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口译当中的跨文化交际

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赣南师范学院学士学位论文

Cross-cultural Communication In Interpretation

口译当中的跨文化交际

教学学院外国语学院

届别2011 届

专业英语

学号070402270

姓名陈凯

指导老师陈萍

完成日期2010 年12 月日

Content Abstract (2)

Key words (2)

I．Brief introduction of interpretation (3)

1.1 What interpretation means (3)

1.2Standards of interpretation (3)

1.3Culture contents in interpretation (3)

1.3.1 The common cultural contents of etiquette (3)

1.3.2 Basic content of unique culture (4)

II. Brief introduction to cross-cultural communication (5)

2.1 What is cross-cultural communication (5)

2.2 Different cognitive behavior and cross-cultural misunderstanding (5)

III. Effects of cultural differences between western world and China (6)

3.1 Geographical differences (6)

3.2 Difference of history in culture (6)

3.3 Differences of customs in culture (6)

3.4 Differences of rel igion (6)

3.5 Difference of concept of value (6)

3.6 Differences in ways of thinking (7)

3.6.1 Indirect way and direct way of expression and thinking (7)

3.6.2 Westerners pay more attention to analyze, while

Chinese pay more attention to overall (7)

3.7 Generally conclusion of difference between western world and China (7)

IV. How to train cross-cultural communication.

4.1 Read Bible (8)

4.1.1 What?s Bible (8)

4.1.2 Why we need to learn Bible (9)

4.1.3 How to use Bible for cross-cultural communication in interpretation (9)

4.2 Read some Chinese Classics (9)

4.3 Other difficult in cross-cultural communication in interpretation (9)

4.3.1 Interpretation of proverb (10)

4.3.2 Interpretation of idiom (10)

V．Strategy of urgent situation in interpretation

5.1 Three measures towards the situation of

ot understanding the source language (11)

5.2 Domestication and Foreignizing in interpretation (11)

5.2.1 Domestication in interpretation (11)

5.2.2 Foreignizing in interpr etation (12)

Abstract

As we all know, different nationalities have different cultures, there are some similarities among them, but also some differences. There are connections among different cultures, but also have unique cultural elements. It is such a kind of common link provides the foundation and possibility for interpretation. While different cultures with unique characteristics constitute the obstacle for cultural exchange. From this perspective, the difficulty of interpretation means the difficulty of expression of cultural background knowledge and understanding. Interpretation is clearly not just a spoken language conversion process, but also a cultural communication, conversation and the process of integration. There is a significant relationship between interpretation and cultural factors, background knowledge as well as the inherent values. And meanwhile interpretation affected their influence and limited by them. Therefore, in order to abide and pursuit of three standards of interpretation, namely accurate and fluent, we must make the appropriate cross-cultural communication training. The paper focuses on how to train cross-cultural communication skills in the training of interpretation to meet the complete needs of high-quality interpretation.

Key words: interpretation, cross-cultural communication, the common ground and difference between Chinese culture and western culture.

I.Brief introduction to interpretation.

1.1 What interpretation means

Interpretation, essentially, means an extempore oral production, in one language, of what is said in another language. To this may be added the following two points of clarification.

(1)As proved by practice, interpretation cannot be viewed as a merely linguistic

understanding, but should be regarded as an aspect of a larger domain namely, that

of communication. In the case of complex discourses or speeches, interpretation

involves not only linguistic proficiency, but also encyclopedic knowledge.

(2) A few words on the use of terms. In the United Nations, the term “interpretation”，

when the immediate result is a speech reproduced orally in a language other than

that spoken by the original speaker.

1.2Standards of interpretation.

There are two criteria to measure the merits of interpretation: first, accurate, and the second is fluent. First, the interpretation must be accurate. Accurate is the soul of interpretation. Accuracy requires interpreter transforms the information of the source language intact to the target language. Accurate target language should be while maintaining the original meaning of language and its style. Accurate interpretation is not only a guarantee of successful bilingual communication, but also the demonstration of interpreter?s ethics and professional standards

Fluency is the other major standard which interpreter must follow, if accurate is the basic requirement also of translation, and then the fluent will fully reflect the characteristics of interpretation. The fluency of interpretation including the speed of perception and translator parsing speed, and with the encoding and expression of the target language

1.3Culture contents in interpretation

Language is a part of culture and therefore interpreting from one language into another cannot be done satisfactorily without adequate knowledge of the two cultures involved. The culture factors in interpreting are more significant than the purely linguistic differences. The most serious mistakes in interpreting are usually made not because of verbal inadequacy, but of wrong cultural assumptions. Therefore in determine the meaning of words or idioms, the interpreter must not only look at the systematic contents but also the cultural contexts, for “the cultural contexts of words are the keys to understanding the meaning of texts.”(“A study on NiDa?s translation theory, 2004)

1.3.1 The common cultural contents of etiquette

The common culture in international communication is mainly showed by etiquette. The trend of development of international society, on one hand is diversification; on the other hand, on the other hand, with the strengthening of exchanges between countries in the world, the world has shown an unprecedented unification of various local economic union and the strategic partnership relations, such as the European Community, the Shanghai summit, APEC and other international and regional International organizations also support this trend. Of course, in a variety of international exchanges，it has some certain codes of action, in which the most direct expression of these is the performance of common ritual culture faced with

international organizations and conferences in the public. Understanding of this culture is the basic language quality of interpreters. Specifically, the contents of the common cultural rituals include the following. First, behavior. In the diplomatic context, behavior has a lot of requirements. In the international exchange activities, interpreters should maintain reasonable manner towards behavior and attitudes, since a successful interpretation cannot only include high level language without reasonable actions. Highest level of interpretation should be noted that the audiences have no attention to the existence of the interpreter. In addition, the interpreter should also be fully aware of the details of their standing position. In the modern international conferences and meetings, meeting etiquette is commonly used in hands or hugging, interpreters, in their own way of understanding the uses on the basis of which inform their clients of the ritual. Second, Dress. In the international exchange affairs, it has different requirements of dressing on the case of different occasions .For example, in political talks or formal business meeting, interpreter should wear suits; in the tourism talks, it can be relatively free; in the multi-national gathering of cultural exchange, you can wear your own national costumes.Third, standing Stations. In the interpretation process, in addition to sitting during the negotiation, interpreters need to stand to work. Sometimes they also need to participate in the gifts exchange or dinner. When we participate in these activities, interpreters should pay attention to the standing position. This is very important in interpretation; every detail is related to the success of interpretation.

