英国1906海上保险法中英文对照版

1906海上保险法

海上保险（Marine Insurance）

第1条：海上保险的定义（Marine insurance defined）

A contract of marine insurance is a contract whereby the insurer undertakes to indemnify the ass ured, in manner and to the extent thereby agreed, against marine losses, that is to say, the losses in cident to marine adventure.

海上保险合同，是一种保险人按照约定的方式和范围，对与海上冒险有关的海上灭失，向被保险人承担赔偿责任的合同。

第2条海陆混合风险（Mixed sea and land risks）

2.(1) A contract of marine insurance may, by its express terms, or by a usage of trade, be extend ed so as to protect the assured against losses on inland water or on any land risk which may be inci dental to any sea voyage.

(2) Where a ship in course of building, or the launch of a ship, or any adventure analogous to a marine adventure, is covered by a policy in the form of a marine policy, the provisions of this Act, in so far as applicable, shall apply thereto；but, except by this section provided, nothing in this Act shall alter or affect any rule of law applica ble to any contract of insurance other than a contract of marine insurance as by this Act defined.

(1)海上保险合同，得用明示条款或经由某种贸易习惯，扩展保障被保险人在与海上航程有关的内河或任何陆地风险中的损失。

(2)如果用海上保险单格式的保险单，承保建造中的船舶，或者船舶下水，或类似海上冒险的任何冒险，本法中的各项规定，只要是可适用者，均得适用之；但除本条规定者外，本法的任何规定，都不能改变或影响任何适用于本法规定的海上保险合同以外的保险合同的法律规定。

第3条海上冒险与海上危险的定义（Marine adventure and maritime perils defined ）

3.(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, every lawful marine adventure may be the subject of

a contract of marine insurance.

(2) In particular there is a marine adventure where-

(a) Any ship, goods or other movables are exposed to maritime perils. Such property is in the A ct referred to as “insurable property.”

(b) The earning or acquisition of any freight, passage money, commission, profit or other pecuni ary benefit, or the security for any advances, loans or disbursements, is endangered by the exposur e of insurance property to maritime perils.

(c) Any liability to a third party may be incurred by the owner of, or other person interested in o r responsible for, insurable property, by reason of maritime perils.

3(1) 受本法规定的制约，每一合法的海上冒险得为海上保险合同的标的。

(2) 特别是以下各项属于海上冒险：

（a）受海上危险影响的任何船舶，货物或其他动产。此种财产在本法中被称为“可保财产”。

（b）由于保险财产暴露于海上危险之中而危及的任何运费，客票款，佣金，利润或其他钱财上的利益，或任何预付款，贷款，或垫付费用的担保。

（c）保险财产的所有人或其他对其有利益或有责任的当事人由于海上风险的原因对第三方产生的任何责任。”

保险利益（Insurable Interest）

第4条赌博合同无效（Avoidance of wagering or gaming contracts）

4.(1) Every contract of marine insurance by way of gaming or wagering is void.

(2) A contract of marine insurance is deemed to be a gaming or wagering contract-

(a) Where the assured has not an insurable interest as defined by this Act and the contract is ente red into with no expectation of acquiring such an interest; or

(b) Where the policy is made “interest or no interest” or “without further proof of interest than t he policy itself”, or “without benefit of salvage to the insurer”, or subject to any other like term.

Provided that, where there is no possibility of salvage, a policy may be effected without benefit of salvage to the insurer.

4．（1）用作赌博的海上保险合同无效。

（2）海上保险合同在下列情况下，被认为是赌博合同：

(a) 被保险人对保险标的无本法规定的保险利益，而且在缔约后仍无获得此种保险利益的可能；

(b) 保险单是按“无论有无保险利益”，或“除保险单本身外，再无具有保险利益的证明”，或“保险人无救助利益”等条件，或按其他类似条件订定的。

但是，如无救助的可能，保险单可以按保险人无救助利益的条件签订。

第5条保险利益的定义（Insurable interest defined）

5.（1）Subject to the provisions of this Act, every person has an insurable interest who is interested in a marine adventure.

（2） In particular, a person is interested in a marine adventure where he stands in any legal or equitable relation to the adventure or to any insurable property at risk therein, in consequence of w hich he may benefit by the safety or due arrival of insurable property, or may be prejudiced by its l oss, or by damage thereto, or by the detention thereof, or may incur liability in respect thereof. （1）根据本法各条规定，与海上冒险有利益关系的每一个人具有保险利益。

（2）一个人与海上冒险有利益关系，尤其是在他与该冒险或处在危险中的任何保险财产，具有任何法律上或衡平的关系，因而若保险财产安全或及时抵达他便能从中获取利益；反之，如果保险财产灭失，损坏，或被滞留或招致有关责任，他的利益将受到损害。

第6条何时应具有利益（When interest must attach）

6. （1）The assured must be interested in the subject- matter insured at the time of loss though he need not be interested when the insurance is effected.

（2）Where the assured has no interest at the time of the loss, he cannot acquire interest by any act or el

ection after he is aware of the loss.

（1）虽然投保时被保险人无需对保险标的具有利益，但在保险标的灭损时，他必须对其具有利益。

（2）如果被保险人在灭损当时不具有利益，他不能在他知晓该灭损后，通过任何行为或选择而获取利益。

第7条可撤销的利益或偶然的利益（Defeasible or contingent interest）

7.(1) A defeasible interest is insurable, as also is a contingent interest.

(2) In particular, where the buyer of goods has insured them, he has an insurable interest, notwit hstanding that he might, at his election,

（1）可撤销的利益是保险利益，偶然的利益亦然。

（2）特别是，如货物买方已将该批货物保险，他就对该批货物具有保险利益，尽管由于卖方交货延误或其他原因，致使被保险人可能选择拒收货物，或将货物视作卖方风险。

第8条部分利益（Partial interest）

8. A partial interest of any nature is insurable.

8．任何性质的部分利益均可承保。

第9条再保险（Re-insurance）

9(1) The insurer under a contract of marine insurance has an insurable interest in his risk, and m ay re-insure in respect of it.

(2) Unless the policy otherwise provides, the original assured has no right or interest in respect of such re-insurance.

9．（1）海上保险合同中的保险人对其承保的风险有保险利益，并可将有关风险再保险。（2）除非保险单另有规定，原被保险人对此种再保险没有权利或利益。

第10条（以船、货为抵押物的）抵押贷款（Bottomry）

10. The lender of money on bottomry or respeondentia has an insurable interest in respect of the loan.

10．以船、货为抵押物的贷款方对其贷款有保险利益。

第11条船长和船员的工资（Master?s and seamen?s wages）

11. The master or any member of the crew of a ship has an insurable interest in respect of his w ages.

11．船长或船员对其工资有保险利益。

第12条预付运费（Advance freight）

12. In the case of advance freight, the person advancing the freight has an insurable interest, in s o for as much freight is not repayable in case of loss.

12．预付运费的人对在损失后不能收回的预付运费有保险利益。

第13条保险费（Charges of insurance）

13. The assured has an insurable interest in the charges of any insurance which be may effect. 13．被保险人对其应支付的保险费具有保险利益。

第14条利益数额（Quantum of interest）

14.(1) Where the subject-matter insured is mortgaged, the mortgagor has an insurable interest in the full value thereof, and the mortgagee has an insurable interest in respect of any sum due or to become due under the

mortgage.

(2) A mortgagee, consignee, or other person having an interest in the subject-matter insured may insure on behalf and for the benefit of other persons interested as well as for his own benefit.

(3) The owner of insurable property has an insurable interest in respect of the full value thereof, notwithstanding that some third person may have agreed, or be liable, to indemnify him in case of loss.

14．（1）在保险标的被抵押之场合，抵押人对抵押物的全部价值有保险利益，而抵押权人对抵押贷款合同下其所付的或应付的有关金额有保险利益。

（2）抵押权人、收货人或对保险标的有利益的其他人，除为了自已的利益外，得代表和为其他有利害关系的人的利益进行保险。

（3）尽管在发生损失的情况下，某些第三者可能已同意或有义务赔偿其损失，保险财产的所有人对其财产的全部价值有保险利益。

第15条利益转让（Assignment of interest）

15．Where the assured assigns or otherwise parts with his interest in the subject- matter insured, he does not thereby transfer to the assignee his rights under the contract of insuran ce, unless there be an express or implied agreement with the assignee to that effect.

But the provisions of this section do not affect a transmission of interest by operation of law.

