综英课文

动物的魔力

许多科学家认为把动物器官移植到人体内是唯一能够长期解决世界范围内人体器官短缺问题的措施。本文是玛格丽特·西蒙斯对最新发展的看法。

世界范围内，可供移植的人体器官短缺。举例来说，在英国，有6 000人正需要器官移植——5 000人要换肾脏，其余的人需要移植心脏、肺或者肝脏。然而，每年仅能实施大约1 750例肾脏移植手术、500例心脏或者心脏和肺移植手术以及650例肝移植手术。等待者的名字每年以5%的速度递增。在美国，需要器官的30 000人中仅有一半可以得到满足。

因而，动物器官移植到人体，也就是异种移植（该词汇来源于希腊语xeros，意思是陌生的或外国的）引起了很大的兴趣，大多数科学家相信这是唯一的一项解决器官短缺问题的措施。自本世纪初以来，有人实验过异种移植，但都不成功。存活时间最长的是一个婴儿，名叫法依，1984年换上了狒狒的心脏，维持了仅20天。

任何器官移植的主要问题是更换器官后的病人的免疫系统排斥移植来的器官。因此，免疫系统发起巨大的进攻，激活了一种叫做防御素的酶，该酶进攻异体，最后也把病人杀死了。当移植器官发生在人与人之间时，如果两人的组织准确相配，并且病人能长期使用名为免疫抑制剂的药，就可以克服这种抵制性。该抑制剂在十多年前首次使用。用异种移植，排斥性更严重。举例来说，一颗正常猪的心脏，若输入人体血液，在15分钟内就会毁坏。

过去几年来，大量的研究已经进入准备动物器官的阶段。这些动物通过饲养，基因发生了改变，它们被称为转基因种类。动物胚胎被注射人类基因，以产生人体防御素的抑制素，控制防御素的释放，因而移植后，人体防御素认为跨基因的动物器官仿佛是人类器官。

比较适合用作器官移植的动物不是其他的灵长目动物，而是猪。那些灵长目动物曾被认为是异种移植的最佳候选动物。具有讽刺意味的是，其他的灵长目动物很象人。能够传染猴子和猿的同一病毒也可以传染给人。一个灵长目动物的器官移植后可以传递致命的疾病。爱滋病极有可能起源于一种猴子身上的病毒，这种病毒由猴子传染给了人。尽管猪的器官在功能和大小上与人类相近，但该物种与人类关系甚远，不会将致命病毒传染给人类。而且猪的价格便宜，又容易繁殖。

英国有个叫伊木特兰的生物技术公司，坐落在剑桥城内，正计划在今年某个时候进行首次临床实验：把猪器官移植于人体。去年，剑桥的科学家成功地把猪心脏移植给了猴子。60天以后，一些猴子仍然活着。这打破了美国科学家创造的最长存活期仅为30小时的记录。

假若伊木特兰公司的实验能够按计划进行，到2000年左右就可以研制出转基因的猪器官，包括肾脏和肺。"这将给世界上成千上万的病人带来希望；否则，他们会因为等待供移植的心脏、肺或肾脏而死去，"

伊木特兰的主管克里斯托弗·萨姆浦勒说。现阶段，该公司尚未考虑猪肝脏的移植。

然而，异种移植既要克服科学障碍，又要克服道德障碍。猪胰岛素已经用于治疗糖尿病患者，猪心脏瓣膜已经用于心脏修复手术。因此，动物器官的使用不会引起轩然大波。但是，如同人们预料的那样，动物权利保护者不同意人类处于医疗目的而饲养并杀死大量的动物。而且，动物保护协会苏格兰分部经理雷斯·瓦尔德指出，供移植的器官被取走后，猪剩下的部分怎么办呢？肉用于人类消费吗？"如果是这样的话——记住，猪包含着人类基因——这不是人类自食其肉吗？"