1.3.2 Basic content of unique culture

Differences of culture among different countries or ethnic nations mainly include the religious culture, food culture, physical culture, digital culture and so on.

Religious culture. Different state and nation believed in different religions. Foreign language learners and interpreters should be more understanding of the target country?s religious belief and customs, in particular, habits of certain taboos. For example, in Islamic countries and regions people do not often remind pig and pork. In Thailand children?s head cannot be touched. If you do not understand these, you not only can not communicate well, even in the exchange process will you make conflicts

Food culture. Due to religious differences in eating habits, food culture in the process of international exchange is also very important, for example: in Islamic countries and regions, people do not eat pork and fish without scales, the Japanese do not eat mutton, many countries in east Europe don?t eat animal organs, guests can not drink in Arab countries. Foreign language learners learn the language need to understand the eating habits of the target country.

Physical culture. When talk with other people, we generally use the language, voice and body language three different ways. Research has shown that 55% of communication is through body language, and 38% complete with sound, and only 7% done with words, which can show that body language is very important in communication. During interpretation process, the interpreters need to pay to attention t appropriated eyes contract; his hands should not put into the pockets, neither can we cross your arms across chests .We cannot show our laziness and lock of spirit. Besides we need to according to the service object to reading the body language of exchanges. This one is particularly worth noting that in

different country, shrug, smile have different meaning. Only by fully understanding the body language of the target country can interpreter get the meaning of both sides.

II. Brief introduction to cross-cultural communication

2.1 What is cross-cultural communication?

Cross-cultural communication (also frequently referred to as intercultural communication, which is also used in a different sense, though) is a field of study that looks at how people from differing cultural backgrounds communicate, in similar and different ways among themselves, and how they endeavor to communicate across cultures.

It has following characters

(1)Communication must come from different cultural backgrounds.

Difference between cultural backgrounds is a broad concept; it not only refers to the difference between the different cultural circles, but it also refers to the same cultural circle within the sub-culture differences. But generally speaking cultural differences mainly refer to the difference between the different cultural circles, especially in China and the western cultural.

(2)Both parts of communication must use the same language.

It is obviously. If one uses a language, while the other uses in a different language, communication cannot be carried out.

(3)Both sides of the communication are real-time oral communication.

The ways of cross-cultural communication are various. It can be language symbols

communication, or non-language symbol communication, such as commercials,

pictorial, video, performance and so on.

2.2 Different cognitive behavior and cross-cultural misunderstanding

The difference of human cognitive behavior of all ethnic groups due to the difference of cultural, linguistic and cultural environments. This is one of the deepest reasons which caused cross-cultural misunderstanding .Cognitive behavior is a way of viewing of things. A person's cognitive behavior is based on its cultural and social impact of the formation of cognitive schema. And under this circumstance we observe and judge the development of some object and human behavior. Person's behavior or developments of things do not coincide with the cognitive schema, the evaluation of things would be different, and then misunderstandings appear. In the process of interpretation training and in the interpretation working, we should try to avoid such cross-cultural misunderstandings. That is why we must strengthened cross-cultural communication skills training in the interpretation training.

III. Effects of cultural differences between western world and China.

3.1 Geographical differences

Geographical location is different between Western countries and China, which resulting in national geography and climate. These differences are significantly exist in language, and it need all interpreter?s attention. For example, China is a landlocked country, lying northwest towards to southeast. So we always say “The River flows east”. While many European countries are island, such as Britain. So they always use “from sea to sea” to express the meaning of whole country.If we just interpret these unique cultural

connotation of the idiom in simple way. It will let other people cannot understand correct meaning. So to be an interpreter you should know well about the Geographical differences among the different countries.

3.2 Difference of history in culture.

China is a feudal rule after the war's long history of civilization, So there are "descendants; four great inventions; flames reaching the sky;; Everything is in place, tyranny is fiercer than a tiger; character bureaucratic side open, rational money do come in "and other phrases. Britain has a long history of rule by the Pope and the King and oppression, so there is "The king and pope, the lion and the wolf; Kings God, and the people suffer from it "and other phrases

3.3 Differences of customs in culture.

In a specific cultural background of different ethnic groups, it will forms different social customs and living habits. Such as in the greeting area, when Chinese meet others, they used to ask: Have you eaten? Where to go? And so on, that is a very easy-going, friendly greeting, which can not interpreted as “Have you had your meal?” Just simply translated “How are yo?, Hello, or talk about the weather.”If someone died, we often will comfort people and say: I?m sorry.

3.4 Differences of religion

Religious culture is the important part of national culture; East and West world have Different religions and beliefs. Most of westerners are Christian, therefore there many related idioms such as “God helps those who help themselv es”, as well as “go to hell”. When westerners fell very surprised they will always say "Jesus". While when they encountered difficulties or danger they will just say "God save me ". But many Chinese people deeply influenced by Buddhism, used to say," Buddha bless me” and so on. The Bible has far-reaching impact in the West, there idioms come from the Bible, such as "the apple of the eye, cast pearls before swine, the forbidden fruit, Jude?s kiss , as poor as a church mouse penniless, "etc. Sunday school can not be interpreted as Star On the day of school, but should be translated as "Sunday school" because Sunday is the Christian worship Day. So in interpretation practice, we should fully take the difference between different ethnic religious into account; we cannot interpret with its literally meaning.

