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《英语语言学》复习重点

Chapter I

1.Linguistics is usually defined as the science study of language

2.what are major branches of linguistics?

Phonetics----it studies the sounds used in linguistics communication.

Phonology---it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey the meaning in communication.

Morphology---it studies the way in which linguistic symbol representing sounds are arranged and combined to form words.

Syntax-------it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible sentence in languages.

Semantics---it studies meaning convey by language.

Pragmatics---it studies the meaning in the context of language use.

Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.

Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.

Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.

4. The definitions of important distinctions in lingustics: Who distinguished them?

（1）descriptive VS. presriptive;

Descriptive(描写式):describe and analyze the language people actually use.

eg: American don’t say “I’ll give you some color see see.”

Prescriptive(规定式): laying down rules for “correct and standard”behaviour in using language.

eg: Don’t say “I’ll give you some color see see.”

（2）synchronic VS. diachronic;

Synchronic study(共时性) --- description of a language at some point of time

Diachronic study(历时性) --- description of a language through the course of its history (historical development of language over a period of time)

（3）speech and writing

Speech is prior to writing

（4）langue & parole;

Langue: (语言) the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.

Parole: (话语) the realization of langue in actual use.

（5）competence and performance.

Competence:(语言能力.)he ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language

Performance:(语言运用.)the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.

（6）traditional grammar and modern linguistic

Traditional grammar prescriptive：tend to emphasize the importance of written word：force language into Latin-base framework.

Modern linguistic description；spoken language as primary

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3518736034.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

6.Design Features

It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性

Productivity多产性

Duality双重性

Displacement移位性

Cultural transmission文化传递

7. Jakobson’s classification of functions of language.

1).Referential function 所指功能2).Poetic function诗学功能3).Emotive function感情功能4).Conative function意动功能5).Phatic function交感功能6).Metalingual元语言功能

Hu Zhuanglin’ classification of functions of language and use some examples to illustrate them. 1).Informative function 信息功能2).Interpersonal function 人际功能3).Performative function 施为功能4).Emotive function 感情功能5).Phatic communion 交感性谈话6).Recreational function 娱乐性功能7).Metalingual function 元语言功能

Chapter 2 Phonology

1. Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.

2. Three branches of phonetics

Articulatory发音语音学speaker’s point of views

Auditory-听觉语音学hear’s point of views

Acoustic-声学语音学sound waves

3. broad transcription: 宽式标音the transcriptions with letter-symbols only

narrow transcription 窄式标音the transcriptions with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 4.phonology 音位学and phonetics语音学are concerned with the same aspect of language ––the speech sounds. But while both are related to the study of sounds,, they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

5.what’s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?

Phone—a speech sound ,a phonetic unit.

Phoneme---a collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit.

Allophones---actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.

6.音位对立Phone contrast: phonemic similar sounds might be related in two ways, if they are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to be phone contrast.

7.互补分布complementary distribution P35

Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.

8.最小对立对Minimal pair

When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.

9.超切分特征Suprasegmental

The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features include stress重音,intonation语调and tone音调.

Chapter 3 Morphology

1. Closed-class words vs. open-class words (封闭词/开放词)

closed-class words：few new words are added. e.g. pron., prep., conj., article.

open-class words：new words can be added regularly e.g.: n., v., adj., adv.

2.Morpheme 词素：The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language.

3.Free Morpheme ：A morpheme can be a word by itself.

4.Bound morphemes ：A morpheme that must be attached to another one.

5.allomorph词素变体：The variant forms of a morpheme

6.Inflectional morpheme屈折词素:they are attached to words or morphemes，but they never change their syntactic category.

7.Derivational morpheme派生词素:when they are conjoined to other morphemes, new words are derived,or formed.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3518736034.html,pound: stringing word together

1)same grammatical category

2)the second or final word will be grammatical category

3)stress on the noun the adjective qualifies.

4)not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.

Chapter 4 Syntax

1.Syntax: it studied of the rules govern the formation of sentences

XP rule: the XP rule: XP— (specifier 标志语)X(complement补语)

Chapter 5 Semantics

2.概念论The conceptualist view It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.

