producing a desired response.

a.behavioral

b.conative

c.observational

d.cognitive

(d; Difficulty 2, p. 226)

59.Because information processing occurs in stages, it is generally believed that there

are separate and sequential “storehouses” in memory where information is kept temporarily before further processing. Which of the following is not one of the storehouses?

a.sensory stores

b.temporary stores

c.short-term stores

d.long-term stores

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 227)

60._____ is the stage of real memory in which information is processed and held for

just a brief period.

a.Sensory stores

b.Temporary stores

c.Short-term stores

d.Long-term stores

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 228)

61.The amount of information available for delivery from short-term storage to long-

term storage depends on the amount of _____ it is given.

a.processing

b.attention

c.rehearsal

d.capacity

(c; Difficulty 2, p. 228)

62.When consumers are presented with too much information, called _____, they

may encounter difficulty in encoding and storing it.

a.overcapacity

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a810047914.html,rmation overload

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a810047914.html,rmation overflow

d.bombardment

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 229)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a810047914.html,rmation is stored in long-term memory in two ways: _____, by the order it

was acquired, and _____, according to significant concepts.

a.episodically; dramatically

b.semantically; episodically

c.dramatically; semantically

d.episodically; semantically

(d; Difficulty 3, p. 230)

64.Advertising messages are most effective when they link the product’s attributes

with the benefits that consumers seek from the product because consumers tend to remember the product’s _____ rather than its _____.

a.advantages; disadvantages

b.attributes; benefits

c.qualities; price

d.benefits; attributes

(d; Difficulty 3, p. 230)

65.The greater the number of competitive ads in a product category, the lower the

recall of brand claims in a specific ad. This is due to _____, which cause

confusion with competing ads.

a.encoding effects

b.contradicting cues

c.interference effects

d.repetition methods

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 231)

66.The basic premise of the split-brain theory is that the right and left hemispheres of

the brain specialize in the kinds of information they process. This theory is also known as_____.

a.behavioral conditioning

b.hemispheral lateralization

c.cognitive dissonance

d.passive learning

(b; Difficulty 3, p. 232)

67.According to the split-brain theory, the right hemisphere of the brain is

responsible for _____, and the left hemisphere of the brain is concerned with

_____.

a.cognitive activities; reading

b.reading; speaking

c.nonverbal information; cognitive

d.speaking; pictorial information

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 232)

68.The theory of central and peripheral routes to persuasion illustrates that for high

involvement purchases, the (both) _____ route(s) to persuasion is(are) likely the most effective marketing strategy.

a.peripheral

b.central

c.central and peripheral

d.elaborative

(b; Difficulty 2, p. 235)

69.To ensure a high level of comprehension of the message, many marketers conduct

_____ either before or after the advertising is actually run in the media.

a.posttesting

b.pretesting

c.copytesting

d.attitude tests

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 241)

70.The basis of _____ is to use another product’s brand equity to enhance the

primary brand’s equity.

a.licensing

b.product form extension

c.co-branding

d.umbrella branding

(c; Difficulty 3, p. 245)

True/False Questions:

71.There are two major schools of thought concerning the learning process: the

behavioral school and the cognitive school.

(True; Difficulty 1, p. 206)

72.All learning is deliberately sought.

(False; Difficulty 2, p. 207)

73.Cues serve to direct consumer drives when they are consistent with consumer

expectations.

(True; Difficulty 2, p. 208)

74.Learning can occur even when responses are not obvious.

(True; Difficulty 3, p. 208)

75.Research suggests that there is no limit to the amount of repetition that aids

retention. The more repetition, the better the retention.

(False; Difficulty 2, p. 212)

76.Marketers agree that seven exposures to an advertisement is enough to aid

retention.

(False; Difficulty 3, p. 212)

77.The effectiveness of repetition of advertising is not relevant on the amount of

competitive ads consumers are exposed to.

(False; Difficulty 3, p. 212)

78.Listerine PocketPaks and Crest Whitestrips are forms of product category

extensions.

(False; Difficulty 2, p. 214)

79.Licensing is a marketing strategy that operates on the principle of stimulus

generalization.