3.5 Difference of concept of value.

Each country has its own language expression of love and hate, but the expression is not the same, so the same recognition as reflected in objective things knowledge and values will be different. Foe example "dragon" can reflect the differences between Chinese and Western cultures. “Dragon" in Chinese symbol means good fortune, honor, dignity and power. Chinese idioms are the compliment on the dragon, such as "hopeful, raw long live tiger, flamboyant”, and so on. However, in the Anglo-American and other Western countries, dragon is a kind of dangerous animals which can shoot out fire, it often represents the evil, and it is terrifying. A man is considered as a dragon in English, it means this person is domineering, nasty derogatory. She is like a dragon means this woman is she is a bitch.

Similarly, the attitude towards color is also different .In China, red is a symbol of justice, such as "fire, the Red Army, red-faced" and so on. While white is negative,

suggesting such as: "Idiot, white matter, bad cop" and so on. But in English, it is contrast, such as: Whenever she thought of the matter, she saw red”. This sentence means when she thinks about this every time she is very angry. "They have tried every mean to get out of the red” means they try to find many ways to pay the debt. "The great man often thinks of the white days in his life”, it Means The great man always think of happiness in his life.

3.6 Differences in ways of thinking

3.6.1 Indirect way and direct way of expression and thinking

Westerner like straitening to the point in directly way; while Chinese like thinking and expressing in indirectly way. This kind of thinking and expression has a long history. The way of "either-or" theorists of reasoning is the basic thinking mode of westerners which lead to the consequent of "linear reasoning" concept, as if taken for granted. The search for the unity of the world, is the true nature of philosophical thinking of Chinese, such as "Heaven," "He also vital" to become a habit of thinking of ancient Chinese thinkers. If the Western way of thinking can be considered a straight line to, then Chinese way of "dialectical" thinking can be considered as a wave-like curve. Chinese people's "ulterior motives" caused by the traditional style of doing things or thinking way was never fundamentally changed ever before.

3.6.2 Westerners pay more attention to analyze, while Chinese pay more attention to overall

Living in different circumstance, people have different understanding of the patterns on the outside world. Eastern and Western ways of thinking on the whole has different characteristics, such as the Asians emphasis on humanities, focusing on ethical, moral, while Westerners emphasis on nature, science and technology;. From this aspect, Chinese people?s thinking patterns belong to the whole of Modes of Thinking, intuition, thinking and analysis of concrete, logical abstract thinking.

3.7 Generally conclusion of difference between western world and China

The cultures of the East and the West really distinguish each other a lot. This is because the culture systems are two separate systems on the whole. The origin of the eastern cultures is mainly from two countries: China and India. Both of the two cultures are gestated by rivers. In China, the mother river is the Y ellow River while the Indian one is the Hindu River. These two cultures were developed for several thousand years and formed their own styles. Then in Dang Dynasty of China, the Chinese culture gradually went overseas to Japan, mixed into the Japanese society and shaped the Japanese culture nowadays. Though a bit different from the Chinese one, it belongs to the same system. When the two Mother Rivers gave birth to the eastern culture, another famous culture was brought up on the Mesopotamian Plain ---- the Mesopotamian Civilization. This civilization later on developed into the cultures of the Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. And these two are well-known as the base of the European culture. Like the Chinese culture, the European one also crossed wate rs. When the colonists of England settled down in America, their culture went with them over the Atlantic Ocean. So the American culture doesn't distinguish from the European one a lot.At the same time, the difference of the language systems adds to the cultural differences. In the East, most languages belong to the pictographic language (see the picture below) while the Western languages are mostly based on the Latin system, for example, the one I?m using to write this

paper. Other factors like human race difference counts as well. But what?s more, due to the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West, the two cultures seldom communicate until recent centuries. So they grew up totally in their own ways with almost no interference from the other.

IV. How to train cross-cultural communication.

4.1 Read Bible

4.1.1 What?s Bible

The Bible is a collection of 66 books written by about 40 authors, in three different languages, on three different continents, over approximately 1600 years. The Bible claims to be inspired and inerrant. This means that the Bible claims to be from God and that it is without error in everything it addresses. The Bible contains many different styles of writing such as poetry, narration, fiction, history, law, and prophecy and must be interpreted in context of those styles. It is the source of the Christian religion in that the Bible contains the words of God and how the Christian is to apply the words of God to his life.

Basically, the Bible describes the origin of man in the Garden of Eden along with his fall into sin and out of fellowship with God. It then describes how God called out a special people to Himself, the Israelites. He promised the Israelites a future Messiah who would restore mankind's relationship with God. The Bible is the account of the work of God in history bringing to fruition His prophetic declarations concerning Jesus. Jesus was born of the Virgin, died on the cross, and paid for sins, just as the Bible prophesied in the Old Testament and fulfilled in the New. In short, the Bible points to Jesus, "Y ou search the Scriptures, because you think that in them you have eternal life; and it is these that bear witness of me," Furthermore, the Bible teaches us that forgiveness of sins is found in Jesus alone, "And there is salvation in no one else; for there is no other name under heaven that has been given among men, by which we must be saved,” Some say that the Bible is nothing more than fairy tales. But this cannot be for it contains great wisdom and truth and it has been verified throughout history as being accurate. Its historical accounts are flawlessly accurate. In fact, archaeology routinely demonstrates the accuracy of the biblical records concerning locations and events recorded in the Bible.

4.1.2 Why we need to learn Bible.

It is no exaggeration to say that the English Bible is the greatest work in English language, and that it will have much more influence than even Shakespeare upon the written and spoken language of the English race. For this reason, to interpret English to Chinese, we need to learn Bible well. Interpretation without some general knowledge of the relation of the Bible cannot be very completed. It is not necessary to consider the work from a religious point of view at all; indeed, to so consider it would be rather a hindrance to the understanding of interpretation excellence. Some persons have ventured to say that it is only since Englishmen ceased to believe in the Bible that they began to discover how beautiful it was. This is not altogether true; but it is partly true. For it is one thing to consider every word of a book as the word of God or gods, and another thing to consider it simply as the work of men like ourselves. Naturally we should think it our duty to suppose the work of a divine being perfect in itself, and to imagine beauty and truth where neither really exists.