15．被保险人若转让或以其他方式放弃其保险标的利益，他并不因此将其保险合同下的权利转让给受让人，除非与受让人订有转让保险权益的明示或默示协议。

但本条规定不影响因实施法律而发生的利益转让。

保险价值（Insurable Value）

第16条保险价值的确定（Measure of insurable value）

16. Subject to any express provision or valuation in the policy, the insurable value of the subject -matter insured must be ascertained as follows:-

(1) In insurance on ship, the insurable value is the value at the commencement of the risk, of the ship, including her outfit, provisions and stores for the officers and crew, money advanced for sea men?s wages, and other disbursements (if any) incurred to make the ship fit for the voyage or adve nture contemplated by the policy, plus the charges of insurance upon the

whole:

The insurable value, in the case of a steamship, includes also the machinery, boilers, and coals a nd engine stores if owned by the assured, and, in the case of a ship engaged in a special trade, the ordinary fittings requisite for that trade:

(2) In insurance on freight, whether paid in advance or otherwise, the insurable value is the gros s amount of the freight at the risk of the assured, plus the charges of insurance:

(3) In insurance on goods or merchandise, the insurable value is the prime cost of the property i nsured, plus the expenses of and incidental to shipping and the charges of insurance upon the whol e:

(4) In insurance on any other subject-matter, the insurable value is the amount at the risk of the assured when the policy attaches, plus the charges of insurance.

16．除保险单的明文规定或定值外，保险标的的保险价值，必须按下列规定确定：

（1）在船舶保险中，保险价值是风险开始时的船舶价值，包括船舶的装备、全体船员的食物与其他物料、预付给船员的工资以及为使船舶适合航行于保险单载明的航程或海上冒险所可能产生的其他垫付费用加上全部保险费用。

对蒸汽机船舶，船舶的保险价值还应包括机器、锅炉、被保险人拥有的燃料煤和机舱物料，而如果船舶用于特殊贸易，则还需包括适合该贸易的通常装备。

（2）在运费保险中，无论运费是否预付，保险价值是指被保险人处于风险中的总运费加上保险费。

（3）在货物或商品保险中，保险价值是该保险财产的成本价格，加上海运费和与海运有关的费用，及全部海运过程中的保险费用。

（4）在其他保险中，保险价值是保险单生效时被保险人处于风险中的金额加上保险费用。

告知和陈述（Disclosure and Representation）

第17条保险是最大诚信（Insurance is uberrimae fidei）

17．A contract of marine insurance is a contract based upon the utmost good faith and, if the ut most good faith be not observed by either party, the contract may be avoided by the other party.

17．海上保险合同是建立在最大诚信基础上的合同，如果任何一方不遵守最大诚信，他方可以撤消该合同。

第18条被保险人的告知（Disclosure by assured）

18.(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, the assured must disclose to the insurer, before t he contract is concluded, every material circumstance which is known to the assured, and the assur ed is deemed to know every circumstance which, in the ordinary course of business, ought to be k nown by him. If the assured fails to make such disclosure, the insurer may avoid the contract.

(2) Every circumstance is material, which would influence the judgment of a prudent insurer in fixing the premium, or determining whether he will take the risk.

(3) In the absence of inquiry the following circumstances need not be disclosed, namely:-

(a) Any circumstance which diminishes the risks;

(b) Any circumstance which is known or presumed to be known to the insurer. The insurer is pr esumed to know matters of common notoriety or knowledge, and matters which an insurer in the o rdinary course of his business, as such, ought to know;

(c) Any circumstance as to which information is waived by the insurer;

(d) Any circumstance which it is superfluous to disclose by reason of any express or implied wa rranty.

(4) Whether any particular circumstance, which is not disclosed, be material or not is, in each ca se, a question of fact.

(5) The term “circumstance” includes any communication made to, or information received by, t he assured.

18.(1) 根据本条的规定，在订立合同前，被保险人必须向保险人告知其所知的一切重要情况。被保险人应视为知道在通常业务过程中他应当知晓的每一情况。若被保险人未作此种告知，保险人可以撤消合同。

(2) 影响谨慎的保险人确定保险费的决定或决定是否承保该项风险的每一情况，即属重要情况。

(3) 对下列情况如果保险人未问及，被保险人无需告知：

(a) 减少风险的任何情况；

(b) 保险人知道或被认为应该知道的情况；保险人应该知晓众所周知的事情，以及他在通常业务中应该知晓的一般情况；

(c) 保险人不要求被保险人告知的情况；

(d) 由于明文或默示的保证条款，被保险人无需告知的事项。

(4) 在每一案件中，未告知的任何特别情况是否重要，属事实问题。

(5) “情况”一词包括送给被保险人的通知和其收到的消息。

第19条投保代理人的告知（Disclosure by agent effecting insurance）

19．Subject to the provisions of the preceding section as to circumstances which need not be di sclosed where an insurance is effected for the assured by an agent, the agent must disclose to the i nsurer-

(a) Every material circumstance which is known to himself, and an agent to insure is deemed to know every circumstance which in the ordinary course of business ought to be known by, or to ha ve been communicated to, him; and

(b) Every material circumstance which the assured is bound to disclose, unless it came to his kn owledge too late to communicate it to the agent.

19.若由代理人为被保险人投保,除按前条各款规定无需告知的各有关事项外,该代理人必须向保险人告知:

(a) 他所知道的每一重要情况,保险代理人视为知晓其在通常业务中应当知晓或被保险人已通知他的每一情况;

(b) 及被保险人有义务告知的每一重要情况,除非他得知该情况过迟,无法及时通知该代理人.

第20条协商合同时的陈述（Representations pending negotiation of contract）

20.①Every material representation made by the assured or his agent to the insurer during the negotiatio ns for the contract and before the contract is concluded, must be true. If it be untrue the insurer ma y avoid the contract.

②A representation is material which would influence the judgment of a prudent insurer in fixing the premium, or determining whether he will take the risk.

③A representation may be either a representation as to a matter of fact, or as to a matter of expectati on or belief.

④A representation as to a matter of fact is true, if it be substantially correct, that is to say, if the diffe rence between what is represented and what is actually correct would not be considered material b y a prudent insurer.

⑤A representation as to a matter of expectation or belief is true if it be made in good faith.

⑥A representation may be withdrawn or corrected before the contract is concluded.

⑦Whether a particular representation be material or not is, in each case, a question of fact.

20

①在协商合同期间及订立合同前,被保险人或其代理人向保险人作出的每一重要陈述必须真实,若其不真实,保险人可以撤消合同.

②影响谨慎的保险人确定保险费的评价或决定是否承保该项风险的陈述,即为重要陈述.

③一项陈述既可以是有关事实,也可以是关于期望或是关于信念的陈述.

④若一项关于事实的陈述实质上是准确的,它便是真实的,亦即,如果陈述内容与实际情况有差异,谨慎的保险人并不认为是重要的.

⑤若被保险人依诚信作出期望或信念的陈述,该陈述即是真实的.

⑥陈述在订立合同前可以撤回或更正.

⑦在每一案件中,某一特定的陈述是否重要,属事实问题.

第21条何时合同视为成立（When contract is deemed to be concluded）

21．A contract of marine insurance is deemed to be concluded when the proposal of the assure d is accepted by the insurer, whether the policy be then issued or not and, for the purpose of showi ng when the proposal was accepted, reference may be made to the slip or covering note or other cu stomary memorandum of the contract.

21．保险人接受被保险人的投保单后，无论当时是否已签发保险单，海上保险合同应视为已经成立；为表明该投保单何时被接受，可以参考承保条或暂保单或其他合同习惯的备忘录。

保险单（The Policy）

第22条合同必须包含在保险单内（Contract must be embodied in policy）

22. Subject to the provisions of any statute, a contract of marine insurance is inadmissible in evi dence unless it is embodied in a marine policy in accordance with this Act. The policy may be exe cuted and issued either at the time when the contract is concluded, or afterwards.

22．受任何法律规定的制约，海上保险合同不能作为诉讼的证据，除非包含在符合本法的海上保险单内。保险单可在海上保险合同成立时或以后签发。

第23条保险单必须载明的事项（What policy must specify）

23. A marine policy must specify-

(1) The name of the assured, or of some person who effects the insurance on his behalf;

(2) The subject-matter insured and the risk insured against;

(3) The voyage, or period of time, or both, as the case may be, covered by the insurance;

(4) The sum or sums insured;

(5) The name or names of the insurance.

23．海上保险单必须载明下列事项：

（1）被保险人或代被保险人投保的人的名称；

（2）保险标的和承保险别

（3）保险承保的航程或期间，或同时承保航程和期间两者，视情况而定

（4）保险金额

（5）保险人的名称。

（本条第2，3，4，5款已被英国1959年《财政法》废除。译者注）

第24条保险人签署（Signature of insurer）

24.(1) A marine policy must be signed by or on behalf of the insurer, provided that in the case of

a corporation the corporate seal may be sufficient, but nothing in this section shall be construed as requiring the subscription of a corporation to be under seal.

(2) Where a policy is subscribed by or on behalf of two or more insurers, each subscription, unl ess the contrary by expressed, constitutes a distinct contract with the assured.