(True; Difficulty 3, p. 217)

80.The longer the period of learning – of associating a brand name with a specific

product – the less likely the consumer is to discriminate and the more likely to generalize the stimulus.

(False; Difficulty 3, p. 220)

81.Repetition, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are all major

applied concepts that explain all behavioral consumer learning.

(False; Difficulty 3, p. 220)

82.When a learned response is no longer reinforced, it diminishes to the point of

being forgotten.

(False; Difficulty 3, p. 222)

83.Forgetting is often related to the passage of time. This is known as the process of

decay.

(True; Difficulty 3, p. 222)

84.Marketers have identified three types of reinforcement schedules: total,

continuous, and fixed.

(False; Difficulty 2, p. 223)

85.Slot machines operate on the basis of a variable reinforcement schedule. (True; Difficulty 2, p. 224)

86.Reinforcement performed before the desired consumer behavior actually takes

place is called modeling.

(False; Difficulty 3, p. 224)

87.Massed advertising produces more initial learning, and a distributed advertising

schedule usually results in learning that persists longer.

(True; Difficulty 2, p. 224)

88.When advertisers want an immediate impact to counter a competitor’s blitz

campaign, they generally use a distributed advertising schedule.

(False; Difficulty 2, p. 224)

89.A distributed ad campaign, with ads repeated on a regular basis, results in more

long-term learning and is relatively immune to extinction.

(True; Difficulty 3, p. 224)

90.Short-term stores are where we receive fragments of information that last for a

second or two before we pass it into our long-term store.

(False; Difficulty 1, p. 228)

91.The amount of information available for delivery from the sensory stores to the

long-term storage depends on the amount of rehearsal it is given.

(False; Difficulty 2, p. 228)

92.All consumers pass through a complex series of mental and behavioral stages in

arriving at any purchase decision.

(False; Difficulty 3, p. 231)

93.Hemispheral lateralization is also known as the split-brain theory.

(True; Difficulty 1, p. 232)

94.According to the spilt-brain theory, the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible

for cognitive activities, such as reading and speaking.

(True; Difficulty 2, p. 232)

95.According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, as the message becomes more

personally relevant, people are more willing to expend the cognitive effort

required to process the message arguments.

(True; Difficulty 3, p. 235)

96.A recent study found that a brand name explicitly conveying a product benefit

(Manhattan Mini-storage) leads to the same recall levels as a non-suggestive

brand name (Acme Storage).

(False; Difficulty 3, p. 239)

97.Brand loyalty is the ultimate desired outcome of consumer learning.

(True; Difficulty 2, p. 241)

98.Attitudinal measures are used to measure brand loyalty through evaluating

consumers’ overall feelings about the product and their p urchase intentions. (True; Difficulty 2, p. 241)

99.Frequency of purchase is a definitive measure of brand loyalty.

(False; Difficulty, p. 242)

100.The greater the number of brands in the consumer’s evoked set, the greater the likelihood that the consumer will be brand loyal.

(False; Difficulty 3, p. 243)

Essay Questions:

101.What is the theory of classical conditioning? Explain using an example.

The theory of classical conditioning was first demonstrated by the Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning theorists regard all animals and humans as passive entities that could be taught certain behaviors through repetition. According to Pavlov, conditioned learning results when a stimulus that is paired with another stimulus that elicits a known response serves to produce the same response when used alone.

Here, students may cite Pavlov’s experiment with dogs, or any other example. (Difficulty 2, p. 210)

102.How do some marketers make use of the concept of stimulus generalization? Some marketers introduce im itative “me too” products that succeed in the market. Consumers confuse them with the original product they have seen advertised. Also, private label manufacturers try to make their packaging closely resemble the national brand leaders in hope of confusing customers. Such products result in millions of lost sales for well-positioned and extensively advertised brands.

(Difficulty 2, p. 214)

103.Give one example of each of the following:

a.product line extension

b.product form extension

c.product category extension

a.introducing new flavors of Dannon yogurt

b.Crest Whitestrips as another option for whitening teeth

c.Neutrogena offers shaving creams to men

(Difficulty 1, p. 214)

104.What is licensing? What is the principle behind its success?

