托福长难句(完整版)

Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.”

（OG-Applied arts and fine arts）

长难句类型：抽象词难度：3

语法分析：Although we now tend to refer to the various crafts according to the materials used to construct them-clay, glass, wood, fiber, and metal-it was once common to think of crafts in terms of function, which led to their being known as the “applied arts.”

译文：尽管现在我们倾向于根据工艺品的制造材料——比如黏土、玻璃、木头、纤维以及金属——对他们进行分类，但根据工艺品的功能进行分类（这一做法）在过去曾经很流行，（这一做法）导致了这些工艺品被称作“实用艺术”。

解释：这句话的前半句，也就是让步的部分并不难，难就难在后面的转折部分，it是形式主语，真正的主语是“to think of crafts in terms of function”这一做法，而后面which引导的定语从句也正是修饰前面的“to think of crafts in terms of function”这一做法，这句话是全文的第一句，事实上作者是在做一个背景导入，根据这句话，我们可知，下面要讲的就“是实用艺术”。

Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.

（OG-Applied arts and fine arts）

长难句类型：抽象词+插入语+易混指代难度：4

语法分析：Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.

译文：因为是物理定律——而不是随意的结论——决定了实用艺术品的一般形式，所以它们（实用艺术品）遵循基本的样式，这也使得（它们的）功能形式只能在很小的范围内变化。

解释：这句话前半部分的原因状语从句并不难，难就难在句子中的“they follow basic patterns”这个句子中的“they”到底指代的是什么，并且ETS也针对这里的“they”出了一道指代题，我们由前面的原因状语从句可知是物理定律决定实用艺术品，而这里说“它们”遵循基本样式，“basic patterns”事实上就是对前面“the laws of physics”的对应，因此“they”指代的就是“applied-art objects”，明确这点之后，后面的“so much so that”一句就很好理解了，和前面的句子是顺成关系。

That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).

（OG-Applied arts and fine arts）

长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：4

语法分析：That (this device was a necessary structural compromise) is clear from the fact that the cannonball quickly disappeared when sculptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces (iron being much stronger than bronze).

译文：当雕塑家学会如何了用铁支架加强雕塑的内部结构后（铁比青铜更结实），就不再使用金属球了，由此看来，铁球的使用是对于必要结构性的妥协。

解释：这个句子难就难在主干不好找，这个句子的主干其实很简单，就是“that is clear”，第一个“that”后面是其引导的主语从句，“from the fact”是目的状语，后面接着第二个“that”引导的同位语从句，在这个同位语从句中又嵌套了一个“when”引导的条件状语从句。通过作者的写法我们也可以知道这个句子最重要的部分就是“compromise”。

Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant.

（OG-Applied arts and fine arts）

长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：3

语法分析：Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways, the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant.

译文：尽管在20世纪纯工艺品的制作通常采用新的制造工艺，但人们对制造两种工艺品的艺术家的基本态度仍然不同。

解释：这个句子的前半部分是“even though”引导的让步状语从句，基本没有难度，关键在于后面主句作者想表达的意图。后面的主句在主语“the basic difference”后是一个很长的定语，定语部分到“applied arts”结束。句子的表面意思当然就是对两种艺术家的态度不一样，我们通过上文会发现作者想表达的意思就是：尽管已经是20世纪，人们仍然倾向于把实用艺术和纯艺术分开来看。

Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record.

（OG-The origins of Cetacean）

长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：2

语法分析：

译文：一些灭绝了的但已经完全水生的鲸类可以通过化石被了解。

解释：这句话结构非常简单，并且很短，其难点在于主语“cetaceans”前的修饰成分，很多人恐怕无法理解“fully marine”的意思，因为这样的用法本身就非常少见，要理解其意思还是需要联系文章的主旨。在这句话之前，作者讲了海象、海豹等鳍足类动物，说它们与鲸类动物不同，所以我们就可以大致推断出这里的“fully marine”指的是完全生活在海洋中的意思，而不像鳍足类动物，仍然是两栖的生活状态。

Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

（OG -The origins of Cetacean）

长难句类型：复杂修饰+倒装难度：3

语法分析：Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.

译文：能清楚的反映陆地哺乳动物和鲸类之间关系的化石直到最近才被发现。

解释：这是一句倒装句，正常的语序是“Fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans were missing until recently”，这句话本来的意思是这样的化石在近期以前是一直没有找到的，换言之，就是最近被找到了。这句话是本文第一段话的最后一句，我们由此可知，作者下面就要开始讲近期被发现的这些化石了。

The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.

（OG –Desert Formation）

长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：2

语法分析：The gradual drying of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation, so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is established.