3.语境论Conceptualism J.R.Firth It’s based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Here are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context.

4.行为主义论Behaviorism It refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the” situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”. this theory somewhat close to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological response.

5. Explain the semantic triangle by using some examples.

6.Explain the difference between sense and reference from the following four aspects: Sense：inherent meaning of linguistics form, which is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, it’s abstract and de-contextualized.

Reference：in the real, physical world, it is a matter of relationship between the form and reality.

1) A word having reference must have sense;

2) A word having sense might not have reference;

3) A certain sense can be realized by more than one reference;

4) A certain reference can be expressed by more than one sense

7.同义词Synonymy: It refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that words are close in meaning.

1)dialectal synonyms 方言同义词——synonyms used in different regional dialect

2)stylistic synonyms 文体同义词——synonyms differing in style

3)synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning

4)collocational synonyms 搭配同义词

5)semantically different synonyms

8.多义词Polysemy：It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.

9.同音(形)异义Homonymy：It refers to the phenomenon that words have different meanings have the same form, i.e, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.

1）同音异义Homophones：It refers to two words are identical in sound. e.g. rain/reign.

2）同形异义Homographs：It refers to two words are identical in form .e.g. tear v./tear n.

10.上下义关系Hyponymy：It refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.

Superordinate坐标词the word which is more general in meaning ,

Hyponyms 下义词the more specific words

11.反义词Antonymy：It’s the term used for oppositeness of meaning on different dimen sion.

1）gradable antonymy 级差反义词a matter of degree

2）complementary antonymy 互补相反词a matter of either one or the other

3）relational antonymy 关系反义词the reversal of a relationship

12. Sense relations between sentences

1 A entails B ( A is an entailment of B ) 蕴含

2 A Presupposes B (A presupposes B) 预设

3 A is inconsistent with B 不一致

4 A is synonymous with B 同义

5 A is a contradiction 自相矛盾

6 A is semantically anomalous 反常

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3518736034.html,ponential relations（成分分析）——a way to analyze lexical meaning Componential relations：It’s a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.

semantic features：this approach is based upon the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components.

Chapter 6 Pragmatics

1.Semantics 和Pragmatics的区分

Pragmatics is study of how speaker of a language use sentence to effect successful communication. Difference：whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.

2.Sentence meaning与Utterance meaning的区别

Sentence meaning---abstract, decontextualized.

Utterance meaning---concrete, contextualized it’s based on sentence meaning, it’s the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.

3.言语行为理论Speech act theory It’s an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. it’s

a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication. it aims to answer the question ”what do we do when using language?”

Austins model of speech acts

叙述句Constatives :Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable and it bearing the truth-value.;

行为句Performatives :Performatives are sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and are not verifiable.

言内行为Locutionary Act:the act of utt ering words, phrases ,clauses. it’s the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

言外行为Illocutionary Act:the act of expressing the speaker’s intention it’s the act performed in saying something.

言后行为Perlocutionary Act:the act performed by or resulting from saying something. it’s the consequence of ,or the change brought about by the utterance.

4. Indirect speech acts: primary speech act(the goal of communication) , secondary speech

act(the means by which he achieves his goal)

5.会话原则Principle of conversation Paul Grice

合作原则的准则4Maxim of Cooperative Principle

1.数量the maxim of Quantity-----你说的话应包含所需内容且不可超过内容要求

Make your contribution as informative as required;

Do not make your contribution more informative than is required

2.质量the maxim of Quality -----不要说你认为是假的话或你缺乏足够证据的话

Do not say what you believe to false.

Do not say for which you lack adequate evidence

3.关系the maxim of relation-----使你的话与话题相关

Be relevant

4.方式the maxim of manner-----避免模糊、歧义，应简明有序

Avoid obscurity of expression and ambiguity;

Be brief/be orderly.