24．（1）海上保险单必须由保险人或其代表签署，假如是（保险）公司出具保险单，则加盖公司印章即可；但不能把本条规定解释为要求公司签署加盖印章。

（2）在保险单是由两个或两个以上认可保险份额的保险人或其代表出具之情况下，除非另有明示相反约定，每一签署构成与被保险人的独立合同。

第25条航次保险单和定期保险单（Voyage and time policies）

25.(1) Where the contract is to insure the subject-matter at and from, or from one place to anoth er or others, the policy is called a “voyage policy” and where the contract is to insure the subject-matter for a definite period of time the policy is called a “time policy”. A contract for both voyage and time may be included in the same policy.

((2) Subject to the provisions of section eleven of the Finance Act, 1901, a time policy which is made for any time exceeding twelve months is invalid.)

25．（1）在保险合同承保保险标的“在和从”或“从”某一地点运送至另一地点或其他地点之场合，该保险单称作“航次保险单”；在保险合同承保保险标的某一段固定期间之情况下，该保险单叫做“定期保险单”。同一保险单可以同时承保航次和定期保险的合同。

（2）（该款已废除。译者注）

第26条指定标的（Designation of subject-matter）

26(1).The subject-matter insured must be designated in a marine policy with reasonable certaint y.

(2) The nature and extent of the interest of the assured in the subject-matter insured need not be specified in the policy.

(3) Where the policy designates the subject-matter insured in general terms ,it shall be construed to apply to the interest intended by the assured to be covered.

(4) In the application of this section regard shall be had to any usage regulating the designation of the subject-matter insured.

26（1）保险标的必须在海上保险单中合理确定地标明。

（2）被保险人对于保险标的利益的性质和范围无需在保险单中明确规定。

（3）在保险单用一般术语标明保险标的之场合，应解释为适用于被保险人意图投保的利益。

（4）在适用本条规定时，还应考虑制约保险标的指定的任何习惯。

第27条定值保险单（V alued policy）

27.(1) A policy may be either valued or unvalued

(2) A valued policy is a policy, which specifies the agreed value of the subject-matter insured.

(3) Subject to the provisions of this Act, and the absence of fraud, the value fixed by the policy i s, as between the insurer and assured, conclusive of the insurable value of the subject intended to b

e insured, whether the loss be total or partial.

(4) Unless the policy otherwise provides, the value fixed by the policy is not conclusive for the purpose of determining whether there has been a constructive total loss.

27.(1) 保险单可以是定值保险单，也可以是不定值保险单。

（2）定值保险单指载明保险标的的约定价值的保险单。

（3）除本法条款另有规定外，若不存在欺骗，不论损失是全损或部分损失，保险单确定的价值即为保险人与被保险人之间意图对标的物投保的确定保险价值。

(4) 除保险单另有规定外，就确定是否构成推定全损而言，保险单约定的价值并非终结性的。

第28条不定值保险单（Unvalued policy）

28. An unvalued policy is a policy which does not specify the value of the subject-matter insure d, but, subject to the limit of the sum insured, leaves the insurable value to be subsequently ascerta ined, in the manner herein before specified.

28．不定值保险单指未载明保险标的的价值的保险单，但受保险金额制约，按前述规定将保险价值留待以后确定。

第29条船舶预约保险单（Floating policy by ship or ships）

29.(1) A floating policy is a policy which describes the insurance in general terms, and leaves th

e name o

f the ship or ships and other particulars to be defined by subsequent declaration.

(2) The subsequent declaration or declarations may be made by endorsement on the policy, or in

other customary manner.

(3) Unless the policy otherwise provides, the declarations must be made in the order of dispatch or shipment. They must, in the case of goods, comprise all consignments within the terms of the p olicy, and the value of the goods or other property must be honestly stated, but an omission or erro neous declaration may be rectified even after loss or arrival, provided the omission or declaration was made in good faith.

(4) Unless the policy otherwise provides, where a declaration of value is not made until after no tice of loss or arrival, the policy must be treated as an unvalued policy as regards the subject to ma tter of that declaration.

29.(1) 预约保险单是指保险单仅作笼统的规定，将船舶的名称和其他事项在以后申报中确定。

（2）这种后来进行的申报，可用批单形式在保险单上批注，也可按其他习惯方式进行。（3）除非保险单另有规定，申报应按装运的前后依次进行。如果是货物，申报必须包括保险单规定条件之内的全部货物运输。货物或其他财产的价值，必须诚实说明，但善意的漏报或误报，即便在发生损失或货物抵达之后，也可以进行更正。

（4）除非保险单另有规定，在收到损失通知或抵达之前未申报价值的情况下，对该申报的标的物，保险单应视为不定值保险单。

第30条保险单术语的解释（Construction of terms in policy）

30.(1) A policy may be in the form in the First Schedule to this Act.

(2) Subject to the provisions of this Act, and unless the context of the policy otherwise requites, the terms and expressions mentioned in the First Schedule to this Act shall be construed as having the scope and meaning in that Schedule assigned to them.

30,(1) 保险单可按本法所附第一附件的式样签订。

（2）根据本法规定，除非保险单内容另有其他要求，本法所附第一附件内的术语及措词，应按赋予该附件规定的词意和范围解释。

第31条待安排的保险费（Premium to be arranged）

31.(1) Where an insurance is effected at a premium to be arranged, and no arrangements is mad e, a reasonable premium is payable.

(2) Where an insurance is effected on the terms that an additional premium is to be arranged in

a given event, and that event happens, but no arrangement is made, then a reasonable additional pr emium is payable.

31．（1）在待安排的保险费倘未确定而保险业已生效之场合，被保险人应支付合理的保险费。（2）在某一事件发生时，保险继续有效以某一待安排的附加保险费为条件之情况下，若事件发生时，倘未商定该附加保费，则被保险人应支付合理的附加保费。

重复保险（Double Insurance）

第32条重复保险（Double insurance）

32.(1) Where two or more policies are effected by or on behalf of the assured on the same adven ture and interest or any part thereof, and the sums insured exceed the indemnity allowed by this Ac t, the assured is said to be over-insured by double insurance

(2) Where the assured is over-insured by double insurance-

(a) The assured, unless the policy otherwise provides, may claim payment from the insurers in s uch order as he may think fit, provided that he is not entitled to receive any sum in excess of the in demnity allowed by this Act;

(b) Where the policy under which the assured claims is a valued policy, the assured must give cr edit as against the valuation for any sum received by him under any other policy without regard to the actual value of the subject-matter insured;

(c) Where the policy under which the assured claims is an unvalued policy he must give credit, as against the full insurable value, for any sum received by him under any other policy;

(d) Where the assured receives any sum in excess of the indemnity allowed by this Act, he is de emed to hold such sum in trust for the insurers according to their right of contribution among them selves.

32．（1）当被保险人或其代表，就同一冒险和利益或其中的一部分订立了两份以上的保险单，且保险金额超过本法所允许的赔偿限额时，被保险人即被视为因重复保险而超额保险。（2）在被保险人因重复保险而超额保险之场合：

(a) 除非保险单另有规定，被保险人可根据自已认为合适的顺序，依次向其保险人索赔，但他所得金额不得超过本法允许的赔偿限额；

(b) 如果被保险人凭以索赔的保险单是一份定值保险单，被保险人必须将其他保险单项下他已收取的任何数额从约定保险价值中扣除，无需考虑保险标的的实际价值；

（c）如果被保险人据以索赔的保险单是一份不定值保险单，被保险人必须将其他保险单项下他已收取的数额从全部保险价值中扣除；

(d) 若被保险人得到的金额超过本法所允许的赔偿额，则此种超出金额即被视为由被保险人代各保险人托管，由保险人按他们之间的分摊权利摊回。

各项保证等（Warranties, etc.）

第33条保证的性质（Nature of warranty）

33.(1) A warranty, in the following sections relating to warranties, means a promissory warranty , that is to say, a warranty by which the assured undertakes that some particular thing shall or shall not be done, or that some condition shall be fulfilled, or whereby he affirms or negatives the exist ence of a particular state of facts.

(2) A warranty may be express or implied.

(3) A warranty, as above defined, is a condition which must be exactly complied with, whether i t be material to the risk or not. If it be not so complied with, then, subject to any express provision in the policy, the insurer is discharged from liability as from the date of the breach of warranty, but without prejudice to any liability incurred by him before that date.

33．（1）保证（下述各条有关保证）是指允诺性的保证，即被保险人保证去做或不去做某种特定事情，或履行某项条件，或者肯定或否定存在某些事实的特定状态。

（2）保证可以明示或默示。

（3）按照上述定义，无论保证对风险是否重要，均是一种必须严格遵守的条件。如果被保险人不如此遵守之，除非保险单另有明示规定，从被保险人违反保证之日起，保险人解除责任，但不妨碍在违反保证之前产生的任何责任。

第34条何时可免除违反保证（When breach of warranty excused）

34. （1）Non- compliance with a warranty is excused when, by reason of a change of circumstances, the warrant y ceases to be applicable to the circumstances of the contract, or when compliance with the warran ty is rendered unlawful by any subsequent law.