译文：地表吸收水分的能力进一步弱化使得土壤越发干燥，导致植被的进一步流失，于是便形成了土壤沙漠化的恶性循环。

解释：这句话的主干其实很简单，学生之所以会难以理解，就在于很容易被主干句的主语和谓语间的修饰成分“caused by its diminished ability to absorb water”所干扰，这个句子这么写，作者就通过完整的一句话说明了土壤沙漠化的循环过程，句子因此简练而清晰。

The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

（OG - Desert Formation）

长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：2

语法分析：The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people (that are) affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.

译文：沙漠化问题的极端严重性是因为广阔的地区和数量庞大的人群都受到了沙漠化的影响，以及逆转甚至减缓沙漠化的进程所面临的巨大困难。

解释：这句话难以理解就在于当我们读到“people”时，觉得前半句就应该已经结束了，但想不到后面还跟着一个“affected”，于是顿时发晕，不知道该如何理解。其实这里的“affected”是用来修饰前面“the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people”的，如果写成“that are affected”就好理解的多。我们可以发现，如果不加这个“affected”，前半句话是没有逻辑的，只有广大地区和大量人群被影响了，才能反映出沙漠化的极端严重性。这句话的重要性还在于ETS直接针对它出了同意替换题，如果不能准确理解，将直接导致题目不会做。

But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.

（OG -Early Cinema）

长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：3

语法分析：But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment, which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.

译文：电影与这些娱乐形式明显的不同点是，电影无需依赖现场表演，也不需要串联全场节目的主持人的积极参与（例如胶片演示）

解释：这句话在“or”之前都不是很难，关键的难点在于“or”之后的部分，许多学生在读前面的时候头脑很清楚，但是读了后面却反而被搞糊涂了。后面半句中的“master of ceremonies”是“司仪，礼宾官”的意思，而“involvement”这一抽象词在这里是“涉及，卷入”之意。现在托福考试阅读部分已经明显加大了对抽象词汇的考察力度，学生要有意识的加强这方面的训练，以应对ETS对我们阅读能力提出的越来越高的要求。其实对于这句话就算我们读不懂“or”之后的部分也一样不影响我们理解这句话，这里面我们要运用到在阅读理解中经常强调的一个原则，即在“and”，“or”等连接词前后的部分其实意思是很接近的，在这个句子中，“or”前后两部分就都是在强调作者的写作意图：电影这种娱乐形式不需要人的实时参与。

Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.

（OG -Early Cinema）

长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：3

语法分析：Although early exhibitors regularly accompanied movies with live acts, the substance of the movies themselves is mass-produced, prerecorded material that can easily be reproduced by theaters with little or no active participation by the exhibitor.

译文：尽管早期的电影放映者通常在电影放映时伴有现场表演，但是电影本身的内容是影院事先大量录制下来的，这些材料能在没有表演者或者表演者较少参与的情况在电影院中轻松地再现。

解释：这句话的表面意思不是很难，关键还是要明白作者的写作意图。这句话是文章第五段的第一句，其实不管电影放映者是没有还是很少，作者想要表达的其实就是电影相较于之前各种现场表演形式的先进性和便携性。

Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or by accompanying them with lectures, their creative control remained limited.

（OG -Early Cinema）

长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：3

语法分析：Even though early exhibitors shaped their film programs by mixing films and other entertainments together in whichever way they thought would be most attractive to audiences or

译文：即使早期的电影放映者可以通过将电影和其它娱乐节目结合在一起（以能最大限度吸引观众的方式）或者为电影配上讲演的方式来塑造他们的电影节目，他们的创造性控制还是非常有限。

解释：这句话在托福的阅读已经可以算是比较繁琐的句子了，但我们抽丝剥茧后可以发现，其实句子的意思就是：不管电影放映者怎么样试图去控制电影，他们的努力都是有限的。这句话和上句话一样，是在说电影的先进性，唯一不同的是角度不一样，上句是说电影不需要现场表演形式的参与，这句是说它们想参与也参与不进来。

What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera. （OG -Early Cinema）

长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：2

语法分析：What audiences came to see was the technological marvel of the movies; the lifelike reproduction of the commonplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street; and the magic made possible by trick photography and the manipulation of the camera.

译文：观众们来这里可以看到电影技术的奇迹；火车运动，海浪拍击海岸，人们在街上行走等日常琐事的生动重现；以及由摄影特技和相机操控做出来的特效。

解释：这里可以说是一句话，也可以说是三句话，因为它们是通过分号连接起来的，但是不管怎么样，句子的长度根本不应该对我们理解这句话造成障碍。作者在句子中举了这么多例子，其实还是想说明这段的主旨，即电影的先进性。前面两句包括这句一共三句话就形成了文章的一段话，如果无法准确理解它们的意思，那么做题的正确率也就无从保证了。

With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.

（OG -Early Cinema）

长难句类型：复杂修饰+易混指代+专有名词难度：5

语法分析：With the advent of projection, the viewer's relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope,

photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid.

