国际贸易实务英文名词解释(英to英)教学文稿
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英）
What’s International Trade?
The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced
in another country.
EXPORTING
Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells.
EXW
EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle.
FAS
Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment.
FOB
Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export.
CFR
Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment
CIF
CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium.
FCA, Free carrier (…Named place)
It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the con tract with the carrier, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.
CPT, Carriage paid to (…named place of destination) 运费付至（…指定目的地）
It means that the seller pays the freight for the carriage of the goods to the named destination, the risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been delivered into the custody of the carrier.
CIP, Carriage and insurance paid to (…named place of destination) 运费保险费付至（…指定目的地）
It means that the seller has the same obligations as under CPT but with the addition that the seller has to procure cargo insurance against the buyer’s risk of, loss of, or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium.
DES, Delivered Ex Ship(…named port of destination) 船上交货（…指定目的港）It means that the seller shall make the goods available to the buyer on board the ship at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved in bringing the goods there.
DEQ, Delivered ex Quay(…names port of destination) 码头交货（…指定目的港）It means that the seller makes the goods available to the buyer on the quay at the destination named in the sales contract. The seller has to bear the full cost and risks involved on bringing the goods there.
DDU, Delivered Duty Unpaid (…named place of destination) 未完税交货（…指定目的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods there, as well as the cost and risk of carrying out customs formalities for export. The buyer has to pay any additional costs and bear any risks caused by his failure to clear the goods for import in time.
DDP，Delivered Duty Paid(…named place of destination)完税后交货（…指定目的地）It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear all the risks and costs including duties, taxes and other charges for delivering the goods, clearing for importation. It represents the maximum obligation borne by the seller.
DAF, Delivered At Frontier (…named place) 边境交货（…指定地点）
It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point of place at the frontier, but before the customs border of the country named in the sales contract.
Quality of goods
The quality of goods refers to the outward appearance and the essential quality of the goods, such as shape, structure, color, flavors well as chemical composition, physical and mechanical property, biological feature, etc.In international trade, quality of the goods not only concerns the value in use and the price of the goods, but also concerns the sales of the goods and credit standing of the manufacturer.
Sale by samples.
The sample refers to the article which can be used to represent the quality of the whole lot. Sale by sample includes tree cases, i.e., sale by the seller’s sample and sale, sale by the buyer’s sample a nd sale by counter sample
Sale by actual quality:（以实际品质交货）
In this case, the buyer or his agent examines the goods at seller’s place at first. After they conclude a deal, the seller shall deliver the goods according to the goods examined.
Sale by description:（以说明表示）
In international business, most commodities are suitable to sale by description which can be subdivided into 7 kinds
Sale by specification:（凭规格买卖）
The specification of the goods refers to certain main indicators which indicate the quality of the goods, such as composition, content, purity, size, length, etc.
Sale by grade: （凭等级买卖）
The grade of the goods refers to the classifications of the commodity of the goods which is indicated by words, numbers or symbols. The classifications are usually decided by different qualities, weights, compositions, appearances, properties, etc.
Sale by standard: （凭标准买卖）
The standard refers to the specifications or grades which are stipulated and announced by the government or the chambers of commerce, etc.
F.A.Q.: （良好平均品质）
In the international agricultural and by-product market, there is a commonly adopted standard, i.e., fair average quality. F.A.Q. refers to the average level of the export commodity within a certain period of time.
Sale by brand name or trademark: 凭商标品牌买卖
As to the goods whose quality is stable, reputation is sound and with which the customers are quite familiar, we may sell it by brand name or trade mark.(奔驰汽车)
Sale by name of origin: 凭产地名称买卖
There are some agricultural products and by-products whose origins are well- known all over the world.
Sale by description: 凭说明书和图样买卖
The quality of some commodities, such as technological instruments, electric machines, etc. can not be simply indicated by quality indexes, instead it is quite necessary to explain in detail the structure, material, performance as well as method of operation. If necessary, pictures, photos, etc. must also be provided.
Quality Tolerance品质公差
The quality tolerance is used in the trade of industrial products, which means that the quality of the goods delivered by the seller is allowed to have certain differences within a certain range since such differences are usually unavoidable and commonly accepted as the usage of the same special trade. Quality tolerance is mainly used for industrial products
Quality latitude 品质机动幅度
The quality latitude means that the quality indexes of the goods delivered by the seller may be controlled flexibly within a certain latitude.
The packing of goods
In international trade packing is one of the essential component parts of commodity production. Generally speaking, only packed commodities can enter into the circulation field, and attain the commercial value and use value of the goods. Packing can protect commodity and keep it good in quality and intact in quantity in the circulation process.
Neutral packing and brand designated by the buyer 中性包装和定牌
It means that there is neither a name of the origin, nor a name of the factory, nor a trade mark, a brand, or even any words on the packing of the commodity and the commodity itself. It includes two kinds: packing with trade mark designated by the buyer but without the mark of the manufacturers and origins packing and without trade mark and origins as well as the mark of the manufacturers
Brand designated by the buyer:
It means that the seller addresses the trade mark or brand on the package of the commodity or the commodity itself as buyer’s request.
定牌是指卖方按买方要求在其出售的商品或包装上标明买方指定的商标或品牌，这种做法叫定牌生产。
Shipping mark: 运输标志
这种标志又称唛头，通常是由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字及简单的丈字组成。
It is usually made up of geometrical diagrams, letters, figures and simple words. The contents of shipping mark are as follows:
1.Consignee’s code or Consignor’s code
2. Reference Number
3.Destination
4.Package number
The shipping mark also include the contract number, gross and net weight, origin, etc..