(2) Where a warranty is broken, the assured cannot avail himself of the defence that the breach has been remedied, and the warranty complied with, before loss.

(3) A breach of warranty may be waived by the insurer.

(1) 由于情况变化，保证不再适用于合同情况，或遵循该保证被任何后来的法律视为非法等情况下，不遵循该保证可以免责。

(2) 如果一项保证已被破坏，则被保险人不能以在发生损失前违反已得到弥补，保证已得到遵守的理由为自已辩护。

(3) 保险人可以放弃保证的违反。

第35条明示保证（Express warranties）

35.(1) An express warranty may be in any form of words from which the intention to warrant is to be inferred.

(2) An express warranty must be included in, or written upon, the policy, or must be contained i n some document incorporated by reference into the policy.

(3) An express warranty does not exclude an implied warranty, unless it be inconsistent therewit

h.

35．(1) 明示保证可以用任何形式的文字说明保证意图。

(2) 明示保证必须包含在或写进保险单，或包括在并入保险单的某些文件之中。

(3) 除非明示保证与默示保证相抵触，明示保证不排除默示保证。

第36条中立保证（Warranty of neutrality）

36.(1) Where insurable property, whether ship or goods, is expressly warranted neutral, there is an implied condition that the property shall have a neutral character at the commencement of the ri sk, and that, so far as the assured can control the matter, its neutral character shall be

preserved during the risk.

(2) Where a ship is expressly warranted “neutral” there is also an implied condition that, so far a s the assured can control the matter, she shall be properly documented, that is to say, that she shall carry the necessary papers to establish her neutrality, and that she shall not falsify or suppress her papers, or use simulated papers. If any loss occurs through breach of this condition, the insurer ma y avoid the contract.

36．（1）在保险财产，不论是船舶还是货物，明确宣布保证中立之场合，存在一项默示条件，即在风险开始时，该项财产应为中立性质，而且在被保险人能控制的范围内，在整个风险期间应保持这种中立性质。

（2）在船舶明文保证中立之情况下，亦存在一项默示条件，即在被保险人能控制的范围内，该船舶应适当备齐各种证件；亦即，该船舶必须携带表明其中立性质的必要文件，并不得伪造或隐匿证件或使用假文件。

对因违反此项条件所产生的任何损失，保险人可以解除合同。

第37条无默示船籍保证（No implied warranty of nationality）

37．There is no implied warranty as to the nationality of a shipper that her nationality shall not be changed during the risk.

37．关于船舶的国籍不存在默示保证，也不存在风险期间其船籍不变的默示保证。

第38条完好安全保证（Warranty of good safety）

38. Where the subject-matter insured is warranted “well” or “in good safety” on a particular day , it is sufficient if it be safe at any time during that day.

38．在被保险人保证保险标的在某一特定日期内保持“良好”或“完好安全”之情况下，只要保险标的在该日期的任何时候处于安全状态便已足够。

第39条船舶适航保证（Warranty of seaworthiness of ship）

39.(1) In a voyage policy there is an implied warranty that at the commencement of the voyage t he ship shall be seaworthy for the purpose of the particular adventure insured.

(2) Where the policy attaches while the ship is in port, there is also an implied warranty that she shall, at the commencement of the risk, be reasonably fit to encounter the ordinary perils of the po rt.

(3) Where the policy relates to a voyage which is performed in different stages, during which th

e ship requires different kinds o

f or further preparation or equipment, there is an implied warranty that at the commencement of each stage the ship is seaworthy in respect of such preparation or equ ipment for the , purposes of that stage.

(4) A ship is deemed to be seaworthy when she is reasonably fit in all respects to encounter the ordinary perils of the seas of the adventure insured.

(5) In a time policy there is no implied warranty that the ship shall be seaworthy at any stage of the adventure, but where, with the private of the assured, the ship is sent to sea in an unseaworthy state, the insurer is not liable for any loss attributable to unseaworthiness.”

39（1）在航次保险单中有一项默示保证，即在为承保的特定海上冒险之目的而开始其航次当时，船舶应适航。

（2）保险单订立时若船舶停泊于港口，亦有一项默示保证，即在风险开始时，船舶应合理适宜面对该港口的通常危险。

（3）在保险单有关的航次分不同阶段履行之场合，在各个阶段中，船舶需要不同种类的装备或进一步准备，有一项默示保证，在每一阶段开始时，为各该阶段之目的，船舶就有关此种准备或装备是适航的。

（4）船舶在所有方面合理适宜面对承保的海上冒险中通常海上危险，即被视为适航。（5）在船舶定期保险单中，不存在船舶在海上冒险的任何阶段应当适航的默示保证，但若被保险人私谋，将处于不适航状态下的船舶派出海，保险人对可归因于不适航的任何损失不负责任。

第40条无货物适航的默示保证（No implied warranty that goods are seaworthy）

（1）In a policy on goods or other movables there is no implied warranty that the goods or movables ar

e seaworthy.

(2) In a voyage policy on goods or other movables there is an implied warranty that at the com mencement of the voyage the ship is not only seaworthy as a ship, but also that she is reasonably fi t to carry the goods or other movables to the destination contemplated by the policy.”

（1）在货物或其他动产的保险单中，不存在该货物或动产适航的默示保证。

（2）在货物或其他动产的航次保险单中，存在着一项默示保证：在船舶航次开始当时，不仅船舶本身适航，而且船舶还合理适宜运送货物或其他动产至保险单预定的目的地。

第41条合法保证（Warranty of legality）

There is an implied warranty that the adventure insured is a lawful one, and that, so far as the as sured can control the matter, the adventure shall be carried out in a lawful manner.

有一项承保的海上冒险是合法的默示保证，且就被保险人所能控制的问题而言，该海上冒险应当以合法的方式进行。

航程（The Voyage）

第42条关于风险开始的默示条件（Implied condition as to commencement of risk）

42.(1) Where the subject-matter is insured by a voyage policy …at and from? or …from? a particula r place, it is not necessary that the ship should be at that place when the contract is concluded, but there is an implied condition that the adventure shall be commenced within a reasonable time, and that if the adventure be not so commenced the insurer may avoid the contract.

(2) The implied condition any be negative by showing that the delay was caused by circumstanc es known to the insurer before the contract was concluded, or by showing that he waived the condi tion.

42．（1）在保险标的是按“在和从”或“从”某一特定地点开始的航次保险单承保之场合，在签订该合同时，该船无需在该指定地点，但有一项默示条件，即该冒险应在合理时间内开始，如果该冒险未在该时间内开始，保险人可以撤销合同。

（2）通过证明延迟是由于保险人在签订保险合同之前已知道的情况造成的，或证明保险人已放弃该默示条件，该默示条件可以被否定。

第43条启航港的变更（Alteration of port of departure）

43. Where the place of departure is specified by the policy, and the

ship instead of sailing from that place sails from any other place, the risk

does not attach.

43．在保险单已明确规定了启航地之情况下，船舶未从该地而是从任何其他地点启航，保险单不承保该风险。

第44条驶往不同的目的港（Sailing for different destination）

44. Where the place destination is specified in the policy, and the ship, instead of sailing for that destination, sails for any other destination, the risk does not attach.

44．若保险单已明确规定了目的港，但船舶不驶往该目的港，而驶往任何其他目的港时，保险单不承保该风险。

第45条改变航程（Change of voyage）

45.(1) Where, after the commencement of the risk, the destination of the ship is voluntarily chan

ged from the destination contemplated by the policy there is said to be a change of voyage.

(2) Unless the policy otherwise provides, where there is a change of voyage, the insurer is disch arged from liability as from the time of change , that is to say, as from the time when the determin ation to change it is manifested; and it is immaterial that the ship may not in fact have left the cour se of voyage contemplated by the policy when the loss occurs.

45．（1）如果在风险开始后，船舶自愿地改变保险单预定的目的港，即构成航程变更。（2）除非保险单另有规定，如存在航程变更，保险人自该变更之时起，亦即，自变更决定被证明之时起，即免除责任；至于船舶发生灭失当时可能事实上尚未偏离保险单预定的航线则无关紧要。

第46条绕航（Deviation）

46.(1) Where a ship, without lawful excuse, deviates from the voyage contemplated by the polic y, the insurer is discharged from liability as from the time of deviation, and it is immaterial that the ship may have regained her route before any loss occurs.

(2) There is a deviation from the voyage contemplated by the policy –

Where the course of the voyage is specifically designated by the policy, and that course is depar ted from; or

Where the course of the voyage is not specifically designated by the policy, but the usual and cu stomary course is departed from.

(3) The intention to deviate is immaterial; there must be a deviation in fact to discharge the insu rer from his liability under the contract.