Licensing is allowing a well-known name to be affixed to products of another manufacturer. The principle behind its success is stimulus generalization. The names of famous designers, characters, and manufacturers are attached for a fee to a variety of products enabling licensees to achieve instant recognition and implied quality for the licensed products.

(Difficulty 2, p. 216)

105.What are the three types of reinforcement schedules used by marketers to reward customers?

Total or continuous reinforcement schedules are rewards offered to customers to provide satisfaction each time the product or service is used. An example would be a certain restaurant offering its customer one free drink after every meal.

Systematic, or fixed schedules, provide reinforcement every nth time the product or service is purchased. Like getting a free coffee every 10th time they purchase a coffee. Random, or variable schedules, reward customers on a random basis or on an average frequency basis. Slot machines operate on a random reward program.

(Difficulty 2, p. 223)

106.When and why do marketers use massed or distributed learning schedules?

Marketers will use a massed learning advertising schedule when they want to produce more initial learning. That usually is used when they want an immediate impact, when introdu cing a new product, or to counter a competitor’s campaign.

Marketers will use a distributed learning schedule when the goal is long-term repeat buying on a regular basis. The distributed schedule results in more long-term learning and is relatively immune to extinction.

(Difficulty 3, p. 224)

107.Talk about the three systems or memory storehouses, and how information is stored.

There are three stages where information processing occurs. They are three separate and sequential stages.

The first is called the sensory store, in which all data comes through our senses which receive fragmented pieces of information and transmit it to the brain in parallel. The image of a sensory input lasts for a second or two in the mind’s sensory store. If it is not processed immediately, it is lost immediately.

The second stage is the short-term store, which is known as working memory. This is the stage where information is processed and held for just a brief period. Information in the short-term store undergoes the process known as rehearsal, and then is transferred to the long-term store. This transfer process takes 2 to 10 seconds, and if the information is not rehearsed, it is lost in 30 seconds or less.

The final stage is the long-term store which retains information for relatively long periods of time. Even though some information may be lost in a few minutes, most information that makes it to long-term stores lasts for extended periods of time, sometimes up to years.

(Difficulty 3, p. 227)

108.What is the split-brain theory?

Also known as Hemispheral lateralization, the split-brain theory is based on the premise that the right and left sides of the brain specialize in the kinds of information they process. The left hemisphere is primarily responsible for cognitive activities such as reading, speaking, and attributional information processing. The right side of the brain is concerned with nonverbal, timeless, and pictorial information. Simply put, the left brain is rational, active, and realistic, and the right side is emotional, metaphoric, impulsive, and intuitive.

(Difficulty 2, p. 232)

109.What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model?

The ELM suggests that a person’s level of involvement during message processing is a critical factor in determining which route to persuasion is likely to be effective. For example, as the message becomes more personally relevant, people are more willing to expend the cognitive effort required to process the message arguments. Thus, when involvement is high, consumers follow the central route and base their attitudes or choices on the message arguments. When involvement is low, they follow the peripheral route and rely heavily on other message elements to form attitudes or make product choices.

(Difficulty 2, p. 235)

110.What is an evoked set of products and how does that relate to brand loyalty?

An evoked set of products is a mix of brand names that are considered acceptable to an individual consumer; a set of brands that includes their final product choice. The greater the number of brands in the evoked set, the less likely the consumer is to be brand loyal to one specific brand.

(Difficulty 3, p. 243)

中山大学博士生发表学术论文的具体规定(汇编)

中山大学博士生发表学术论文的具体规定 (2014年6月修订) 依据《中山大学硕士、博士学位授予工作细则》的有关规定,博士研究生获得学位前必须至少有一篇学术论文在国内外重要刊物发表或录用,论文第一署名单位应为中山大学,博士生必须是第一作者(或导师为第一作者、博士生为第二作者)。根据不同学科的特点,经各学位分委员会和校学位评定委员会审议通过,各学科博士生发表学术论文的具体规定如下: 一、人文社会科学学科学位分委员会的规定 1. 刊物范围:学校社会科学处公布的《中山大学人文社会科学重要期刊 目录》。 对于在国外、境外出版的刊物上发表的学术论文,由各培养单位学位审议机构认定,并报研究生院公示。 2. 发表时间要求:以正式刊出为准。 3. 发表的学术论文必须和学位论文属于同一领域并具有相关性。 4. 有条件的培养单位学位审议机构可以在学位分委员会规定的基础上, 制订更高的发表学术论文标准,经学位分委员会审议通过,报研究生院备案。 二、理学学科学位分委员会的规定 1. 刊物范围:由各培养单位学位审议机构确定发表学术论文的刊物目录,经学位分委员会审议通过,报研究生院备案。 为鼓励对重要科学问题开展合作研究并发表高水平学术论文,各培养单位学位审议机构可对发表在高水平刊物上的学术论文并列第一作者(或同等贡献者)情况进行规定。 2. 发表时间要求:以正式刊出或正式录用通知为准。 3. 发表的学术论文必须属于学位论文的部分内容。