迟到无理由

每个办公室里总有几个人上班习惯性地迟到。经理在一个多元文化环境中怎样处理这个问题呢？是因为不同文化有不同的时间概念，他应当耐心点呢？还是应当采取惩罚措施？

学者们告诉我们，西方人和亚洲人对待时间的态度不同。从文化角度考虑，西方人更趋向于生活在现在和不远的将来中，而亚洲人则倾向于生活在古代和遥远的将来。

亚洲人设法避免成为时间的神经质的奴隶，把时间视为永恒中正在逝去的瞬间。他们喜欢这种"零重力"的感觉，这种感觉来自于那种没有直接目的和紧急目标的旅行。

对许多亚洲人而言，幸福不单单是个时间问题，生命是长途旅程。与其匆匆忙忙，他们更愿意保持一种稳定的步伐。静静地观察季节的变更和孩子们的成长当然不是浪费时间的表现。

西方人坚信幸福就在下一座山上。再多一点点时间、金钱或奋斗，就会到达那儿。尤其是美国人，生活在时间紧迫的日程表和最后的期限中。

但是，怎样将学者们辛勤研究所得出的理论与办公室需要守时这一问题联系起来？难道我们应该从文化观的不同去推断当今有些办公室雇员迟到是可以理解的？难道这意味着经理应该忽略守时是办公室的纪律？

表面看来，似乎是经理不得不对某些文化背景的人群在守时方面更加容忍一些。但这在都市文明中无法保证。这就会为暗示在这样的文化（亚洲文化）中时间定位逊于西方的学术研究提供证据。

这混淆了完全不同的两个概念：奉行守时和时间的哲学观。

坚信时间是以世纪而不是以秒衡量的信念与一个人每天在办公室是否守时完全无关。没有一个亚洲雇员会用文化借口作为迟到的理由。他定会用一些较现代的理由，比如堵车了，表慢了，或停车困难。这些理由与西方白领使用的理由毫无两样。为什么反复迟到的这些理由在亚洲可以被接受，而在西方这种人却被认为是不可信赖、不可相信的呢？

问题可能是，在我们亚洲社会生活中，我们对朋友和亲属比较宽容。尽管在市中心约会时他们让我们等了半个小时，我们不认为他们对我们的友谊或感情不以为然，也不认为他们不尊重别人。更糟糕的是，我们让他们以各种模糊的理由原谅了他们自己。

但是，在我们社会生活中如何对待迟到者是个人的事情。在现代商界，我们承受不起这种灵活性。

没有人会介意一个极少迟到的人偶尔迟到一次。守时不应当成为一种流行。但在工作环境中必须要有一种遵守纪律的风气，从而使人们重视守时。

即使在那些时间比较灵活的公司里，也要有雇员必须在办公室的固定时间段。否则，就不可能召集不同部门的人开会。

一些公司选择错开上下班时间，以便雇员能够避开上下班高峰期。但这并不意味着不再需要守时。

迟到，总的来说，只是一小部分雇员的问题。经理应通过提醒，如果有必要，通过反复提醒尽量使他们改掉坏习惯。这不是一项很容易的任务，在有些情况下，需要相当大的耐心。

但是，我们应当抛弃学者的观念，即认为期望守时是对文化的漠视。应当立即摈弃这些陈词滥调。

综英第三版第四册 UNIT6 Chinese food课文翻译[优质文档]