Chapter7 Language change

1.lexical change:

1) addition of new words

Coinage创新词; clipped words缩略词; blending紧缩法; acronyms词首字母缩略词; back-formation逆构词法; functional shift功能转换；borrowing借用;

2) loss of words词的废弃

3) semantic changes语义的变化

A. semantic broadening词义的扩大:holiday-holy day-any rest day, tail-horse-any animal

B. semantic narrowing意义的缩小deer-any animal-a particular kind of animal meat - food-edible part of an animal, corn-grain-a particular grain

C. semantic shift意义转换:silly-happy-naive-foolish

Chapter8 Language and society

1.The relationship between language and culture ：

1) Language is principally used to communicate meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain

social relationship.

2) Language, especially the structure of its lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social

environments of a society.

3) The use of language is in part determined by the user’s social background.

4) The way people talk is influenced by the social context in which they are talking. It matters

who can hear us and where we are talking as well as how we are feeling. We use different styles in different social contexts.

2. speech community语言社区: The social group that is singled out for any special study.

Speech Variety言语变体: It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.

3.Dialectal varieties方言变体

1) Regional地域方言:a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.

2)Sociolect社会方言 a language variety caused by different social conditions

3）Language and Gender:Language used by men and women have some special features of their own. Women and men often have slightly different "grammars" at many different levels.

4）Language and age: In many communities the language used by the old generation differs from that used by the younger generation in certain ways. Their speech is thus a record of the never-ending change of language

5）Idiolect : Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. In a narrower sense, it also includes voice quality, pitch音高，speech tempo语速and rhythm.

6）Ethnic dialect: An ethnic dialect is a social dialect of a language that cuts across regional differences; it is mainly spoken by a less privileged population that has experienced some form of social isolation such as racial discrimination or segregation

4.语域Register :A functional speech or language variety that involves degrees of formality depending on the speech situation concerned.

5. Degree of formality

?frozen style(庄严语体)

My beloved parent has just passed to his heavenly reward.

?formal style(正式语体)

My dear father has just expired.

?consultative style(询问语体)

My father has just passed away.

?casual style(随意语体)

My dad has died.

?intimate style(亲密语体)

My old man just kicked the bucket.

6.标准语Standard Language :A superposed prestigious variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.

7.Pidgin (洋泾浜语) :A pidgin is a language variety that mixes languages and it is developed for some practical purpose, such as trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not know each other’s languages.

Feature:

①Pidgins arose from a blending of several languages.

②Pidgins typically have a limited vocabulary and a very simplified grammatical structure,

with inflections, gender and case being lost.

Chapter 9 language and culture

1.the relationship between language and culture

1)The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural background,

e.g. the word “dog”.

2)Language expresses cultural reality, reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, etc.

3)The culture both emancipates and constrains people socially, historically and metaphorically.

4)Culture also affects its people’s imagination or common dreams which are mediated through the language and reflected in their life.

5)language as an integral part of human being, permeates in his thinking and way of viewing the world, language both expresses and embodies cultural reality; on the other, language, as a product of culture, helps perpetuate the culture, and the changes in language uses reflect the cultural changes in return.

2. Two important insights of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说：

1)There is nowadays a recognition that language, as code, reflects cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think.

2)More than in Whorf’s days, however, we recognize how important context is in complementing the meanings encoded in the language.

3. the significance of culture teaching and learning

Language as the keystone is tightly intertwined with culture. Learning a language is inseparable from learning its culture. We need to learn enough about the language's culture so that we can communicate in the target language properly to achieve not only the linguistic competence but also the pragmatic or communicative competence as well. This is of great significance in learning a foreign or second language

Chapter 10 Language Acquisition

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/3518736034.html,nguage environment & the critical period hypothesis 语言环境和临界期假说:

1) Two important factors: the linguistic environment children are exposed to and the age they start to learn the language.

2) In behaviorist approach, language environment plays a major role in providing both language models to be imitated and necessary feedbacks.

3) The innatist view emphasizes more on children’s internal processing of the language items to be learnt. The environment functions as a stimulus that triggers and activates the pre-equipped UG to process the materials provided by the linguistic environment around the children.

4) The interactionist view calls for the quality of the language samples available in the linguistic environment, only when the language is modified and adjusted to the level of children’s comprehension, do they process and internalize the language items.