46．（1）如果在无合法理由的情况下，船舶自保险单预定的航线绕航，保险人自该绕航之时起解除责任，船舶在任何损失发生前可能已回到原航线无关紧要。

（2）下列情形即属自保险单预定的航线绕航在保险单已明确规定了航程航线的情况下，船舶驶离该航线；

在保险单未明确规定航程的航线之场合，船舶驶离通常和习惯的航线

（3）绕航的意图无关紧要，必须有绕航的事实，保险人方可解除合同项下的责任。

第47条数个卸货港（Several ports of discharge）

47.-(1) Where several ports of discharge are specified by the policy, the ship may proceed to all or any of them, but, in the absence of any usage of sufficient cause to the contrary, she must proce ed to them, or such of them as she goes to , in the order designated by the policy. If she does not th ere is a deviation.

(2) Where the policy is to …ports of discharge,? within a given area, which are not named, the shi p must, in the absence of any usage or sufficient cause to the contrary, proceed to them, or such of them as she goes to , in their geographical order. If she does not there is a deviation.

47．（1）如果保险单载明数个卸货港，船舶可以驶往全部或其中任何一个港口，但若没有相反的习惯或充分的理由，船舶必须按照保险单定明的次序，顺序驶经各个港口或其中几个港口。如果船舶违反上述次序，即构成绕航。

（2）若保险单载明某个区域内的“卸货港口”，但未载明港名，在没有相反的习惯或充足的理由的情况下，船舶必须按照地理上的远近顺序驶抵各港口或其中几个港口。如船舶违反该次序，即构成绕航。

第48条航程延迟（Delay in voyage）

48. In the case of a voyage policy, the adventure insured must be prosecuted throughout its cour se with reasonable dispatch, and, if without lawful excuse it is not so prosecuted, the insurer is dis charged from liability as from the time when the delay became unreasonable.

48．在航次保险单的情况下，承保航程在整个过程中必须合理迅速地完成，如果不能如此完成又无合法的理由，保险人自延迟成为不合理之时起解除责任。

第49条获准绕航或延迟（Excuses for deviation or delay）

49.(1) Deviation or delay in prosecuting the voyage contemplated by the policy is excused-

(a) Where authorized by any special term in the policy; or

(b) Where caused by circumstances beyond the control of the master and his employer; or

(c) Where reasonably necessary in order to comply with an express or implied warranty; or

(d) Where reasonably necessary for the safety of the ship or

subject-matter insured; or

(e) For the purpose of saving human life, or aiding a ship in distress where human life may be in danger; or

(f) Where reasonably necessary for the purpose of obtaining medical or surgical aid for any pers on on board the ship; or

(g) Where caused by the barratrous conduct of the master or crew, if barratry be one of the peril s insured against.

(2) When the cause excusing the deviation or delay ceases to operate, the ship must resume her course, and prosecute her voyage, with reasonable dispatch.”

49.（1）船舶在完成保险单载明的航程中，下述绕航或延迟是许可的：

(a) 保险单中特殊条款授权者；

(b) 船长或其雇员不能控制的情况造成的；

(c) 为遵循明示或默示保证所合理必要的；

(d) 为船舶或保险标的的安全所合理必要的；

(e) 为救助人命或为救护有人命危险的遇难船舶；

(f) 为船上任何人员合理地及时得到内、外科治疗所合理必要的；

(g) 如果“船长、船员欺诈恶行”是承保风险，由于船长或船员的欺诈恶行造成的。

(2) 一旦允许绕航或迟延的理由终止，船舶必须合理快速地回复其原航线并完成其航程。

保险单的转让（Assignment of Policy）

第50条何时及如何转让保险单（When and how policy is assignable）

“50.-(1) A marine policy is assignable unless it contains terms expressly prohibiting assignment. It may be assigned either before or after loss.

(2) Where a marine policy has been assigned so as to pass the beneficial interest in such policy, the assignee of the policy is entitled to sue thereon in his own name; and the defendant is entitled t o make any defence arising out of the contract which he would have been entitled to make if the a ction had been brought in the name of the person by or on behalf of whom the policy was effected.

(3) A marine policy may be assigned by endorsement thereon or in other customary manner.

50.（1）除非保险单中明文规定禁止转让，海上保险单可以在损失发生前或发生后转让。（2）在海上保险已经转让，以便转移此种保险单中的利益之场合，保险单的受让人有权以自已的名义起诉，被告有权援用该合同引起的任何抗辩，好像诉讼是由订立保险单的人或

代表他提起的一样。

（3）海上保险单可以用在保险单上背书或用其他习惯方式转让。

第51条无保险利益者不能转让保险单（Assured who has no interest cannot assign）

51. Where the assured has parted with or lost his interest in the subject-matter insured, and has not, before or at the time of so doing, expressly or impliedly agreed to assign the policy, any subse quent assignment of the policy is inoperative;

Provided that nothing in this section affects the assignment of a policy after loss.

51．在被保险人对保险标的已经没有或丧失利益，且在此之前或当时未明示或默示同意转让保险单之情况下，则随后保险单的任何转让均属无效。

但本条规定不影响在发生损失之后的保险单转让。

保险费（The Premium）

第52条何时缴付保险费（When premium payable）

52．Unless otherwise agreed, the duty of the assured or his agent to pay the premium, and the d uty of the insured to issue the policy to the assured or his agent, are concurrent conditions, and the insurer is not bound to issue the policy until payment or tender of the premium.

52．除非另有协议，被保险人或其代理人支付保险费的义务，与保险人向被保险人或其代理人签发保险单的义务是对流条件，在支付或提交保险费之前，保险人没有义务签发保险单。

第53条通过经纪人订立的保险单（Policy effected through broker ）

53．（1）Unless otherwise agreed, where a marine policy is effected on behalf of the assured by a broker, th e broker is directly responsible to the insurer for the premium, and the insurer is directly responsib le to the assured for the amount which may be payable in respect of losses, or in respect of returna ble premium.

(2) Unless otherwise agreed, the broker has, as against the assured, a lien upon the policy for the amount of the premium and his charges in respect of effecting the policy; and, where he has dealt with the person who employs him as a principal, he has also a lien on the policy in respect of any balance on any insurance account which may be due to him from such person, unless when the de bt was incurred he had reason to believe that such person was only an agent.

53．(1) 除非另有约定，在海上保险单是由经纪人代表被保险人办理之场合，该经纪人应对保险人就该保险费承担直接责任，关于因灭失应付之赔偿或可退还的保险费，保险人应向被险人直接负责。

(2) 除非另有约定，经纪人就其缴纳的保险费和他代办投保的费用，对被保险人享有留置保险单的权利；经纪人如果同作为雇主雇用他的人打交道，而在保险账目中该人有应当支付他的余额时，他也有留置保险单的权利，除非这种债务产生时，他有理由相信此种人只是一个代理人。

第54条收据对保险单的效果（Effect of receipt on policy）

54．Where a marine policy effected on behalf of the assured by a broker acknowledges the rece ipt of the premium, such acknowledgment is, in the absence of fraud, conclusive as between the in

surer and the assured, but not as between the insurer and broker.

54．如果海上保险单由经纪人代表被保险人订立，确认收到保险费的收据，在没有欺诈的情况下，此种确认在保险人与被保险人之间是确证，但在保险人与经纪人之间不是最终证明。

灭失及委付（Loss and Abandonment）

第55条保险和除外灭失（Included and excluded losses）

55.(1) Included and excluded losses Subject to the provisions of this Act, and unless the policy otherwise provides, the insurer is liable for any loss proximately caused by a peril insured against, but, subject as aforesaid, he is not liable for any loss which is not proximately caused by a peril ins ured against.

(2) In particular-

(a) The insurer is not liable for any loss attributable to the willful misconduct of the assured, but , unless the policy otherwise provides, he is liable for any loss proximately caused by a peril insur ed against, even though the loss would not have happened but for the misconduct or negligence of the master or crew;

(b) Unless the policy otherwise provides , the insurer on ship or goods is not liable for any loss proximately caused by delay, although the delay be caused by a peril insured against;

(c) Unless the policy otherwise provides, the insurer is not liable for ordinary wear and tear, ord inary leakage and breakage, inherent vice or nature of the subject-matter insured, or for any loss pr oximately caused by rats or vermin, or for any injury to machinery not proximately caused by mar itime perils.

55、承保风险及除外风险

(1)本法规定及除保险单另有规定外，保险人对承保风险作为近因而导致的任何损失承担保险责任，但是，如前所述，保险人将不对承保风险并非近因而导致的任何损失承担保险责任。

(2) 尤其是-

(a) 保险人不承担由被保险人恶意行为所导致的任何损失，但除非保单另有规定，保险人对承保风险直接导致的任何损失承担责任，尽管若非船长或船员的恶意行为或疏忽该损失将不会发生；

(b) 除非保单另有规定，船舶险或货物险保险人将不对由迟延直接导致的任何损失承担责任，尽管该迟延是由承保风险所引起；

(c) 除非保险单另有规定，对通常磨损、渗漏和破裂，保险标的固有缺陷或特性，或者鼠害或虫害造成的任何损失，或者不是海上危险造成的机器损坏，保险人不负赔偿责任。

第56条部分损失和全损（Partial and total loss）

56.(1) a loss may be either total or partial. Any loss other than total loss, as hereinafter defined, i s a partial loss.