4. 鼓励博士生选择高难度或攻关性的研究课题。若博士生所进行的学位论文研究,经认定具有较大创新前景的,在审议学位时可不按上述条件要求。对于此类学位论文,各培养单位学位审议机构应有明确的认定程序和要求,博士生应在申请论文答辩时向所在培养单位提出申请,经导师书面推荐,培养单位组织专家认定,并在博士生论文答辩之前将认定的相关材料报研究生院公示、备案。 三、医学学科学位分委员会的规定 1. 刊物范围:学术学位博士生发表学术论文的刊物要求是SCI(含SCIE)收录的杂志;专业学位博士生发表学术论文的刊物要求是SCI(含SCIE)收录的杂志,或中华医学会主办的中华系列的杂志,或中国科技期刊总被引频次排序在前400名以内的杂志(中国科技信息研究所公布,在校期间的排位),或下列学报:北京大学学报医科版、中国医学科学院学报、协和医科大学学报、中南大学学报医科版、华中科技大学学报医科版、四川大学学报医科版、复旦大学学报医科版、上海交通大学学报医科版、中山大学学报医科版。 2. 发表时间要求:发表时间应在审议学位的当月底之前;对于在国外、境外发表的SCI(含SCIE)收录的学术论文可以是清样,也可以是附有导师签名担保的校样或正式录用通知。 3. 发表的学术论文必须属于学位论文的部分内容。 4. 为鼓励发挥我校科研团队的联合攻关作用,对于一篇SCI(含SCIE)学术论文出现多名作者并列第一(或同等贡献)署名的情况,作如下规定:IF≥3.0时,认可并列第一作者中的前2位符合要求; IF≥6.0时,认可并列第一作者中的前3位符合要求,署名无并列第一作者的,认可排名前2位作者符合要求; IF≥10.0时,认可并列第一作者中的前5位符合要求,署名无并列第一作者的,认可排名前3位作者符合要求。 5. 有条件的培养单位学位审议机构可以在学位分委员会规定的基础上,制订更高的发表学术论文标准,经学位分委员会审议通过,报研究生院备案。