2.对比分析Contrastive Analysis : It refers to a comparative procedure used to establish linguistic differences between two languages so as to predict learning difficulties caused by interference from the learner’s first language and prepare the type of teaching materials that will reduce the effects of interference.

3. Main points of Contrastive Analysis:

1)Main source of errors in L2 due to the transfer of L1 habits

2)Errors can be predicted by a contrastive analysis of the L1 and L2

3)The greater the difference between L1 and L2, the more errors that will occur

4.Interlanguage中介语---- learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language.

1）The type of language produced by second- and foreign- language learners who are in the process of learning a language.

2）Fossilization: a process in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.

一中考英语名词练习题附答案

一中考英语名词练习题附答案 Revised final draft November 26, 2020

初中英语语法专项习题-名词 1. ( ) 1 She was very happy. She_____in the maths test. A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakes C. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake ( ) 2 We need some more____. Can you go and get some, please A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe ( ) 3 _____are____for cutting things. A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using ( ) 4 What big____ the tiger has! A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes ( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree___. A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave ( ) 6 -Can we have some ___ -Yes, please.

A. banana B. oranges D. pear ( ) 7 On the table there are five____. A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato 2. ( ) 1 They got much ___ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories ( ) 2 He gave us____ on how to keep fit. A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice ( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew___ was bad. A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news ( ) 4 What___ lovely weather it is! A. / B. the C. an D. a 3. ( ) 1 -Would you like___tea -No, thanks. I have drunk two____. A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orange

小学英语五年级上册重点句子汇总

小学英语五年级上册重点句子 Unit1 1.What's she like? 她什么样？ 2. She's kind. 她很和蔼。 3.Is she young? 她年轻吗？ 4.No, she isn't. 不，她不是。 5.Ms Wang will be our new Chinese teacher.王小姐将会成为我们的新语文老师。 6.He's a good football player.他是一个好足球运动员。 7.I like funny teachers.我喜欢滑稽有趣的老师。 8.Who's your art teacher? Mr Jones. 谁是你的美术老师？约翰先生。 9.Do you know her? Yes, I do. 你认识她吗？是的，我认识。 10.He is very helpful at home. 他在家是有帮助的。 11.My grandpa made him.(make过去式made) 我的外祖父叫他的。 12.He makes me finish my homework. 他让我完成我的家庭作业。 Unit2 1.What do you have on Thursdays? 星期四你有什么课？

我有数学、英语和音乐。I have maths, English and music. 2. 3.What do you often do on the weekend?你周末经常干什么？ 4. I often wash my clothes.我经常洗我的衣服。 5.Do you often read books in this park? No, I don't. 你经常在这个公园里看书吗？不，我不看。 6.I don't like sports. 我不喜欢运动。 7.I have a cooking class with your grandma.(with “和”是介词) 我和你的外祖母上一堂烹饪课。 8.I like this park very much. 我非常喜欢这个公园。 9.You look tired. 你看起来很疲惫。 10.You should play sports every day. 你应该每天做运动。 11.Here is a new schedule for you. 这是你的新计划表。10.I need a box of crayons.( a box of “一盒……”) 我需要一盒蜡笔。 Unit3 Would like “想，想要”would 是助动词。 1.What would you like? 你想吃什么？ 2.I'd like some milk.. 我想喝点牛奶。 3.Would you like some milk? 你想喝点牛奶吗？ 4. Yes, please. 是的。 5. No, thanks. 不，谢谢。 6.What would you like to eat? 你想吃点什么？