We can see a lot of speeches which related to the Bible. Take president of US speech for example, at the ending of each speech, the president will always says“May God bless you, and may God bless US of America.”And in 1949, when Song Meiling visited US, Secretary of State Marshall just said “God help those help themselves”. In 2001, when Bush elected to be the president of US, in his Inauguration, he just said: “But that wait upon the LORD shall renew their strength. They will soar on wings like eagles; they will run and not grow weary, walk and not faint.” (Isaiah Chapter 40 Section 31). In Clinton's inaugural ceremony, he uses two Bibles which his grandmother gave him. In 1993, Clinton opened the Bible in his inauguration ceremony to the Galatians Chapter 6, Section 8, then in the 1997 re-election ceremony he also opened Bible to Isaiah Chapter 58, section 12. "For you people who make long-abandoned place required; you want to build the foundations of demolished Lidia. Y ou shall be called the repairer of the breach, the restorer of paths to dwell.”

4.1.3 How to use Bible for cross-cultural communication in interpretation

Since Bible is so important in westerners?life as well as in the interpretation. We need to learn something of it. At least, we need to know the spirit of Christianity and famous sentences in Bible. But for most Chinese, we are not Christian, so how to read it efficiently in short time? Here are four suggestions.

Firstly, get a bible you understand. Y ou don't have to read the King James V ersion. Try out the New Living Translation or the English Standard V ersion. Y ou may also enjoy the New International V ersion or the New King James V ersion. All of these translations are reliable to the original manuscripts and are much easier to understand than the King James V ersion.

Secondly, get a concordance. A concordance is just an alphabetical list of the primary words used in a book. The Strong's Concordance lists nearly every word used in the bible and even cross references you to the Greek or Hebrew word used in the original text. A concordance is helpful in two ways. It helps you find passages you recollect partially so you can look at them again and be reminded what they say. Also, by looking up the original meaning of the word, you can learn even more about the verse. Sometimes, translators foul up a word and you can discover what God really meant; or, the translators may have got the right word, but the definition can help you understand it better.

Thirdly, get a dictionary. Big bible words are not often in our everyday vocabulary. A good example is the word "propitiation". Gesundheit. No, no, I didn't sneeze. Propitiation may not be a word you know right off hand, but if you look it up in the Merriam-Webster's dictionary you learn it means, "To gain or regain the favor or goodwill of; to appease." Webster's 1828 dictionary sheds even more light on the word, defining it as, "The act of appeasing wrath and conciliating the favor of an offended person; the act of making propitious." This makes Second John chapter two, verse two a lot more meaningful. "Jesus is the propitiation for our sins, and not for ours only but also for the sins of the whole world." Jesus appeased the wrath of God and brought us back into favor with God.

Finally, use a computer to speed things up. If you are a computer savvy person, there is lots of great software available to help you study the bible more efficiently.

4.2 Read some Chinese Classics

Now, with frequently cultural exchange between China and Other parts of the world。More and more people start to realize that Chinese culture is very great. And as interpreters, we need to spread our culture to the entire world. So we must know well about Chinese traditional culture. Actually, there many leaders quote a lot of classic sentences each time. And it becomes a very difficult task for interpretation. For examples, in October, 1999 when Chairman of RPC Jiang Zemin visited US, he used to said: “Man is the most valuable among all the things that heaven fosters”. On June 28th 2004, premier minister Wen Jiabao said that “All living creatures grow together without harming one another; ways run parallel without interfering with one another”

In April 1984, premier president Ronald Reagan said in Great Hall of people that “And as a saying from the book of Changes goes, if two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal”. In June 1998, when the premier president of US Clinton visited China, he said “In so many different ways, we are upholding the teaching of Mencius, who said a good citizen of the world will befriend the other citizens of the world.”

There also many other classic sentences. Such as “safety and danger alternate with each other, misfortune and fortune generate each other. Slowness and promptness follow each other. Gathering and scattering complement each other.” And “One can never be aware of the height of the sky or depth of the earth, if he dose not climb up a high mountain or look down into a deep abyss.”

4.3 Other difficult in cross-cultural communication in interpretation.

4.3.1 Interpretation of proverb.

Proverbs as a kind of simple language to express the profound truth of the statement, often quoted by people. For thousands of years，cultural communication between different countries will make a nation's language across borders and widespread in other nations. Many proverbs have been known for us foe a long time. Therefore, the interpretation of proverb is not an insurmountable obstacle. Interpreting of proverb can be divided into three different types. First one is “shape and meaning is the same”, second one is “s ame meaning and similar type”. The last one is “same meaning but different shape”。

Examples of “shape and meaning is the same”:

(1).Offense is the best defense..

(2)Lookers-on see more than players.

(3)To teach is to learn.

(4)Friends must part.

(5)Business is business.

Examples of “same meaning and similar type”

(1)Put the cart before the horse.

(2)Much will be more.

(3)Two dogs strive for a bone, and a third runs away with it.

(4)Where is a smoke, there is fire.

Examples of “same meaning but different shape”

(1)To rain cats and dogs.

(2)Love me, love my dog.

(3)Cast pearls before swine.

(4)As poor as a church mouse.

(5)The salt of the earth

4.3.2 Interpretation of idiom

Idiom is very important in communication, since it can express meaning well in short words. So learning how to interpret idiom is very important as an interpreter, especially when we need to interpret some culture-related idioms. So how to interpret idiom very well? The most important thing is understand the source language well. And then we have some other important rules to follow.

1. Application

If the Chinese idioms and English idioms are same meaning, or the meaning is similar, we can just apply the from and meaning of target language. For example: “call a spade and spade” means you need to talk truth. Another example is “kick down the ladder”.

2. Literal interpretation

Contained in the idiom and language content of the metaphor of a culture fully accepted by another case。

3. Indirectly way of interpretation of idioms. Here you need to understand the idioms meaning and then interpret it into target language.