个人陈述word版本

尊敬的评审老师: 您好!感谢您在百忙之余审阅我的自荐信。 我是XXX,在一个普通的教师家庭中长大。良好的学习氛围铸就了我坚强的意志与敢于梦想的性格。因此,为了我的梦想,我满怀着对XX大学的崇敬与对未来的憧憬,鼓起勇气来给您写下这封自荐信以争取高校专项计的资格,希望这份勇气能给我带来好运。 我现在就读于XXXXXX中学。母校以“行是知之始,知是行之成”为宗旨教育我们。感谢母校,培养了我们高尚的人格,授予了我们丰富的知识,予我们以闯荡未来的潜力与勇气,放飞自己的梦想。 而我的梦,梦在典雅、美丽的XXXXX大学! 众所周知,中山大学由国父孙中山先生亲手创办,并亲笔题写“博学、审问、慎思、明辨、笃行”作为校训。而鲁迅、郭沫若、陈寅恪等蜚声海内外的专家都曾在美丽的中山大学任教。他们优秀的品格和精湛的学术造诣熏陶着一代代莘莘学子,形成了良好的学术风气,许多才华横溢的毕业生成为了社会各界的杰出人才。而中山大学的管理学、临床医学、经济学更是一枝独秀,吸引了众多学子入校深造。这,也同样对我有着难以抗拒的魅力,让我为之奋斗、努力! 若能如愿以偿地进入中山大学深造,我将毫不犹豫地选择学习经济学,刻苦钻研,定不负中山大学对我的信任和支持,成为经济学专业人才,为祖国的繁荣贡献自己的一份力量。 所以,为了能与中山大学更近一步,也为了我心中的信仰,我不断地提高自己、完善自己——在学习上,我毫不放松,锐意进取,使成绩稳步上升,现在已由高二时的中游成绩进入了全校前列,并获得了全国物理奥赛三等奖;而在学习之余,我喜欢与同学打乒乓球、篮球,并在全校组织的乒乓球比赛中荣获第一名;有时我也喜欢信手涂鸦,我的漫画总能博得同学们的啧啧赞叹!我爱神侃,也爱运动,不喜欢一成不变的呆板的学习方式;我爱幻想,并且对任何事情都有信心,因为我相信我的潜力,也请评审老师相信我的潜力;与此同时,我也积极参加各项社会活动,去帮助需要帮助的人… 老师曾告诉我:“只有你流过得血汗不会欺骗你。”这句话我一直铭记于心,所以在青春的道路上,我不断挥洒自己的汗水,希望这一点一滴的汗水能汇成江河,助我敲开中山大学自主招生的大门。 诚然,我并没有像其他参赛者一样拥有众多的获奖证书来吸引您的眼球,但我有一颗绝对真挚、进取的心;也许在众多的竞争者中我犹如沧海一粟,也许我成功的希望并不大,但我仍要一试——因为只有一试,才对得起十年寒窗如一日的苦读;只有一试,才有机会,有了机会,才能成功。 为了中山,我风雨兼程;为了梦想,我顽强拼搏! 最后,再次对评审老师表以由衷的感谢! 此致, 敬礼 谨祝 身体健康、工作顺利! 申请人:XXXXX 2017年4月18日 2017年农村单招个人陈述范文一

福特公司SWOT分析 中山大学吴柏林教授 研究生“品牌管理”绝密资料

-- 外部战略环境分析案例(S.W.O.T) 主要包括竞争分析和环境的监测与预测。首先从总体上说明汽车工业的竞争状况,然后说明汽车工业中六家主要公司对竞争的反应;在外部条件的基础上,得出福特公司的优势(Strengths)、劣势(Weakness)、机会(Opportunity)和威胁(Threats)(SWOT)的分析。 一、行业竞争主要力量 在竞争对手、新加入者的威胁、供应商和顾客的讨价还价能力及替代品的威胁之中,这些控制行业竞争的主要力量在于争取有利位置。 1.在竞争对手中争取有利位置 下列几家公司构成了行业的主要竞争对手: 三家主要的美国大公司——福特(Ford)、通用汽车公司(GM)、克莱斯勒公司(Chrysler)和三家主要的日本公司——本田(Honda)、丰田(Toyota)、尼桑(Nissan)。 (1)在20世纪80年代后期和90年代初期汽车工业增长较为缓慢,人们采用折扣和其他的优惠政策以刺激消费增长。 (2)日本公司以更加质优价廉的产品吸引了许多美国顾客。 (3)与美国三大汽车公司相比较而言,日本的汽车公司使用了高技术从而控制了成本。然而,美国三大汽车公司却在生产系统的现代化方面进行了大量投资,并与外国公司合作以使公司变得更有效率。例如,福特与马自达合资生产Probe;克莱斯勒与法国雷诺公司合资生产微型车;克莱斯勒与现代公司将生产一种新型的中型车。 (4)美国公司正采取措施收购以国外为基地的小公司,以使产品线更加多样化,并且利用小公司的独立精神和创造力。 (5)日本公司正在大量投资美国工厂以避开进口限制;欧洲的公司也在做类似的事情,来避开在1992年欧共体形成一个真正的共同市场后那些新的严厉的贸易制度。 2.新加入者的威胁 (1)此时,规模经济限制了任何主要竞争者加入汽车工业。 (2)汽车生产的资金要求极大地增长,使得新进入市场的可能性越来越小。机器人和其他自动化技术的发展有望控制成本。然而,开发和实施这些自动化技术需要巨大的先期项目成本、研究和开发成本以及高精尖的技术人才。 (3)政府对尾气排放及油耗的政策将进一步限制新加入者进入市场的威胁,1990年美国车的平均经济油耗为27.5英里/加仑。 3.供应商的讨价还价能力单一供货来源和制造系统中用户与供应商的合作关系保持着增强趋势。 (1)日本、美国和欧洲的主要的汽车零部件供应商纷纷开始在其他国家建厂。 (2)与供应商订立长期合同变得越来越普遍。 (3)通用汽车公司和它的两家主要的资本设备供应商签定了无限期的长期协议。 (4)克莱斯勒公司和几家主要的工具生产公司已经订立了五年的合同。 4.客户的讨价还价能力下列趋势要归因于激烈的竞争、滞销和随之而来的较高存货水平: (1)为了吸引客户,各厂商竞相降价并给与折扣。 (2)客户在相当程度上可以对售价、担保及其他服务项目进行讨价还价。 (3)公司管理者逐渐采用服务等级来衡量销售绩效,这些等级常常用来决定经销授权的机会、获得广告基金和其他经济优惠的标准。 5.替代产品或服务的威胁 (1)主要的大公司不能像小的专业汽车公司那样提供一个合适的细分市场。 (2)大城市居民面对日益增长的购车、保险、停车和维修费用等,纷纷转向使用公共交通工具。