【英语】英语名词试题经典

【英语】英语名词试题经典一、初中英语名词 1．（?云南曲靖）—Look at the clouds，so beautiful! —Wow,so many different horses, dogs，sheep. A. sizes B. senses C. colors D. shapes 【答案】 D 【解析】【分析】句意:一一看云，那么美。一一哇，那么多不同的形状的马啊，狗啊，绵羊啊。A.大小;B.感觉;C.颇色;D.外形，形状。天上的云块呈现出马啊、狗啊、绵羊啊等不同的形状，故选D。 2．—What would you like to eat? —Some _________, please. A. bread B. cake C. coffee D. tea 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意：——你想要吃什么？——请来一些面包。bread面包；cake蛋糕；coffee咖啡；tea茶；根据What would you like to eat?可知此处介绍吃的食物，有some修饰，故此处用bread或cakes，故选A。【点评】本题考查名词辨析，以及bread；cake；coffee；tea四个词的词义和用法。 3．Upstairs are bedrooms. They are tidy and nice. But are in a mess. A. Lily's and Lucy's; our B. Lily's and Lucy's; ours C. Lily's and Lucy; ours D. Lily and Lucy's; our 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意：楼上是利莉莉的和露西的卧室，他们整洁又好看，但是我们的一团糟。根据they，可知莉莉和露西每人有一个卧室，因此两个词都应使用所有格，故排除CD；第二空后面没有名词出现，应使用名词性物主代词，ours，我们的，故答案是B。【点评】考查名词所有格和名词性物主代词，注意当两个人分别拥有某个东西时，两个词都应使用所有格形式，如果物主代词后没有名词出现，应使用名词性物主代词。 4．—Look, the boss is very angry with Alex. —Well, he came late again. But that's no ______ to shout at him. A. problem B. lesson C. excuse D. reason 【答案】 C 【解析】【分析】句意：——看，老板非常生亚历克斯的气。——哦，他又来晚了。但是没有理由冲他大喊。problem没问题；lesson课；excuse理由；reason原因。根据but可知此处表示转折，就是他来晚了，也没有理由对他大喊，故选C。【点评】此题考查名词的辨析，注意识记意义相近的名词。

英语语言学总结

第一章 All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a systm of semantics. 语音系统，词汇语法系统和语义系统。 Language is a means of verbal communication. Design Features of language: the features that define our human languages. 决定了语言性质特征叫定义特征 Design Features: Arbitratiness(任意性)：the froms of liguistic signs bear no natural relationsip to their meaning.语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系。 1\ Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and ists meaning语素音义关系的任意性 2\ Arbitrariness at the syntactic level 句法层面上的任意性。 Syntactic: the sentences are constructed according to the grammar of arrangement. 句法学，是依据语法规定构建句子结构的方法。 3\ Arbitrariness and convention 任意性和规约性 Duality（二层性）: is meant the propertry of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。 Sound-the only function is to combine with one another to form units that have meaning相互组合构成有意义的单位。 Creativity（创造性）：is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. 源于二层性和递归性 Displacement(移位性)：human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.人类语言可以让使用者在交往时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体时间或观点。比如现在说孔子。语言功能： 1. informative, also called ideational function. 信息功能也叫概念功能 2) Performative施为功能，is to change the social status of persons. 改变人的社会地位，比如仪式。 3) Emotive Function感情功能 4) Phatic communion寒暄功能 5) Recreational Function娱乐功能

中考英语真题名词

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1. ---Where are you from? ——你来自哪里？ --- I’m from America. ——我来自美国。 2. --- Who’s that woman? ——那位女士是谁？ ---She’s my mother. ——她是我的妈妈。 3. --- Who’s that man? ——那位男士是谁？ ---He’s my father. ——他是我的爸爸。 4. ---How many kites can you see? ——你能看见多少只风筝？---I can see 12 ——我能看见12只。 5. ---How many crayons do you have? ——你有多少支油画棒？ ---I have 16. ——我有16支。 6. ---Do you like peaches? ——你喜欢桃子吗？ ---Yes, I do. ——是的，我喜欢。 7. ---Do you like oranges? ——你喜欢橘子吗？ ---No, I don’t. ——不，我不喜欢。 8. ---Where is my car? ——我的小汽车在哪里？ ---It’s under the chair. ——它在椅子下面。 9. ---Look at the elephant! ——看那只大象。 --- Wow! It’s so big. ——哇！它好大。 10. It has a long nose and a short tail. 它有一个长长的鼻子，一条短短的尾巴。 11. It has small eyes and big ears. 它有小小的眼睛，大大的耳朵。

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