(2) A total loss may be either an actual total loss, or a constructive total loss.

(3) Unless a different intention appears from the terms of the policy, an insurance against total l oss includes a constructive, as well as an actual, total loss.

(4) Where the assured brings an action for a total loss and the evidence proves only a partial los s, he may, unless the policy otherwise provides, recover for a partial loss.

(5) Where goods reach their destination in specie, but by reason of obliteration of marks, or othe

rwise, they are incapable of identification, the loss, if any, is partial, and not total.”

56.(1) 损失可以为全损或部分损失。任何非本法下文所规定的全损的损失，为部分损失。

(2) 全损可以为实际全损，或者推定全损。

(3) 除非保险单条款另有不同的意思，全损险除承保实际全损外，还承保推定全损。

(4) 被保险人提出全损诉讼请求，而证据证明仅为部分损失的，除保险单另有规定外，他可以索赔部分损失。

(5) 货物以原有品种抵达目的地，只是由于标识之涂擦或者其他原因而无法识别的，该损失，如果有的话，是部分损失而非全损。

第57条实际全损（Actual total loss）

57.(1) Where the subject-matter is destroyed, or so damaged as to cease to be a thing of the kind insured, or where the assured is irretrievably deprived thereof, there is an actual total loss.

(2) In the case of an actual total loss no notice of abandonment need be given.

57．(1) 当保险标的完全灭失，或者损坏程度严重到不再是与原保险标的类似的事物，或者被保险人无可挽回地丧失了该保险标的者，构成实际全损。

(2) 发生实际全损的，无须发送委付通知。

第58条船舶失踪（Missing ship）

58．Missing ship- Where the ship concerned in the adventure is missing, and after the lapse of a reasonable time no n ews of her has been received, an actual total loss may be presumed.

58．船舶失踪－如果在海上冒险中有关的船舶失踪，在一段合理的时间过后，仍未收到任何消息，则可推定为实际全损.

第59条转运的效果（Effect of transshipment, etc.）

59 .Where, by a peril insured against, the voyage is interrupted at an intermediate port or place, under such circumstances as, apart from any special stipulation in the contract of affreightment, to justify the master in landing and re-shipping the goods or other movables, or in transshipping them , and sending them on to their destination, the liability of the insurer

continues notwithstanding the landing or transshipment.

59．如果由于承保危险使航程在中途港或中途某地中断，除了运输合同中的任何特殊规定之外，在船长有将货物或其他动产卸下及重装，或转船运往其目的港的正当理由的情况下，保险人应继续承担责任，尽管发生了该卸岸或转运。

第60条推定全损的定义（Constructive total loss defined）

60.(1)Subject to any express provision in the policy, there is a constructive total loss where the s ubject-matter insured is reasonably abandoned on account of its actual total loss appearing to be u navoidable, or because it could not be preserved from actual total loss without an expenditure whi ch would exceed its value when the expenditure had been incurred.

(2)In particular, there is a constructive total loss-

(i) Where the assured is deprived of the possession of his ship or goods by a peril insured agains t, and (a) it is unlikely that he can recover the ship or goods, as the case may be, or (b) the cost of r ecovering the ship or goods, as the case may be, would exceed their value when recovered; or

(ii) In the case of damage to a ship, where she is so damaged by a peril insured against, that the

cost of repairing the damage would exceed the value of the ship when repaired.

In estimating the cost of repairs, no deduction is to be made in respect of general average contri butions to those repairs payable by other interests, but account is to be taken of the expense of futu re salvage operations and of any future general average contributions to which the ship would be li able if repaired; or

(iii) In the case of damage to goods, where the cost of repairing the damage and forwarding the goods to their destination would exceed their value on arrival.

60.(1) 除保险单另有明文规定外，保险标的因其全部损失看起来不可避免，或者为避免实际全损所需的费用将超过其本身价值的原因而被合理放弃的，即构成推定全损。

(2) 尤其在下列情况下，构成推定全损：

(i) 因承保危险使被保险人丧失对其船、货的占有，并且(a) 按照情况，被保险人不大可能收回船舶和货物，或者(b) 依据情况，收回船、货的费用将超过其收回后的价值；或

(ii) 船舶受损的，因承保危险使船舶所受损坏严重到修理船损的费用将超过修理后船舶的价值的情况。

在估算修理费用时，由其他利益方支付的修理费用的共同海损分摊额不应被扣除，但是应当把将来的救助费用以及船舶如经修缮即应负担的共同海损分摊额计算在内；

(iii) 货物受损的，修理受损货物以及将货物续运到目的地的费用，将超过货物到达目的地时的价值的情况。

第61条推定全损的效果（Effect of constructive total loss）

61. Where there is a constructive total loss the assured may either treat the loss as a partial loss, or abandon the subject-matter insured to the insurer and treat the loss as if it were an actual total lo ss

61.若发生推定全损，被保险人可以将其视为部分损失，也可以把保险标的委付给保险人，将该损失视为如同实际全损一样。

第62条委付通知（Notice of abandonment）

“62(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, where the assured elects to abandon the subject-matter insured to the insurer, he must give

notice of abandonment. If he fails to do so the loss can only be treated as

a partial loss”

(2) Notice of abandonment may be given in writing, or by word of mouth,

or partly by word of mouth, and may be given in any terms, which indicate

the intention of the assured to abandon his insured interest in the

subject-matter insured unconditionally to the insurer.

(3) Notice of abandonment must be given with reasonable diligence after

the receipt of reliable information of the loss, but where the information

is of a doubtful character the assured is entitled to a reasonable time to

make inquiry.

(4) Where notice of abandonment is properly given, the rights of the

assured are not prejudiced by the fact that the insurer refuses to accept

the abandonment.

(5) The acceptance of abandonment may be either express or implied from

the conduct of the insurer, The mere silence of the insurer after notice is

英国海上保险法06年

英国海上保险法 （一九０六年） （现行有效） 第一条 海上保险契约，系保险人向被保险人允诺，于被保险人蒙受海上损害，即海事冒验所发生之损害时，应依约定之条款及数额负责赔偿之契约。 第二条 （一）海上保险契约得因明订条款，或商业习惯，扩展其范围，凡被保险人与海程有关之内河或陆地危险均得受该契约之保障。 （二）船舶在建造中，在下水时或在其他类似海事冒险时，凡投保海上保险者，本法在可能范围内均应适用，但除本条所规定者外，对于海上保险以外之保险法律不发生影响。 第三条 （一）所有海事冒险，均得依本法之规定，订立海上保险契约。 （二）下列各款均属海事冒险情节。 甲、船舶货物或其他动产有蒙受海上危险可能者，是项财产在本法即称为“受保财产”。 乙、收益、运费、客票、佣金、利得、或其他金钱利益或垫款，借贷，或日用开支等项，因“受保财产”蒙受海上危险可能发生影响者。 丙、“受保财产”之所有人，利书关系人或负责人，因海上危险对第三者发生赔偿责任可能者。 海上危险指称因航海所发生之一切危险，例如海难、火烧、兵灾海盗、流氓、窃盗、捕获、拘捕、禁止以及君王人民之扣押，投弃，船员故意行为，或其他保险契约所注明之危险。 保险利益 第四条 （一）以赌博为目的而订立之海上保险契约，应为无效。 （二）凡海上保险契约，有下列情节者应认为赌博契约： 甲、被保险人无本法规定之保险利益者；或在订约时，无取得是项利益之希望者。 乙、保险契约订有下列或其他类订条款者，例如“无论有无利害关系”，“除本契约外无须再证明其他利害关系”，“保险人并无捞救利益”。 但因捞救无望而于契约内载有是项注明者不在此限。 第五条 （一）凡与海事冒险发生利益关系之人，均得依本法之规定认为有保险利益。 （二）凡对于海事冒险或受保财产，立于法律上或利害上，关系地位之人，于该受保财产安全时，或按期到达时，即蒙利益，于发生损失时，或扣押时，即发生损害或赔偿，即称