V．Strategy of urgent situation in interpretation

We are often facing with some urgent situations in the process of interpretation, for example: we may not understand what the speakers taking about; sometimes we cannot remember numbers., to name as a few. But the most important is that some times we may not understand immediately the culture content in the source language, or we cannot interpret correct culture content to the target language. So when we meet this kind of problems, what should we do to remedy? This chapter is mainly taking about this aspect.

5.1 Three measures towards the situation of not understanding the source language.

First of all, you can just ask speaker or you can also ask other interpreters, or other people presented in the meeting. But remember to think about who is suitable for asking. It is depending on the context. If the interpreter is puzzled about one irrelevant topic, I'm afraid you need to ask the speaker directly. If it is a technical term, experts are more appropriate. But remember you need to pay attention to whether you are suitable to ask. Do not ask all the time.

Second, supplement. If you cannot ask the speakers, you can make up the words according to the content and your own understanding about the source language. You can just say “it is very important,” or “and so on”. For example, if you don?t know the name of US president is Obama, you can just say “Mr. President”

Last one; if you cannot ask the speaker, neither can you make up your words according to the content, what you can do is just giving up the words that you don?t understand. For example, if you don?t know “Bingmayong” in English is Terracotta Warriors. Y ou have to give up. Never try to misinterpret anything.

5.2 Domestication and Foreignizing in interpretation.

5.2.1 Domestication in interpretation

Domesticating method designed to minimize the interpretation of the exotic language or the purpose of providing a natural flow of the interpretation to the taregt language. Domesticating method typically includes the following steps: (1) carefully select the appropriate text in the Domestication; (2) consciously take a natural flow of language; (3) add into some explanatory information; (4) deleting the original concept of the real material;

(5) coordinate concept and features in source language and target language.

Here is a example of domesticating. A well-known scientist (some say it was Bertrand Russell) once gave a public lecture on astronomy. He described how the earth orbits around the sun and how the sun, in turn, orbits around the center of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy. At the end of the lecture, a little old lady at the back of the room got up and said: “What you have told us is rubbish. The world is really a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tortoise. The scientist gave a superior smile before replying,”What is the tortoise standing on? Y ou…re very clever, young man, very clever,“ said the old lady. ”But its turtles all the way down“

5.2.2 Foreignizing in interpretation

Foreignization law is deliberately breaking the target language interpreting practices and remains the original in the exotic. Specifically, the Foreignizing method includes the following features: (1) it does not fully comply with the target language and discourse norms;

(2) the purpose of interpreting is to providing an "unprecedented reading experience” to the listeners.

VI Conclusion

Cross-cultural communication is extremely important in interpretation, therefore we need to learn how to do well in interpretation. In my paper, I divided the content mainly into three parts. First is cross-culture in interpretation and the main difference between western culture and Chinese culture. Second large part is how to train our ability of interpret cultural content in interpretation. Third large part of my paper is focus on some difficulties in interpreting of cross-culture content. In my paper, I introduced a lot of useful method in interpretation, especially in the aspect of cross-culture content. These methods mainly come from my own experience when I entered SIA interpretation test as well as some course I learned in my daily study. Here I?m willing to express my sincerely appreciation to my teacher Chen Ping. Thanks for his hard work, he gave me a lot of perfect suggestions on my paper and I learned a lot from him.

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[11]刘凤霞?跨文化化交际教程? [J]北京大学出版社2009

跨文化交际中的肢体语言差异

最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1委婉语的跨文化交流及其语用功能 2法律英语词汇的特点及其翻译 3论奥斯丁女性主义观点在《爱玛》中的体现 4建构主义学习理论在中学英语教学中的应用 5《宠儿》中塞丝的性格特征分析 6《榆树下的欲望》之农场意象－－基于生态女性主义的分析 7从语境视角浅析《生活大爆炸》中反语的幽默属性 8文档所公布各专业原创毕业论文。原创Q 95 80 35 640 9浅谈英语复杂句的翻译 10劳伦斯小说中的女性形象 11孤独的精神探索者——《月亮和六便士》和《刀锋》中主人公形象分析 12基于语料库对红楼梦两个英文版本中红色的翻译研究 13Error Analysis on English Writing by Senior High School Students 14跨文化交际中的语用失误与避免方法 15中美企业并购中的文化整合分析 16盖茨比的人物形象分析 17政论文英译的翻译策略研究 18An Analysis of Two Main Characters in Moby Dick 19浅谈儿童文学在儿童成长中的作用-弗朗西斯霍奇森伯内特《小公主》和《秘密花园》之比较 20浅析英文电影在高中英语教学应用 21从认知语言学角度浅析网络语言中的隐喻现象 22大学英语课堂教学师生互动建构浅析 23从功能翻译理论看中国饮食文化负载词的翻译策略 24 25从《远离尘嚣》看托马斯哈代的生态自然观 26从《京华烟云》探析林语堂的女性观 27论《威尼斯商人》中的宗教思想影响 28爱默生的超验主义和老子的道家思想对比 29论《吉姆老爷》中的英雄主义 30 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 31论中西文化中家庭观念的差异 32论中美日常交际的文化差异 33影响大学生英语自主学习的因素研究 34On the Translation of English Impersonal Sentences 35试析海明威《丧钟为谁而鸣》中的人物形象 36论流行网络词汇的汉英翻译 37 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Taboos in the Context of Intercultural Communication 38 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 39从《远离尘嚣》和《无名的裘德》看托马斯?哈代的婚恋观 40中美两国家庭教育理念的比较

跨文化交际论文题目

1.英文原声电影赏析与跨文化交际能力的培养 2."跨文化非语言交际语用失误研究 3."公示语翻译中的语用失误探析 4.国内广告语言语用失误研究现状与分析 5."全球化语境下跨文化交际失误语用归因 6."跨文化交际中的语用失误类型及对策研究 7."基于礼貌原则的跨文化语用失误分析 8."跨文化言语交际中的语用负迁移 9."浅析化妆品广告中的语用预设 10."中西方饮食文化的比较研究 11."中美时间观之对比 1 2."浅析汉英问候语中的文化差异 13."英汉词汇的文化内涵差异探析 14."英语身体语的交际功能研究 1 5."浅谈英汉身势语的表意功能之差异 16."目标语文化的理解与跨文化交际 1 7."中西文化差异对中国学生英语学生的影响 18."跨文化交际中的文化误读