Chinese Food "Few things in life are as positive as food, or are taken as intimately and completely by the individual. One can listen to music, but the sound may enter in one ear and go out through the other; one may listen to a lecture or. conversation, and day-dream about many other things; one may attend to matters of business, and one's heart or interest may be altogether elsewhere... In the matter of food and eating however one can hardly remain completely indifferent to what one is doing for long. How can one remain entirely indifferent to something which is going to enter one's body and become part of oneself? How can one remain indifferent to something which will determine one's physical strength and ultimately one's spiritual and moral fibre and well-being?" -- Kenneth Lo “生活中很少有什么东西像食物这样真切实在，或者说那么彻底的为个人接纳吸收。一个人可能在听音乐，但是音乐可以从一只耳朵进从另一只耳朵出；一个人可以在听讲座时胡思乱想；一个人可以在料理生意上的事务而他的心思和兴趣另有所属…….。而在吃饭就餐时，一个人几乎不可能长时间的对自己正在做的事完全无动于衷。一个人怎么能对即将进入身体并成为身体一部分的东西保持绝对的无动于衷呢？一个人怎么能对即将决定自己体力以及最终决定自己的精神和道德品质以及幸福安康的东西无动于衷呢？ ——肯尼斯·洛 This is an easy question for a Chinese to ask, but a Westerner might find it difficult to answer. Many people in the West are gourmets and others are gluttons, but scattered among them also is a large number of people who are apparently pretty indifferent to what goes into their stomachs, and do not regard food as having any ultimate moral effect on them. How, they might ask, could eating a hamburger or drinking Coca Cola contribute anything to making you a saint or a sinner? For them, food is quite simply a fuel. 这是一个中国人常问的问题，而西方人却很难作答。在西方，很多人都是美食家，还有其他一些是暴饮暴食者，而混杂于这两者中间的还有一种对吃进肚子的食物漠不关心的。这些人也许会问，吃一个汉堡，喝点可口可乐就会变成圣人或罪人？对于他们来说，食物就是一种能量。 Kenneth Lo, however, expresses a point of view that is profoundly different and typically Chinese, deriving from thousands of years of tradition. The London restaurateur Fu Tong, for example, quotes no less an authority than Confucius (the ancient Sage known in Chinese as K'ung-Fu-Tzu) with regard to the primal importance of food. Food, said the sage, is the first happiness. Fu Tong adds: "Food to my countrymen is one of the ecstasies of life, to be thought about in advance; to be smothered with loving care throughout its preparation; and to have time lavished on it in the final pleasure of eating." 肯尼斯·洛认却表达了一种截然不同的，典型的中国化的观点。这种观点源于从几千年中国文化。例如，一家伦敦餐馆的董福就引用了如同孔夫子（中国人陈这位古代圣人为孔夫子）的权威人士的话。圣者言，食乃是人生最大的幸福。董福还说：“食物对中国人来说是生活中的一大乐事，需要预先准备，需要精心烹饪，还要肯花时间去享受吃得乐趣。” Lo observes that when Westerners go to a restaurant they ask for a good table, which means a good position from which to see and be seen. They are usually there to be entertained socially -- and also, incidentally, to eat. When the Chinese go to a restaurant, however, they ask for a small room with plain walls where they cannot be seen except by the members of their own party,

综英课文

动物的魔力 许多科学家认为把动物器官移植到人体内是唯一能够长期解决世界范围内人体器官短缺问题的措施。本文是玛格丽特·西蒙斯对最新发展的看法。 世界范围内，可供移植的人体器官短缺。举例来说，在英国，有6 000人正需要器官移植——5 000人要换肾脏，其余的人需要移植心脏、肺或者肝脏。然而，每年仅能实施大约1 750例肾脏移植手术、500例心脏或者心脏和肺移植手术以及650例肝移植手术。等待者的名字每年以5%的速度递增。在美国，需要器官的30 000人中仅有一半可以得到满足。 因而，动物器官移植到人体，也就是异种移植（该词汇来源于希腊语xeros，意思是陌生的或外国的）引起了很大的兴趣，大多数科学家相信这是唯一的一项解决器官短缺问题的措施。自本世纪初以来，有人实验过异种移植，但都不成功。存活时间最长的是一个婴儿，名叫法依，1984年换上了狒狒的心脏，维持了仅20天。 任何器官移植的主要问题是更换器官后的病人的免疫系统排斥移植来的器官。因此，免疫系统发起巨大的进攻，激活了一种叫做防御素的酶，该酶进攻异体，最后也把病人杀死了。当移植器官发生在人与人之间时，如果两人的组织准确相配，并且病人能长期使用名为免疫抑制剂的药，就可以克服这种抵制性。该抑制剂在十多年前首次使用。用异种移植，排斥性更严重。举例来说，一颗正常猪的心脏，若输入人体血液，在15分钟内就会毁坏。 过去几年来，大量的研究已经进入准备动物器官的阶段。这些动物通过饲养，基因发生了改变，它们被称为转基因种类。动物胚胎被注射人类基因，以产生人体防御素的抑制素，控制防御素的释放，因而移植后，人体防御素认为跨基因的动物器官仿佛是人类器官。 比较适合用作器官移植的动物不是其他的灵长目动物，而是猪。那些灵长目动物曾被认为是异种移植的最佳候选动物。具有讽刺意味的是，其他的灵长目动物很象人。能够传染猴子和猿的同一病毒也可以传染给人。一个灵长目动物的器官移植后可以传递致命的疾病。爱滋病极有可能起源于一种猴子身上的病毒，这种病毒由猴子传染给了人。尽管猪的器官在功能和大小上与人类相近，但该物种与人类关系甚远，不会将致命病毒传染给人类。而且猪的价格便宜，又容易繁殖。 英国有个叫伊木特兰的生物技术公司，坐落在剑桥城内，正计划在今年某个时候进行首次临床实验：把猪器官移植于人体。去年，剑桥的科学家成功地把猪心脏移植给了猴子。60天以后，一些猴子仍然活着。这打破了美国科学家创造的最长存活期仅为30小时的记录。 假若伊木特兰公司的实验能够按计划进行，到2000年左右就可以研制出转基因的猪器官，包括肾脏和肺。"这将给世界上成千上万的病人带来希望；否则，他们会因为等待供移植的心脏、肺或肾脏而死去，" 伊木特兰的主管克里斯托弗·萨姆浦勒说。现阶段，该公司尚未考虑猪肝脏的移植。 然而，异种移植既要克服科学障碍，又要克服道德障碍。猪胰岛素已经用于治疗糖尿病患者，猪心脏瓣膜已经用于心脏修复手术。因此，动物器官的使用不会引起轩然大波。但是，如同人们预料的那样，动物权利保护者不同意人类处于医疗目的而饲养并杀死大量的动物。而且，动物保护协会苏格兰分部经理雷斯·瓦尔德指出，供移植的器官被取走后，猪剩下的部分怎么办呢？肉用于人类消费吗？"如果是这样的话——记住，猪包含着人类基因——这不是人类自食其肉吗？"