译文：伴随投影机的到来，观众和电影的关系不再像和早期西洋镜设备（的关系）那样亲密了【早期西洋镜设备包括K和M，其中M是与K相似的一种机器，可以通过在独立摄影卡片上而不是（像K一样）赛璐珞条上播放的连续图片形成影像】。

解释：这句话的到“which”前面都不难理解，意思就是看早期西洋镜需要观众用眼睛贴在镜头上，而电影则不需要，所以观众和电影的亲密度不如从前。真正会引起我们混乱的是“which”后面的部分：首先，很多人会不知道这个从句是修饰前面哪个部分的，我们在略加分析之后就应该知道这个从句是修饰前面的M这种设备的，因为只有这样才解释的通；其次，学生们很有可能不知道为什么作者要写这么一个从句，事实上，这一从句的写作意图就是简要说明前面的K和M它们之前的区别和联系，M是相似于K的一种设备，它是通过在独立摄影卡片上播放连续图片形成影像，而不是在赛璐珞条上，M和K之间的区别就在于它们播放所用材料不同，虽然文中没有写赛璐珞条就是K播放所用材料，但从前文我们可以判断，在M之前的播放设备只有K，所以说M播放所用材料不同于什么就只能是指不同于K播放所用的材料了。由此我们可以选出针对该句话所出题目的正确答案，即“A different type of material was used to produce the images used in the Mutoscope.”

Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood.

（OG-Aggression）

长难句类型：省略难度：2

Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than (individuals) can find food and survive into adulthood.

译文：达尔文认为，个体存在的数量远远超过那些可以找到食物并且活到成年的个体数量。

解释：这个句子之所以被选出是因为它包含了较明显的省略，即在“than”之后省略了“individuals”。在比较结构中，如果前后主语一样的话，那么后面一部分的主语就可以省略，理解这点对于我们能迅速读懂文章是很重要的。

For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

（OG-Aggression）

长难句类型：复杂修饰+插入语难度：3

语法分析：For example, people (who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-) are likely to act aggressively, whereas people (who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified), are less likely to behave aggressively.

译文：例如，那些认为侵略性行为（比如在战争时期的）是必要或者正义的人可能更加好斗，然而认为某些战争或侵略行为是不公平的或认为侵略永远是不正当的人则不大会表现出侵略性。

解释：这个句子由“whereas”连接的两个独立的句子构成，其中都嵌套了“who”引导的定语从句，而前后的两个定语从句中，又都包含了宾语从句。很多学生在初接触托福的时候，都不是很习惯这样的长句子，对此其实也没有什么好办法，只有多练，最后才可以达到“看文章的时候只领会到意思，而不再抱怨句子有多长”的境界。

This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth.

（OG-Nineteenth-century politics in the United States）

长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：3

语法分析：This "paper money aristocracy" of bankers and investors manipulated the banking system for their own profit, Democrats claimed, and sapped the nation's virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth.

译文：他们宣称，那些银行家和投资者们都是“钞票贵族”，他们在自己利益的驱使下操纵着银行系统，并且以鼓励投机和迅速赚取不义之财的行为败坏国民道德。

解释：该句的结构很清晰，主语是“This "paper money aristocracy"”，谓语是由第一个“and”连接的并列成分，分别是“manipulated”和“sapped”，中间的“Democrats claimed”是插入成分，阅读时可以略去，其它的状语部分都不是很难，故此不多提。

They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it. （OG-Nineteenth-century politics in the United States）

长难句类型：排比+省略难度：2

语法分析：They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the competitive, changing society; the complex dealing; the dominance of urban centers; and the loss of independence that came with it.

译文：他们想要市场经济带来的财富而不想要竞争的、变化的社会；不想要复杂的交易；不要大城市的主宰和随着市场经济而来的独立性的丧失。

解释：虽然这个句子不算复杂，但是学生在看到“competitive”后面的时候很容易产生混乱。事实上，这个句子的前半部分到“offered”这个词就结束了，后半部分是由很多独立部分构成的一个长状语。前半部分主干很简单，宾语“the wealth”以其后“that”引导的宾语从句修饰。后半句“without”之后的“the competitive，changing society”、“the complex dealing”等通过分号隔开的部分是并列的，特别是“the competitive，changing society”，如果把“the competitive”和“changing society”割裂开来，那么就很可能引起对句意理解的混乱。

Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.

（OG-The expression of emotions）

长难句类型：复杂修饰难度：4

语法分析：Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.