9."浅析文化差异对商务谈判的影响 20."英语禁忌语的文化内涵异同研究 21."英语学习中的文化习得 2 2."英汉思维模式的差异对跨文化交际的影响 23."外语学习者的思辨能力与跨文化交际之成效 24."培养英语学习者跨文化交际能力之策略 25."英汉道歉语差异及原因 26."中西跨文化礼貌语差异探析 27."英汉语言中礼貌表达法之比较 28."英汉习惯用语的文化内涵探源 29."英语称赞语及其回应的异同研究 3 0."中美（西）家庭教育理念的差异及其对孩子的影响 31."中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的主要障碍研究 32."试析跨文化交际中角色互动的作用 3 3."本土文化与异国文化的冲突对跨文化交际的影响 34."跨文化交际中的时间观差异 35."论跨文化交际中的中西餐桌礼仪

6."关于提升英语专业学生跨文化交际能力的培养 37."涉外婚姻中的中西文化冲突 38."论跨文化广告传播中食品商标的翻译439."多媒体教学与跨文化交际能力的培养40."中西方儿童文学的差异 4 1."中西体育文化的差异及其受全球化发展的影响 42."中西传统休闲文化及其价值观的对比分析 43."简爱与林黛玉不同命运的文化透析 44."国际商务活动中礼貌原则的应用 4 5."论文化背景知识在外语阅读教学中的作用 46."国际商务交际活动中的非语言交际 47."浅析英汉汽车商标的特点及其翻译 48."英汉隐喻差异的文化阐释 49."文化语境下的英汉植物词 50."文化语境下的英汉动物词 51."从体态语探析中西文化差异 52."浅析英汉颜色词的文化内涵 53."文化视野下英语谚语的比较

跨文化交际意识与口译

跨文化交际意识与口译每个国家都有独特的文化，根据文化的定义及其与语言的关系，我们知道文化包含语言，语言反映文化。了解西方国家的文化是促进中西方交流不可或缺的，在口译中，我们必须加强培养跨文化交流意识，这也是消除语言障碍的最行之有效的方法。一、跨文化交际意识近年来，各位学者纷纷就“跨文化交际意识”给出了不同的理解。“文化对语际的有效转换关系极大。相同或相近的文化形式（或形态）具有相通的或相近的信息通道；反之，不同的文化形式必然产生文化差异或‘隔膜’阻塞信息通道的畅通。因此，文化因素在语际转换基本作用机制中起着重要的、不可忽视的作用。”（刘必庆，1999：72）“跨文化交际意识”广义上指，在交流过程中对文化因素形成的有意识或无意识的敏感的思维方式；狭义上指，口译员理解文化中的特殊现象，并以可接受的方式传达出这种文化。二、口译口译是一种跨文化交际行为。口译员的基本职责是从语言文化两个层面为交际双方搭建桥梁，真实、精确地传达信息。（胡嫣茹，2016：47）口译是一种特殊的语言交流活动，事中-英和英-中双向的语言交流。口头解释起着桥梁的作用，也就是说，本身就是一种跨文化的交流活动。在交际活动过程中，口译员将直接触及文化信息，必须能够快速，准确地传达双方交往意图。如果口译员对目标语国家文化知之甚少，会导致目标语言不会被不熟悉其文化的另一个交流方理解，更严重的是会造成误会，导致沟通失败。例如，“狗”在英语国家有正面意义，英文中有句话“Every dog has its day” 可以译为“每个人皆有出头之日”。如果读者不熟悉此句所蕴含的文化意义，很难对这句话做出合适的翻译。此外，当我们与西方国家的人沟通的时候，会得到对方的赞扬，根据我们自己的文化传统，我们会谦虚地拒绝。经常会说“没什么”，如果译为“It’s nothing. There is still much to improve”，很容易引起歧义。三、跨文化交际意识与口译的关系知名学者王佐良（2003：3）提到，“翻译人员要翻译单词，但从根本上说，他/她面临着两大文化。”因此，在口译过程中，口译员必须意识到源语言与目标语言之间可能存在的差异。对于口译员来说，跨文化意识对于翻译口译过程中的不可译性语言，是尤其有帮助的。口译员具备跨文化意识，会使他们在口译过程中具备是否对目的语做出修改或者在某种程度上做出修改的基本的判断能力。（一）口译员是跨文化交际意识的承载者在跨文化交流的过程中，口译员是传播信息的桥梁，让双方有效、成功的交

跨文化交际-unit1-6-课后translation中英对照

Unit 1 Page 22 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of hi story that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent i nability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideol ogy, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of huma n civilization's failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of h umankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to i solationism or even armed conflict. It is obvious that increased contact with other cultures and subcultures makes it impe rative for us to make a concerted effort to get along with and to try to understand peop le whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, thr ough increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neigh borhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining world peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解——从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往比以前多了，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Unit 2 Page 60 Culture is sometimes referred to as our mental programming，our “software of the mind. ” But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows：it is what enables us to process information in various specific application. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture: culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It various from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with menbers of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in┄a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. it is in the air we breath and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community of people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what to prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture

口译中礼貌用语和称呼语的跨文化交际差异解答

请随便。 Be at home,please. 、口译中礼貌用语的跨文化交际差异: 对于同中国人交往的外国人来说，要弄清楚汉语的礼貌语言也是够麻烦的了。究其原因就是英语中很少使用谦词与敬语。下级给上级写信, 可能客气一点，但也没有很多特别的谦词与敬语。不必考虑对方的年龄、头衔、地位等。下面是汉、英之间的一些例子: 1、汉语中常用的套语 I have n 'see n you for a long time. Long time no see. How have you bee n for these days? 刘师傅---Master … 令郎---on e s s on 丫头---o ne 'daughter 高见---a good idea 贵姓---Your n ame 久仰大名---I 'e heard a lot about you 哪里，哪里。---Tha nk you. 大作---o ne 'book/article,etc. 府上---your home;the place you are from 耽误您的时间了。 ---Thank you for your time. 惭愧，惭愧！ ---I'm flattered. I m very much honored. 2、寒暄语您好！吃了吗? Hi! / Hello! / How have you bee n? 上哪儿去啊? How are you? / How are you doing? It 'a nice day, isn 'it ? 回头见。 See you later / soon. 好久不见了。

跨文化交际中的语言行为与非语言行为

跨文化交际中的语言行为与非语言行为跨文化交际中的语言行为与非语言行为 09电气班汪晶 098320127 摘要:语言行为是交际的主导因紊，非语言行为是语言行为的重要辅助手段。跨文化交际中，保持两者的和谙一致是交际双方都应遵循的原则。文章拟在非语言交际行为及其与语言交际行为之关系论述的基础上，阐述两者之间相互冲突的一面，并对于如何进免冲突、保持两者间的和谐进行深入的探讨和分析。关锐词：语言行为；非语言行为；跨文化交际人类交际有两种渠道：语言行为和非语言行为。生活中，人们主要通过语言进行交际。在研究交际的过程中，人们通常只注重

语言行为，而忽视了非语言行为。但是，同语言行为的交际功能相比，非语言行为具有更真实地传递信息、更准确地表达情感等功能。在跨文化交际中，同语言行为一样，非语言表现形式在很大程度上不可避免地会受文化的影响，同样的形式在不同的文化中可能亦有不同的含义，这些差异在跨文化交际中往往会引起交际双方的误解，严重影响彼此的交际。本文拟对跨文化交际中的语言交际和非语言交际进行分析。一、非语盲交际1?非语言交际的界定非语言交际(NonvethalConununieauon)指的是在一定交际环境中语言因素以外的，对输出者或接受者含有信息价值的那些因素。这些因素既可人为地生成，也可由环境造就。，［'广义的非语言交际包括除言语交际以外的所有交际行为。狭义的非语言交际包括那些个人发出的有可能在他人头脑中产生意义的非语言暗示的加工过程，它是一种体现非语言行为的过程，在特定的场合或语境中要么独自出现，要么与语言行为同时发生。非语言交际是一门跨学科的学术研究，它的涵盖范围广，涉及到多个知识领域，如：人类学、心理学、跨文化交际学、社会语言学等。

口译案例分析

Interculture Awareness Plays an Important Role in Translation Interculture awareness, a basic talent of an interpreter, is very important. It directly influences the translation’s quality and it can be a measure of a wonderful interpreter. An interpreter with a sensitive interculture awareness can interpret more correctly and be understood more easily. At the press conference held on the March 14, 2010, the Prime Minister Wen quoted the classic Chinese poetries which are in short form but in deep meaning more than ten times in answer to foreign journalists’questions. It was rather hard to interpret those poetries, but Wen’s interpreter, Zhang Lu, translated them into English calmly, quickly and fluently, which reflected her wonderful interculture awareness. Zhang’s translation will be discussed as follows: Case: the Premier Wen said in a opening remark: “今后几年，道路依然不平坦，甚至充满荆棘。但是我们应该记住这样一条古训:行百里者半九十。不可有任何松懈麻痹和动摇。”And then he expressed that he wanted to do his best in the next three years with words quoted from《离骚》:“亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔。” Translation by Zhang: The road ahead is not a smooth one, it maybe full of twists and turns. But we should always re-member this important thing: that is half of the people who have embarked on the one hundred miles journey may fall by the way side，this means we must not slacken our efforts in the slightest, and we must not waive r in our resolve … For the ideal I hold dear to my heart，I would not regret a thousand times to die. With this strong commitment, I will continue to devote my-self to my work in the next three years. “亦余心之所善兮，虽九死其犹未悔”,quoted by the Premier from 《离骚》, is familiar to most Chinese. The “九死”was translated into “a thousand times to die”is very idiomatic because Chinese always use the “三”or “九”to express “a lot of times”and Zhang translated it into a form that is familiar to foreigners. The translation of “行百里者半九十”, by contrast, is not so exact. The phrase quoted from 《战国策·秦策五》means that if one has finished 90 km in 100km-road, it is considered as that one has finished half of the road because the last 10 km is more harder than the former 90km, that is to say, one should work harder or one will fail. That phrase is often used to urge people to start well and end well. The Chinese interpreter can not translate the Chinese poetry into English very exactly in a hurry but if the interculture awareness is made most of in the translation, the interpreter will perform better. For example, the phrase can be translated into “Ninety miles is only half of a hundred miles journey”. In conclusion, interculture awareness plays an important role in translation. It can help the translator to understand the speaker better and interpret more exactly. Therefore, the interpreters should cultivate sensitive intervculture awareness to improve translation quality.