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英国指南.英国的内政.英国的政体 （1）君主政制 女王拥有什么权力？ 王国政府代表英王（即宪法赋予其统治王国权力的人）及政府，也是最高行政机构的象征。英女王拥有王国政府的统治权，但行使有关权力的，一般都是向国会负责的部长级官员，因此英国实际上是由英国政府代替女王管治的。然而，大部分重要的政府议案仍须得到女王同意方可获得通过。 国会 女王有权召开、解散或下令国会休会。新一年度国会在召开第一次会议前，女王均会发表一篇由政府官员撰写的演辞，内容主要简述政府新一年的工作大纲。每项议案均须得到女王在国会两院宣布正式批准方能成为法律。 女王在部长的建议下有权特赦囚犯或宣布减刑。根据法律规定，女王个人是不会犯法的——因为她获民事及刑事起诉的豁免权，法庭也不能起诉她。然而，其他王室成员却不能享有该项豁免权。 勋衔及委任女王有权册封贵族、颁授爵位及其他勋衔。受勋人士名单通常由首相提名，但某些勋衔则由女王自己决定。许多重要的国家职位均由女王委任，人选则由首相或有关内阁大臣提名。 外交政策 各国派驻伦敦的外交人员均须得到女王的同意，她有权缔结条约、发动战争或议和、确认海外国家及政府、吞并及割让领土。 枢密院 女王负责主持枢密院的会议。按君主特权所订立的枢密令，以及其他法令均是由枢密院通过的。君主特权包括组织行政机关，而政府的权力则受制于宪法习惯（这些规则本身并非法律，但对政府的运作却异常重要）。 所有涉及君主特权的行为，均须由有关部长负责执行，他们须向国会负责，并就各项政策接受国会议员的质询。国会有权撤消或限制有关特权的行使。 除了听取各项报告外，女王也可随时就国民生活情况向其官员发表意见。 为什么英女王有两个生日呢？ 女王的出生日期是在4月21日。但传统以来，英国人都习惯于夏天庆祝君王的寿辰。由1805年起，英国人开始以举行军旗礼来庆祝君王的官方寿辰，日期通常是定于6月的第二个周末。 这个仪式的本来目的是让士兵熟识其所属兵团的旗帜式样，以便日后行军打仗时易于识别。五个步兵团，包括近卫步兵第一团、Coldsteam步兵团、苏格兰、爱尔兰及威尔士步兵团，每年按编制负责于仪式上展示其军旗。 仪式开始时，女王会在王室骑兵军官的陪同下骑马离开白金汉宫，沿着林荫大道步往骑兵卫队的阅兵场，检阅五百名卫兵。军旗礼展示的军旗依照卫兵的官阶高低排列，每队卫兵随着军旗带领，在步兵团的陪同下，分列式步操经过女王面前。至于女王正式生日当天，并无特别仪式举行，只是各政府大楼会有升国旗及播放国歌，以示庆祝。 王位继承人的排列次序如下： 1.威尔斯王储（1948年生）

1906英国海上保险法(中英文对照版)

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英国海上保险法(一九０六年) 第一条 海上保险契约，系保险人向被保险人允诺，于被保险人蒙受海上损害，即海事冒验所发生之损害时，应依约定之条款及数额负责赔偿之契约。 第二条 (一)海上保险契约得因明订条款，或商业习惯，扩展其范围，凡被保险人与海程有关之内河或陆地危险均得受该契约之保障。 (二)船舶在建造中，在下水时或在其他类似海事冒险时，凡投保海上保险者,本法在可能范围内均应适用，但除本条所规定者外，对于海上保险以外之保险法律不发生影响。 第三条 (一)所有海事冒险，均得依本法之规定，订立海上保险契约。 (二)下列各款均属海事冒险情节。 甲、船舶货物或其他动产有蒙受海上危险可能者，是项财产在本法即称为“受保财产”。 乙、收益、运费、客票、佣金、利得、或其他金钱利益或垫款，借贷，或日用开支等项，因“受保财产”蒙受海上危险可能发生影响者。 丙、“受保财产”之所有人，利书关系人或负责人，因海上危险对第三者发生赔偿责任可能者。 海上危险指称因航海所发生之一切危险，例如海难、火烧、兵灾海盗、流氓、窃盗、捕获、拘捕、禁止以及君王人民之扣押，投弃，船员故意行为，或其他保险契约所注明之危险。 保险利益 第四条 (一)以赌博为目的而订立之海上保险契约，应为无效。 (二)凡海上保险契约，有下列情节者应认为赌博契约： 甲、被保险人无本法规定之保险利益者；或在订约时，无取得是项利益之希望者。 乙、保险契约订有下列或其他类订条款者，例如“无论有无利害关系”，“除本契约外无须再证明其他利害关系”，“保险人并无捞救利益”。 但因捞救无望而于契约内载有是项注明者不在此限。 第五条 (一)凡与海事冒险发生利益关系之人，均得依本法之规定认为有保险利益。 (二)凡对于海事冒险或受保财产，立于法律上或利害上，关系地位之人，于该受保财产安全时，或按期到达时，即蒙利益，于发生损失时，或扣押时，即发生损害或赔偿，即称为利害关系人。 第六条 (一)在保险契约订立时，被保人对于标的物固无发生利益关系之必要，但在标的物发生灭失时，被保险人必须享有保险利益。标的物之保险，系以“危险之有无”为条件者，虽然灭失发生后，始取得利益时，仍得请求损害赔偿，但保险契约订立时，被保险人明知已灭失，而保险人不知者，不在此限。 (二)被保险人如在灭失发生时并无保险利益者，无论其嗣后行为若何，均不能取得保险利益。 第七条 (一)属于消灭性之利益得为保险，其属于本来之利益亦得为保险。 (二)例如货物承买人，虽因货物迟延交付，或其他原因，得拒收货物。或将危险责任加诸原售主时，仍有保险利益，得为保险。 第八条 一部分利益，无论其性质若何，均得保险。 第九条 (一)保险人对海上保险契约，享有利益得为再保险。

英国1906年海上保险法(doc 25)

英国1906年海上保险法(doc 25)

英国1906年海上保险法 1906年颁布,1907年1月1日实施) 第一条 海上保险契约，系保险人向被保险人允诺，于被保险人蒙受海上损害，即海事冒验所发生之损害时，应依约定之条款及数额负责赔偿之契约。 第二条 (一)海上保险契约得因明订条款，或商业习惯，扩展其范围，凡被保险人与海程有关之内河或陆地危险均得受该契约之保障。 (二)船舶在建造中，在下水时或在其他类似海事冒险时，凡投保海上保险者，本法在可能范围内均应适用，但除本条所规定者外，对于海上保险以外之保险法律不发生影响。

第四条 (一)以赌博为目的而订立之海上保险契约，应为无效。 (二)凡海上保险契约，有下列情节者应认为赌博契约： 甲、被保险人无本法规定之保险利益者；或在订约时，无取得是项利益之希望者。 乙、保险契约订有下列或其他类订条款者，例如“无论有无利害关系”，“除本契约外无须再证明其他利害关系”，“保险人并无捞救利益”。 但因捞救无望而于契约内载有是项注明者不在此限。 第五条 (一)凡与海事冒险发生利益关系之人，均得依本法之规定认为有保险利益。 (二) 凡对于海事冒险或受保财产，立于法律上或利害上，关系地位之人，于该受保财产

安全时，或按期到达时，即蒙利益，于发生损失时，或扣押时，即发生损害或赔偿，即称为利害关系人。 第六条 (一)在保险契约订立时，被保人对于标的物固无发生利益关系之必要，但在标的物发生灭失时，被保险人必须享有保险利益。标的物之保险，系以“危险之有无”为条件者，虽然灭失发生后，始取得利益时，仍得请求损害赔偿，但保险契约订立时，被保险人明知已灭失，而保险人不知者，不在此限。 (二)被保险人如在灭失发生时并无保险利益者，无论其嗣后行为若何，均不能取得保险利益。 第七条 (一)属于消灭性之利益得为保险，其属于本来之利益亦得为保险。

2015英国保险法评述模板

英国2015年保险法评述 作者：发布时间：2015-04-30 浏览量：1583 英国2015年保险法（The Insurance Act 2015, UK，以下简称“新法”)已于2015年2月12在英国议会获得通过，将于2016年8月生效，除该法第二部分（公平提示义务）仅适用于“非消费者保险”（Non-consumer Insurance)（包括海上保险、再保险等）外（因为在这方面另外已有The Consumer Insurance (Disclosure and Representations) Act 2012调整消费者保险），该法也适用于所有“消费者保险”（Consumer Insurance)。 本文根据英国法律委员会（LAWCOMMISSION）网站 （https://www.wendangku.net/doc/cb6840670.html,)资料、作者参加2013年4月25日 SWANSEA UNIVERSITY组织在伦敦英国保险人协会召开的专题研讨会论文集、其礼律师事务所（CLYDE & CO)上海代表处合伙人张逸伟律师提供的该所网站资料、英士律师事务所北京代表处顾问郭旭先生提供的该所中英文专题评述等资料写成，但对本中可能存在的错误，由本文作者负责，与资料提供者无关。此外，本文作者不是英国律师，本文的观点不能作为相关英国法律的参照，仅用于学术探讨，希望对中国保险法和海商法的完善有所借鉴。 英国2015年保险法被视为英国100年来，即自英国1906年海上保险法 （The Marine Insurance Act 1906, 简称MIA1906或“旧法”）以来，英国保险法最重要的变革。该法的修改涉及下述英国法律： （1）The Marine Insurance Act 1906； （2）The Third Parties (Rights against Insurers) Act 2010; （3）The Road Traffic Act 1988; （4）The Consumer Insurance (Disclosure and Representations) Act 2012; （5）The Road Traffic (North Ireland) Order 1981。 英国2015年保险法也被视为英国“无争议法律委员会立法”的典范，从2006年法律委员会立项开始，经过法律委员会、法律界和保险界的委员、法官、专家、律师和相关从业者的多次辩论和研讨,并借鉴了国际海事委员会（CMI)的比较研究成果、澳大利亚保险法和挪威海上保险条款（NMIP)等，最后的法律文本不厌其烦地对相关法律术语环环相扣作出定义，以便于业界操作和避免法律纠纷。 一．立法背景 保险合同是合同的一种，故须遵循合同法的一般原则，有效的合同须符合下述4个方面的要求：（1）要约及承诺；（2）缔约能力；（3）对价（约因）；和（4）建立法律关系的意图。