综英4 课文翻译

Key to Translation(Page 187) 1. She seems to take little pleasure in doing such things. 2. The professor told us that the tradition of landscape painting could date from the prehistoric age. 3. After attending the lecture of the famous writer, he decided to give up medicine and take to literature. 4. Let’s dispense with the formalities and go directly into the discussion. 5. These animals run extraordinarily fast and in consequence their hunting methods are very efficient indeed. 6. The police searched every house in the district for the escaped criminal, but to no avail. 7. Parents tend to take very great pride in the achievements of their children. Key to Translation (Page 206) 1.Many developing countries, after independence, were afflicted with economic problems to begin with. 2. In order to protect domestic industries, the government decided to impose anti-dumping tariff on imported products. 3. Knowledge without practical experience counts for little. 4. Thousands of people were forced to abandon their homes to the invading enemy troops. 5. I’ve lived in Shanghai so long that I’ve looked upon the city as my second hometown. 6. The roof will have to be propped up while repairs are being carried out. 7. In (the) face of great hardship, he managed to keep his sense of humor. Key to Translation (Page 230) 1. They usually leave off work at 5 o’clock, but today they have to work overtime. 2. All the museums and art galleries in the city are open to the public for free / free of charge. 3. It’s very discouraging to be sneered at by them all the time. 4. She has been a little run down lately and the doctor has advised her to take a short holiday. 5. The whole city is bathed in a sea of joy today. 6. It’s very dark outside, and the sky is covered, as it were, with a black curtain. 7. I booked two film tickets by phone yesterday in the name of Thomas. Key to Translation (Page 309) 1. The tourists cheered with excitement when they saw water cascading down the mountainside. 2. Owing to the policy of reform, the small town is thriving day by day. 3. Could you read through this for me and highlight the important points? 4. At times I wonder if rote learning is worthwhile. 5. The superstitions that used to prevail in Old China are disappearing gradually. 6. Thanks to the improvement in export sales, the company has successfully fulfilled its marketing plan.