口译中的文化差异

口译中的文化差异摘要：随着当今全球经济的快速发展以及人类社会全球化和信息化进程的不断加快，不同国家和民族之间的相互交流日益密切，而口译是不同民族和国家之间交流时必须和必然的手段。口译作为跨文化交际的桥梁不仅需要精湛的双语技能，而且也需要丰厚的文化背景知识。本文将从民族习俗、思维模式及文化沉淀等方面浅析口译中的文化差异。引言：口译是一种跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。在口译的过程中，口译员不仅要精通不同的语言，还得在不同的文化方面架起沟通的桥梁。不同的国家有不同的语言和文化，在跨文化交际活动中，要想顺利的与外国人交流，口译员必须消除语言与文化双方面的障碍。正如王佐良教授所说：“口译员要处理的是个别的词，他面对的则是两大片文化。”因此口译员必须要了解不同文化间的差异，加强跨文化意识的培养。一．口译的定义和类型语言是人们表达思想，交流感情的工具，口译就是一项以语言为基础的活。许多学者从不同的角度阐述了口译的定义。上海外国语大学梅德明认为：口译是一种通过口头表达形式，将所听到(问或读到)的信息准确而又快速地由一种语言转换成另一种语言，进而达到传递与交流信息之目的的交际行为，是人类在跨文化、跨民族交往活动中所依赖的一种基本的语言交际工具。[1]中国语言文化大学刘和平教授认为：口译同笔译一样，是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动，而且是不同语言社团重要的交流形式，是两种思维的转换过程。[2]北京第二外国语大学张文教授对口译的概念进行了较全面的界定。她认为：口译是在人们跨文化、跨语言的交往活动中，为消除语言障碍，由能运用交流各方所使用的语言的人，采取口语表达方式，将一种语言所表述的思想内容以别种语言做出转述的即时翻译过程。根据时间工作模式，口译被分为交替传译（也称连续口译/传译、即席口译/传译，简称“交传”或“连传”；英文简称CI 。讲话人说一段，译员翻译一段，然后循环往复、交替进行。交替传译常用于新闻发布会、外事会见、商务谈判、户外活动等。）和同声传译（又称同步口译、即时传译（港台用语），简称“同传”；英文简称SI。讲话人的“说”与译员的“译”几乎同时进行。同声传译可分为常规会议同传和耳语同传两种）。根据空间工作模式，口译分为现场口译（当事双方和译员同时在场）和远程口译（当事双方和译员不在一地：电话口译、远程视频口译等。）根据活动主题和场合，口译分为会议口译、陪同口译、外交口译、商务口译、媒体口译、社区口译、导游口译、医学口译、法庭/法律口译和法庭译员等。

口译中的逻辑分析

口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析，纵向分析是指分清关键信息和辅助信息，即找出逻辑的层次；横向分析则是明确各信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果关系、对比对照、举例说明等。逻辑分析的目的是为了透彻地理解原语讲话的内容，对信息的点（具体的信息内容）、线（各点之间的联系）和面（即整体概念）进行全面的把握，以便于记忆和表达。信息经过分析加工，便能在记忆中留下更深的印象。逻辑分析练习可分为纵向分析和横向分析练习。纵向分析的训练方法和概述练习有些类似，但侧重点不一样。纵向分析要求进行逻辑分层训练，即在听完一篇讲话后首先用一句话概括出讲话的中心内容，这是逻辑的最上层；围绕这一中心问题讲话人谈了哪几个方面的内容，这是第二层关系；而每个方面又具体谈了些什么，这是逻辑的下一个层次。将信息一层一层地剖析下去，形成一个清晰的逻辑线路图，然后按照逻辑线路对原语讲话进行复述，复述时不必拘泥于原语的顺序和结构。横向分析的练习则要求我们找出信息之间的逻辑关系。一般的信息结构都遵从一定的逻辑关系模式，如：概括（generalization）、分类（classification）、因果（cause-effect）、对比对照（compare & contrast）、按照时间、空间、步骤、重要性的顺序排列（sequencing）、列举（simple listing）、提出问题-解决问题（problem-solution）等。找逻辑关系可以根据线索词汇，如英文里表示概括关系的线索词汇有：to sum up, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole等；表示顺序的词汇有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile 等；表示对比的词汇有：likewise, as well as, in common with, both, similarly，compared to等；表示对照的有：on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, whereas, differently等；表示因果的则有：so, since, because, as a result, consequently, lead to等等。逻辑分析要求在听取信息时不是被动地接收，而是在全神贯注地收听的同时，结合自己对口译情境和讲话人背景的了解，进行合理的分析和预测，这样才能更好地跟上讲话人的思路，缓解“听”的压力，使口译理解更轻松更准确。

新编跨文化交际课后翻译中英对照

Translation1 The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict. It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace. 纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 Translation 2 Culture is something referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.”But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture：culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in--a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what o prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides

英语即兴演讲稿与英语口译中的演讲技巧分析汇编

英语即兴演讲稿范文 i like to look into the mirror. i remember when i was a little girl, i often stood on my toes, trying to find my face in the mirror of the dressing table, which was nearly as high as i was. now i still like to look into the mirror. only now, the dressing table is too low for me. as i bend down, i see the face of a young woman, glowing with maturity, confident in her future and fascinated with her own reflection. the fact that i like to look into the mirror has to do with my granny with whom i spent most of my childhood. i remember clearly that one night i heard her murmuring, "women can't be seen. women can't be seen." i was so confused as to look into the mirror the next morning to check if i could indeed see myself. only now as a young woman myself, can i understand that it was not physical visibility that granny had on her mind. granny spent all her life taking care of the family, day in and day out. she cooked for her husband and 10 children. but whenever guests came, she and other female family members had to eat by the stove in the small kitchen. at family discussions, she was never asked for her opinion. after grandpa passed away, she had to listen to my uncle, her eldest son, fulfilled her duty as daughter, wife, and mother; yet as a person, she remained little noticed. even though she could see herself in the mirror of the dressing table, she was never visible in the mirror of society. i have been living a different life. at home, i make decisions together with the rest of the family. in school, i often take charge of various activities the same as other boys and girls. not only that, i can see something granny could not have dreamed of─making decisions for my own future. my life has been a series of decisions. i could choose from several universities as i came out of high school. at university, i could choose from a range of subjects from english literature to business law. and now upon graduation, i am again faced with decisions─to further my study or to go to work; to stay in china or to go abroad; to get married right away or to remain single for a bit longer. it does not matter whether or not i will bee famous or rich, but i will treasure the chance to demonstrate my potential and to help other women demonstrate theirs as full members of society, fully visible in the mirror of history. i will treasure it because the abundance of choice that i enjoy came only after decades of efforts made by my granny, my mum, and millions of other chinese women. however, the choices to be made by me and others of my generation are a great challenge. the misconception that men are superior to women is still dominating many people's minds. while men are encouraged to pete and to assert themselves, we are expected to be quiet, loyal 第1 页共5 页

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