海上保险法试题库

海上保险法习题集 一、单项选择题 1．从法学的角度看，保险是一种（ A ）。 A．合同行为 B．经济制度 C．风险转移机制 D．社会保障制度 2．以下（ B）保险不属于财产保险。 A．信用保险 B．人寿保险 C．责任保险 D．保证保险 3．保险起源于（ D ）。 A．保证保险 B．财产保险 C．责任保险 D．海上保险 4．根据保险标的的不同，可以将保险分为（ B ）。 A．商业与社会保险 B．财产与人身保险 C．责任与保证保险 D．A+B+C 5．在世界上影响最大的一部海上保险法是（ D ）。 A．中国海商法 B．英国海商法 C．中国海上保险法 D．英国1906年海上保险法

6．保险的前提要素是（ D ）。 A．损失赔付 B．众人协力 C．防灾防损 D．危险存在 7．保险的基本职能是（ A ）。 A．经济补偿 B．防灾防损 C．发展经济 D．巩固生产8．下列有关近代保险形式的说法中，错误的是（ C ）。 A．近代财产保险制度始于海上保险 B．18世纪后半叶英国成为世界海上保险中心 C．第一家火灾保险公司出现在法国D．比较完整的近代人身保险始于英国 9．现实生活中，下列不能保险的危险是（ C ）。 A．自然灾害 B．经营风险 C．道德风险 D．意外事故 10．我国保险法中所说的保险是（ C ）。 A．社会保险 B．劳动保险 C．商业保险 D．合作保险 11．下列（ D ）不属于风险的特性。 A. 客观性 B. 损失性 C. 不确定性 D. 确定性

12．下列（ D ）不属于按来源划分出的风险。 A. 自然风险 B. 社会风险 C. 经济风险 D. 人身风险 11．保险价值（ B ）。 A. 是保险人与被保险人约定的保险标的的投保金额 B. 是保险人与被保险人约定的保险标的的价值 C. 是被保险人向保险人申报的保险标的的价值 D. 必须是保险标的的实际价值 12．保险金额（ C ）。 A. 可以超过保险价值 B. 是保险标的的实际价值 C. 不得超过保险价值，超过部分无效 D. 是保险标的的保险价值 13．根据我国《海商法219》的规定，保险人与被保险人未约定保险价值的，船舶的保险价值(A) A.是保险责任开始时船舶的价值 B.是发生事故时船舶的市场价

英国名胜介绍(英文版)

London introduction London,the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Europe's largest city, one of the world's two major（主要）center city, is one of the most prosperous（繁荣的）global city. London is the center of economic（经济的）financial（财务的）and trade （贸易）in Europe and the United States of New York, tied for the world's most important financial center. The Big Ben, Tower Bridge Big Ben is Elizabeth Tower. London's famous ancient（报时）bell, the palace of Westminster clock. The British Parliament （英国国会）meeting hall clock tower, built in 1859. Tower bridge is the Tower Bridge of London. Tower Bridge of London is the first bridge the river Thames from where it begins, is a symbol （象征）of London, "London front gate", was built in 1886. The London Eye The London Eye, The London Eye, British Airways, also known as the Millennium（千禧）Wheel, is located（位于）the banks of the river Thames in London, is the world's fourth largest Ferris wheel, is one of the landmarks（标志）of London, is one of the most attractive（具有吸引力的）tourist attractions（旅游景点）in London. Thames River Thames River is a famous British mother river, rising in southwest Coates Ward Hills（科茨沃特丘陵）of England, 338 kilometers in length. Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace is the Royal Palace（王宫）, built in 1703 and named for the Duke of Buckingham（以白金汉公爵命名）. Westminster Cathedral Westminster Cathedral（威斯敏斯特大教堂）is located in the North Bank of the Thames River, was a Benedictine monastery（修道院）, founded（成立）in the year 960 ad（公元960年）, was expanded（扩建）in 1045, built in 1065. Tate Museum of Contemporary Art The Tate Museum of Contemporary Art（泰特现代美术馆）is located in the South Bank of Thames River, face each other across the river and the St.Paul's Cathedral, connecting（连接）them is the Millennium Bridge across Thames River. St.Paul's Cathedral St.Paul's Cathedral located in London, a representative（代表）of Baroque style architecture （巴洛克风格的建筑）, is the world's second largest dome（圆顶）of the church, it imitated（模仿的）Papal Basilica（教皇的教堂）of Saint Peter in Rome（整体为罗马圣彼得大教堂）, is the representative of British classical architecture. University of Oxford The University of Oxford is a public university located in the city of Oxford, founded in 1167, is the oldest university in the English speaking world. Stratford Evan upon Avon Ford （埃文的斯特拉特福德）(Stratford) is located on the banks of the Evan River, a beautiful city is the greatest playwright（剧作家）of England, the hometown of Shakespeare（莎士比亚）.

英国1906年海上保险法 中文版

英国1906年海上保险法 (1906年颁布,1907年1月1日实施) 第一条 海上保险契约，系保险人向被保险人允诺，于被保险人蒙受海上损害，即海事冒验所发生之损害时，应依约定之条款及数额负责赔偿之契约。 第二条 (一) 海上保险契约得因明订条款，或商业习惯，扩展其范围，凡被保险人与海程有关之内河或陆地危险均得受该契约之保障。 (二) 船舶在建造中，在下水时或在其他类似海事冒险时，凡投保海上保险者，本法在可能范围内均应适用，但除本条所规定者外，对于海上保险以外之保险法律不发生影响。 第三条 (一) 所有海事冒险，均得依本法之规定，订立海上保险契约。 (二) 下列各款均属海事冒险情节。 甲、船舶货物或其他动产有蒙受海上危险可能者，是项财产在本法即称为“受保财产”。 乙、收益、运费、客票、佣金、利得、或其他金钱利益或垫款，借贷，或日用开支等项，因“受保财产”蒙受海上危险可能发生影响者。 丙、“受保财产”之所有人，利书关系人或负责人，因海上危险对第三者发生赔偿责任可能者。 海上危险指称因航海所发生之一切危险，例如海难、火烧、兵灾海盗、流氓、窃盗、捕获、拘捕、禁止以及君王人民之扣押，投弃，船员故意行为，或其他保险所注明之危险。 保险利益 第四条 (一) 以赌博为目的而订立之海上保险契约，应为无效。 (二) 凡海上保险契约，有下列情节者应认为赌博契约： 甲、被保险人无本法规定之保险利益者；或在订约时，无取得是项利益之希望者。 乙、保险契约订有下列或其他类订条款者，例如“无论有无利害关系”，“除本契约外无须再证明其他利害关系”，“保险人并无捞救利益”。 但因捞救无望而于契约内载有是项注明者不在此限。 第五条 (一) 凡与海事冒险发生利益关系之人，均得依本法之规定认为有保险利益。 (二) 凡对于海事冒险或受保财产，立于法律上或利害上，关系地位之人，于该受保财产安全时，或按期到达时，即蒙利益，于发生损失时，或扣押时，即发生损害或赔偿，即称为利害关系人。 第六条 (一) 在保险契约订立时，被保人对于标的物固无发生利益关系之必要，但在标的物发生灭失时，被保险人必须享有保险利益。标的物之保险，系以“危险之有无”为条件者，虽然灭失发生后，始取得利益时，仍得请求损害赔偿，但保险契约订立时，被保险人明知已灭失，而保险人不知者，不在此限。 (二) 被保险人如在灭失发生时并无保险利益者，无论其嗣后行为若何，均不能取得保险利益。 第七条 (一) 属于消灭性之利益得为保险，其属于本来之利益亦得为保险。 (二) 例如货物承买人，虽因货物迟延交付，或其他原因，得拒收货物。或将危险责任加诸原售主时，仍有保险利益，得为保险。 第八条 一部分利益，无论其性质若何，均得保险。 第九条