新标准大学英语综合教程3课文summary

↓↓↓ 大英3课文Summary UNIT 1 1.1 catching crabs In the fall of our final year,our mood changed.The relaxed atmosphere had disappeared, and peer group pressure to work hard was strong. Meanwhile,at the back of everyone’s mind was what we would do next after graduation. As for me,I wanted to travel,and I wanted to be a writer.I braced myself for some resistance to the idea from my father,who wanted me to go to law school,and follow his path through life. However,he supported what I wanted but he made me think about it by watching the crabs.The cage was full of crabs. One of them was trying to escape,but each time it reached the top the other crabs pulled it back.In the end it gave up lengthy struggle to escape and started to prevent other crabs from escaping.By watching crabs,my father told me not to be pulled back by others,and to get to know himself better. 1.2We are all dying Life is short.We never quite know when we become coffin dwellers or trampled ash in the rose garden of some local ceremony.So there’s no p oint in putting our dreams on the back burner until the right time arrives.Now is the time to do what we want to do. Make the best of our short stay and fill our life with the riches on offer so that when the reaper arrives,we’ve achieved much instead of regrets. UNIT 2 2.1superman The extract from Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams by Sylvia Plath is a combination of her real life and imaginary life in her childhood.In the real life,Plath was a winner of the prize for drawing the best Civil Defense signs,lived by an airport and had an Uncle who bore resemblance to Superman.In her imagination,the airport was her Mecca and Jerusalem because of her flying dreams.Superman fulfilled her dream at the moment. David Stirling,a bookish boy,also worship Superman.During the recess at school,he and the author played Superman https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0512666353.html,pared with their school-mates who played the routine games,they felt they were outlaws but had a sense of windy superiority.They also found a stand-in,Sheldon Fein, who later invented tortures. 2.2cultual childhoods Historically,childhood has undergone enormous transformations in terms of children’s responsibilities and parental expectations.Culturally,childhood is socially constructed.The interplay of history and cultural leads to different understanding of childhood,consequently it is advisable not to impose ideas from one culture to understand childhood in another culture. UNIT 3 3.1how we listen For the sake of clarify,we split up the process of listening to music into three hypothetical planes.Firstly,the sensuous plane.It is a kind of brainless but attractive state of mind engendered

第三版综英课文参考译文

课文参考译文 Unit 1 Text 1 我的第一份工作 在宾夕法尼亚州的夏洛瑞市，我的父母经营着一家小餐馆——潘格尼斯餐馆。餐馆每周营业七天，每天24小时。我的第一份正式工作是给顾客擦鞋，那时我六岁。父亲年轻时也曾干过这活，所以他就教我怎样把鞋擦好，还让我问问顾客活干得好不好，如果顾客不满意，应主动给顾客再擦一次。 随着年龄的增长，我的活也多了起来。十岁时，我已经会收拾餐桌了，并且还当清洁工。爸爸咧着嘴笑着说我是在他手下干过的最好的“清洁工”。 在餐馆里工作是我骄傲的资本，因为我也在为家里的生计出把力。但是，父亲明确规定我得符合一定的标准才能成为集体的一员。我必须守时，勤快，对顾客彬彬有礼。 在餐馆里除了擦鞋以外，其它工作都没有报酬。一天我犯了个错误，告诉父亲我觉得他每周应付我10美元的报酬。父亲说：“好呀，那你付我在这儿的一日三餐钱，怎么样？还有你带你的朋友来免费喝饮料的钱？”他算下来我每周还欠他40美元。这件事情给了我一个教训：在谈判时，你不仅要知道自己想说什么，你还要搞清楚对方会说些什么。 我还记得在外服兵役两年后回家的情景。我刚晋升为上尉，满脸自豪地迈进父母的餐馆。父亲的第一句话就是：“今天清洁工休息，晚上你来打扫卫生，怎么样？” 我简直不敢相信！我想，我是一名美国陆军军官！但这并不要紧。在父亲的眼里我只是团队中的一名成员。我伸手去拿了拖把。 为父亲做事使我明白了一个道理，对团队的忠诚是第一位的，无论这个团队从事的是经营家庭餐馆还是执行“沙漠风暴行动”。 Read more 我的第一份工作 “做什么事都要有自豪感，”父亲总是这样告诉我，“不管你是老板还是清洁工。”15岁时我在一家地方医院有了份兼职工作，他们要我做拖地的活儿。我笑了，就想到了父亲说过的那些话。 既使我的工作是最低层的，我也非常激动能有事情做。我没把它看成是个困难，而是看成一个挑战，因为这是我的第一份工作。我学着去守时，符合工作规范。反过来，医院里的职工和病人也很尊敬我。 每天早晨，我先设想一下，如果我没能洗涮干净，那沾满麦片粥的碟子只能让病人更感不适。早饭刚过，我就开始卖力地干活，把所有病房的地板拖一遍，再冲洗厕所。尽管我累得精疲力尽，但我心里清楚，如果地板没拖得闪闪发亮，我的形象照出来也会很糟。我想把工作做得漂亮些，大家也会笑着说：“小伙子工作确实出色。”这让我很感自豪。 在医院里工作让我懂得了一个道理，自豪感是积极投身工作的一部分，不管工作是拖地还是经营一家大企业。我曾做过许多工作，父亲的建议总回响在我耳边。我拖过地，而现在被提升为经理。我想爸爸也会为我骄傲的。 Unit 2 Text 美国家庭和中国传统家庭的比较 美国家庭和中国传统家庭有很多不同之处。先说说住房吧。美国房子通常都有院子，大小