译文：E和他的同事们最近在一个关于10种文化的调查中获得了相似的结果，（在这个调查中）参与者们被允许报告（各种各样的情绪是被面部表情表现出来的）。参与者们通常一致认同哪两种情绪被表现出来以及哪一种情绪更加强烈（这样的问题）。

解释：这里是两个句子，难点主要在第一句中，在“in which”之后开始变难，“participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions”已经是一个完整的句子了，但是许多同学读到后面的“were shown by facial expressions”这个部分的时候觉得很疑惑，不知道这里到底是什么意思，事实上，“participants were permitted to report”已经是完整的句子了，“were”是这个句子的谓语，后面的“permitted to report”可以看作是这个句子的宾语，句子的意思就是“参与者们允许被报告”，而后面的“multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions”是前面“permitted to report”这个宾语的补语，也就是被报告的内容，了解了这点之后，句子就很好理解了。

The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state.

（OG-The expression of emotions）

长难句类型：抽象词+写作意图难度：3

语法分析：The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the

译文：然而，脸部回馈假说却坚持（认为）面部表情和情绪之间的因果关系也可能是反的。他们认为，脸部肌肉承载的信号会被传至大脑的控制情绪的部位中，因此人类面部表情会影响他们的情绪。

解释：这里其实是两个句子，之所以放在一起并不是因为它们的结构复杂，而是有学生在读完之后依旧不知道作者想表达怎样的意图。第一个句子很简单，其中包含了一个宾语从句。第二个句子是由两个独立的句子构成，成因果关系，也不是很难。很多学生不理解“in the opposite direction”和“influence”背后的意思，其实我们只要稍稍理一下整个文章的脉络，不难发现，文章上面的部分一直在说面部表情是怎样反应出人们的情绪的。这里的假说持相反观点，再结合“influence”可以得出作者在这里想要表达的意思：不是面部表情反应情绪，而是情绪被面部表情所影响，这刚好是一组相反的关系，下文作者也对这一假设进行了举例解释。

The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.

（OG-The expression of emotions）

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语法分析：The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.

译文：自由的情绪表达方式会增强心中的情感。相反，如果抑制这种表达则会削弱心中的情感。

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托福阅读长难句解决方法解析

托福阅读长难句解决方法解析 托福阅读长难句解决方法 首先：长句子。 A few art collectors Tames Bowdoi n of Bost on, William Byrd of Virginia, and the Aliens and Hamiltons of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries,especially aspiring artists,and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement. A few art collectors introduced European art traditions to those colonistsand established in their respective communities the idea and the need. 对于这样一个句子，大家要做的就是找到这个句子的核心主干（即主谓宾）注意后半部分嵌入了倒装句established in their respective communities the idea and the need, establish是及物动词，后面却加了介词in,说明此处有倒装, 还原正常语序应是established the idea and the need in their respective communitieso倒装出现的意义在于idea和need在原句中的后置定语（即蓝色划线部分）太长，为了防止头重脚轻。 在原句中，是有人名是并列的不知道大家有没有发现，也是本句主语art collectors的同位语。其中还有一部分是colonists的非谓语动词后置定语，还—个部分是插入语用来进一步解释art collectorso 综上所述，本句运用了多种语法结构（并列，倒装，同位语，后置定语，插入语）把主干部分分割得支离破碎，如果对这些语法结构不熟悉的同学肯定会一下子摸不着头脑。而如果能够尽最大努力把握其用法，那么对阅读的速度和正确率的提升都有很大帮助。 以上这个句子我们就可以这样翻译：儿位艺术收藏家（此处省略儿位艺术家名字）将欧洲艺术传统介绍给那些被特许参观他们画廊的殖民者，尤其是有抱负的艺术家们，并在他们各自的社区建立了艺术具有价值的观念和致力于鼓励其发展的机构的需要。 其次：长文章 新托福阅读的文章篇幅一般都是在700字以上，而这么长的文章主要就是山简单句和一些复杂的长难句组成，除了句子理解外，为了更好的解题考生还应该了解文章段落和文章结构。面对比较长的段落和文章，要在短时间内快速抓住重点信息，做对题目，那么对文章的行文套路要有非常清晰的把握。下面以一篇OG 真题文章Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United States 的段落为例来讲解。

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析汇总

托福阅读高难度文章长难句实例解析汇总 想要攻略托福阅读，需要积累大量的实际分析和应对长难句的经验，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 原句案例： Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently in several different areas of the world when small munities, driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources, began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival. 结构划分： Many prehistorians believe that farming may have emerged dependently (in several different areas of the world) (when small munities, (driven by increasing population and a decline in available food resources), began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival). 深度分析：

这个句子的主干是： Many prehistorians believe that从句 从句中的主干是： farming may have emerged dependently 修饰一：(in several different areas of the world)，介词短语 中文：在世界几个不同地区 修饰二：(driven by increasing population and a decline inavailable food resources)，非谓语动词，相当于形容词修饰small munities 中文：迫于人口不断增长和可用食物资源减少 修饰三：(when small munities began to plant seeds in the ground in an effort to guarantee their survival)，从句 请大家注意此处的断句问题。