论坛:中山大学的岭南学院的博士招生让人厌恶

中山大学的岭南学院的博士招生让人厌恶,太黑了作者:埃米诺特时间:2005-5-28 15:09:00 第1楼 ?4月份以后初试成绩出来了,我在整个专业方向排名第2(整个专业方向有6个导师招12 个)结果被刷掉了太黑了 作者:roar_horse 时间:2005-5-30 13:15:00 第2楼 ?我觉得你肯定是看错了,中大岭南学院排名是按专业里的某个研究方向来排名的(如金融学专业里的货币政策与金融监管方向),不同研究方向的考试科目都不一样,岭南学院怎么会按全专业排名呢?我觉得你在你所在的研究方向里考第二没被录取非常有可能,也许就招一个学生,我就知道有几个导师只招一个学生。你在这里发这样醒目的帖子,实在对中大岭南学院非常不尊重。 作者:jbchen001 时间:2005-5-31 10:52:00 第3楼 ?三楼的应该是中大的学生吧,为母校辩护的心情可以理解。但每一个有良知的人都有说真话的义负与道德责任。偶同意楼主的观点。中山大学博士生招生的确是很混乱,尤其是岭南学院和管理学院,要捞取博士学位的达官贵人太多,据说有的导师已经私下把权贵考生排队了,有的竟然排到五年以后去了。而且中大学风浮躁,绝非治学之所。偶对中大是敬而远之,偶是在广州读硕士,但从未想过要考中大的博士。今年报了一所比中大更有名气的大学的金融学博士,与导师没有任何关系,照样被录取了。给有志于考博的同仁一点建议:睁大眼睛看清楚报考学校,最好选透明度高、考生口碑较好的名校。这样,即使考输了也输得心甘情愿。 作者:roar_horse 时间:2005-5-31 12:48:00 第4楼 ?坦白说我真的不是中大的学生,至少暂时不是,以后也许有可能,因为我在广州一所学校教书,想读中大的在职---------我是就事论事,楼主确实是理解错了,今年中大博士排名确实是按专业里的研究方向排的,每个方向只招一至两个,要问我为什么那么清楚?因为我抱负不是很大,水平也只是一般,所以今年考的是中大岭南学院,也没考上,我们导师只招一个,我也只排第二,但是我有个同学今年也考的是中大,他就考了第一,他跟导师也从不认识(我们是从西部一所普通211院校毕业的),只是成绩出来后跟他导师联系了一下,前几天他跟我说他被录取了,还给了他个公费名额。我就凭这一点觉得中大可能也没有你“据说”的那样黑。当然我也同意你说的“每一个有良知的人都有说真话的义负与道德责任”。所以我保证我说的是实话!另外我很想知道楼上的你考的是哪所学校,我很想明年试试! 作者:liusha2000 时间:2005-5-31 20:23:00 第5楼

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