英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式

英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式

摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。 D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。 B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。 C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。 D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。 E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：

1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。 2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。 4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。 5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”

综英两篇课文翻译

空间入侵者 前几天在银行，我站在一支蜿蜒绕着松垂的天鹅绒绳子的队伍里，这时一个身穿运动服的男子开始慢慢向我挪近，急着存他的社会保障支票。因为他这样做，我不得不稍稍靠近我前面正在看华尔街日报的女士。她有些恼怒地侧身贴近她前面的正在支票上签字的男子。男子心不在焉地拖着脚步走近他前面的白发女士。最后我们都杂乱地贴向彼此，原来松散的队伍像Slinky玩具一样紧缩在一起。 我估计我的个人空间向前要延伸十八英寸，两边各一英尺，向后十英寸（尽管几乎不可能准确测量你身后的人距你有多远）。“个人空间”这个词听起来有点古怪，象是七十年代的语气(“你侵占了我的空间，先生”)，但它是一种让所有人凭 直觉就能明白的、令人愉快的说法。就像我们国家拥有12海里海岸线一样，个人空间就是我们的边界，只要有陌生人穿过这个边界，就会使我们感到不安。 最近，我发现我的个人空间比以前任何时候都更多地受到侵犯。电梯里，人们就在门关上之前挤入；大街上，行人蜿蜒穿过人流，推撞他人，拒绝让道；地铁里，乘客不再费力保持自己和他人之间的一点距离；机场的等候队伍里，人们就 像红灯下坐立不安的的士司机拥挤向前。 起初，我把这种趋势归因为“人口爆炸”以及冷酷的马尔萨斯逻辑，也就是如果两倍于二十年前的人生活在地球上，我们每人拥有的空间只有原来的一半。近来，我想是否是因为季节：穿T恤的天气也许会让人们彼此吸引想更亲近一些（或 者更加厌恶其他人靠近，尽可能想保持距离）。或者可能是曼哈顿不断涌现的咖啡厅——它们的数量似乎每三个月就会翻一番——给本来就喧闹焦躁的当地人注入了太多的咖啡因，所以他们更不要独自待着了。 个人空间主要是一个公众场合的问题; 私下里我们允许各种入侵个人空间的 行为。（没有它们就不会存在充满人情味的社会。）个人空间的具体概念随地域变化。住在加尔各答的人们比住在科罗拉多的人拥有的个人空间少。“不要踩我” 这样的话只会出自某个拥有大片土地的人。我打赌北半球人的私人空间的概念比南半球人的要宽敞得多。对英国人来说，握手都显得有些冒犯；然而对巴西人而 言，连个拥抱都不给就会被看作是冷淡。 就像那些撞了你泊好的空车而不留条的司机，人们撞到你时不再低声咕哝一句“对不起”。人们普遍为社会礼仪的退化悲叹。在我看来，礼貌就是给别人以空间， 不冒犯他人，允许别人有隐私。 我也注意到那些被我称之为空间入侵者的队伍在扩大，这些地盘扩张者把占据公共空间视为理所当然。如今，在电影院里人们占据两个扶手，侵吞两个手肘所覆盖的空间。在咖啡店里，在长岛的火车上，人们习惯性地独占隔间或面对面的 四人座位。 归根结底，个人空间是心理层面的问题，而非身体距离的问题：比起我们的外部空间，它与我们的内心空间联系更紧密。我揣测个人空间的缩小和自我的膨胀是成正比的：注意力是向内的人不会去操心关注外面的事情。这些年就连科学研究也是着眼于微观，而非宏观。人类基因组工程正在绘制基因代码的全貌图，而神经科学家正在使用提速的磁共振成像仪来描绘我们大脑神经细胞的活动。 就像蝴蝶振翅在日本带来的习习微风，最终可能会导致加利福利亚的一场海啸，

综英课文1

Discovery of a Father You hear it said that fathers want their sons to be what they feel they cannot themselves be, but I tell you it also works the other way. A boy wants something very special from his father. I know that as a small boy I wanted my father to be a certain thing he was not, I wanted him to be a proud, silent , dignified（有尊严的）father. When I was with other boys and he passed along the street, I wanted to feel a glow of pride. “There he is. That is my father.”But he wasn?t such a one. He couldn?t be. It seemed to me then that he was always showing o ff. Let?s say someone in our town had got up a show.1 They were always doing it. The druggist would be in it, the shoe store clerk, the horse doctor, and a lot of women and girls. My father would manage to get the chief comedy part. 2It was, let?s say, a Civil War play and he was a comic Irish soldier. He had to do the most absurd（可笑的）things. They thought he was funny, but I didn?t. I thought he was terrible. I didn?t see how mother could stand it. She even laughed with the others. Maybe I would have laughed if it hadn?t been my father.Or there was a parade, the Fourth of July or Decoration Day. He?d be in that, too, right at the front of it, as Grand Marshal or something, on a white horse hired from a livery （车马出租所）stable. He couldn?t ride for shucks. 3 He fell off the horse and everyone hooted（起哄）with laughter, but he did n?t care. He even seemed to like it, I remember once when he had done something ridiculous, and right out on Main Street, too. I was with some other boys and they were laughing and shouting at him and he was shouting back and having as good a time as they were. I ran down an alley（小巷）back of some stores and there in the Presbyterian Church sheds I had a good long cry. Or I would be in bed at night and father would come home a little lit up and bring some men with him. He was a man who was never alone. Before he went broke, running a harness shop, there were always a lot of men loafing in the shop.4 He went broke, of course, because he gave too much credit. 5He couldn?t refuse it and I thought he was a fool. I had got to hate him. There?d be men I didn?t think would want t o be fooling around with him. 6 There might even be the superintendent（督导）of our schools and a quiet man who ran the hardware store. Once I remember there was a white-haired man who was a cashier of the bank. It was a wonder to me they?d want to be seen with such a windbag（夸夸其谈的人）. That?s what I thought he was. I know now wh at it was that attracted them. It was because life in our town, as in all small towns, was at times pretty dull and he livened it up. He made them laugh. He could tell stories. He?d even get them to singing. If they didn?t come to our house they?d go off, say at night, to where there was a grassy（多草的）place. They?d cook food there and drink beer and sit about listening to his stories.He was always telling stories about himself. He?d say this or that wonderful thing that had happened to him. It might be something that made him look like a fool. He d idn?t care.If an Irishman came to our house, right away father would say he was Irish. He?d tell what county in Ireland he was born in. He?d tell things that happened there when he was a boy. He?d make it seem so real that, if I hadn?t known he was born in southern Ohio, I?d have believed him myself. If it was a Scotchman（苏格兰人）the same thing happened. He?d get a burr（颤动舌尖的r音）into his speech. Or he was a German or a Swede. He?d be anything the other man was. I think they all knew he was lying, but they seemed to like him just the same. As a boy that was what I couldn?t unde rstand. And there was mother. How could she stand it, I wanted to ask, but never did. She was not the kind you asked such questions. I?d be upstairs in my bed, in my room above the porch（门廊）, and father would be telling some of his tales. A lot o f father?s stories were about the Civil War. To hear him tell it he?d been in about every battle. He?d known Grant, Sherman, Sheridan and I don?t know how many others. He?d been particularly intimate with General Grant so that when Grant went East to take charge of all the armies, he took father along. “I was an orderly（勤务兵）at headquarters and Sam Grant said to me, …Irve? he said, I?m going to take you along with me.?” It seems he and Grant used to slip off sometimes and have a quiet drink together. That?s what my father said. He?d tell about the day Lee surrendered and how, when the great moment came, they couldn?t find Grant. “You know,” my father said, “about General Grant?s book, his memoirs（回忆录）. You?ve read of how he said he had a headache and how, when he got word that Lee was ready to call it quits, 7 he was suddenly and miraculously（奇迹般地）cured. “Huh,” said father. “He was in the woods with me.” “I was in there with my back against a tree. I was pretty well corned. 8 I had got hold of a bottle of pretty good stuff. “They were looking for G rant. He had got off his horse and come into the woods. He found me. He was covered with mud. “I had the bottle in my hand. What?d I care? The war was over. I knew we had them licked. 9” My father said that he was the one who told Grant about Lee. An orderly riding by had told him, because the orderly knew how thick（感情深厚）he was with Grant. 10 Grant was embarrassed. “But, Irve, look at me. I?m all covered with mud,” he said to my father. And then, my father said, he and Grant decided to have a drink together. They took a couple of shots（小