Indicative mark: （指示性标志）
This kind of mark is used to reminder the relative workers of the items for attention when they load, unload, carry and store the goods, such as ‘ handle with care’, ‘keep dry’ etc.
Warning mark: （警告性标志）
It is also called dangerous cargo mark, which is brushed clearly and definitely on the shipping packing of the inflammable, explosive, poisonous, corrosive goods, so as to give warnings to the workers.
Commodity Inspection
The inspection of commodities refers to that inspection institutions should examine the quality, quantity, packing, etc. of commodities delivered by the seller in order to make sure that the goods are exactly in conformity with the terms of sales contract or the stipulations of documentary credit.
International Cargo Transportation
The international cargo transportation refers to the act of the seller delivering the contracted cargoes at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manners, to the buyer (Physical delivery of goods). Actually, in modern business society, international cargo transportation also means to transfer the shipping documents at the stipulated time to the buyer (Symbolic delivery of goods).
Tramp(Shipping by chartering) 租船运输
It means a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or schedule of sailings or port or freight. The shipper charters ship from the shipowner and uses it to carry the goods. It falls into 3 kinds:
Natural calamities自然灾害
They are caused by the forces resulting from the changes of nature, e.g., vile weather, thunder, lightning, tsunami(/tsu'nɑ:mi/)(海啸), earthquake, flood, etc.
Fortuitous accidents: 意外事故
They include accidents resulting from unexpected causes, the carrying conveyance being grounded, stranded, or in collision with floating ice or other objects, as well as fire or explosion.
Actual Total Loss: 实际全损
It means that the insured subject matter is totally and irretrievably (un-savable) lost.
Constructive Total Loss: 推定全损
It is estimated that the actual total loss of cargo is inevitable or the cost of salvage or recovery could have exceed the value of the cargo.
General Average: 共同海损
It refers to a certain special sacrifice and extra
expense intentionally incurred for the general interests of the ship-owner, the insurer, and the owners of the various cargoes abroad the ship.When a ship is in danger, the captain must make a decision and one of shippers will suffer.In order to compensate the special sacrifice,all the others will club together to re-compensate him for loss.
Particular average: 单独海损
It means that a particular cargo is damaged by any cause and the degree of the damage does not reach a total loss, i.e., only a partial loss, which shall be borne by the owner of this individual consignment.
With particular average (W.P.A.) 水渍险
It covers partial loss due to vile weather, lightning, tsunami, earthquake and/or flood as well as the risks covered under F.P.A. condition as mentioned above.
All risks: 一切险
Aside from the risks covered under the F.P.A. and W.A. conditions as above, this insurance also covers all risks of losses or damage to the insured goods whether partial or total, arising from special additional risks.
Additional risks 附加险
This kind of risk can’t be covered independently; They shall be underwritten depending on one kind of the basic risks.
General additional risks 一般附加险
Special additional risks 特殊附加险
General Additional Risks
It includes theft, fresh and rain water damage, shortage, leakage, sweating and heating ,intermixture and contamination, odor, hook damage, breakage of packing, rusting, etc.
Special additional risks includes
It includes war risk,strikes risk,failure to delivery,import duty risk,on deck risk,rejection risk and aflatoxin risk.
Insurance Certificate 保险凭证
It is a kind of simplified insurance policy, and the rights and obligations of two parties are omitted. But it has the same legal validity as the insurance policy.
Bill of exchange 汇票
A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to
another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand, or at a fixed or determinable further time, a sum certain in money to, or to the order of, a specified person, or to any bearer.
The drawer出票人
The person who draws the bill of exchange and he is usually the exporter or his banker in import or export trade.
The drawee付款人
The person who is to pay the money and he is usually the importer or the appointed banker under a letter of credit in import and export trade.
The payee 受款人
The person who is to receive the money, he may be, and often is, the same person as the drawer and he is usually the exporter himself or his appointed banker in business or he may be the bearer of the bill.
Drawing (issuing) 出票
It means the act of the drawer in filling up the bill of exchange with particulars as to the name of the drawee, the amount payable, the date of payment and the name of the payee, and after signature, the drawer may present the bill to the drawee through the medium of the payee or a banker.
Presentation提示
It refers to the act of the holder of the bill of exchange presenting the bill to the drawee, asking the later either to pay or to accept the bill. The drawee’s receiving or seeing the bill is called sight.
Acceptance承兑
It means the act of the drawee to show his responsibility by accepting the usance bill for payment at a fi xed future date by writing the word “accepted”, marking the date of acceptance and signing on the face of the bill.
Endorsement背书
It may be a negotiable instrument, and may be transferable in the international money market. In the case of a “to order” bill of exchange, endorsement is needed in the procedure of negotiation or transfer by the payee by signing his name on the back of the
bill, either blank endorsement which makes the bill payable to the bearer or holder, or full endorsement with the name of the transferee and his order, who is called the endorsee.
Dishonour (Protesting) 拒付
When a bill has been duly presented for acceptance or payment and the acceptance or payment has been refused, the bill is said to be dishonored.
Promissory Note: 本票
A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to
another signed by the maker, engaging in paying, on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to, or to a order of, a specified person or to a bearer.
Classification of the promissory note 本票的分类
A Promissory Note is classified into bank note and commercial note. Bank note is
issued by the bank; but commercial note is issued by the business unit or the individual.
Cheque 支票
A cheque is an unconditional order in writing drawn on a banker signed by the
drawer, requiring the banker to pay on demand a sum certain in money to or to the order of specified person or to a bearer.
Remittance 汇付The definition and parties of remittance 汇付的定义及其当事人Remittance means that the buyer remits money to the seller through a bank on his own initiative.
Parties of remittance
Remitter汇款人
Payee or beneficiary收款人
Paying bank汇入行
Remitting bank汇出行
Mail transfer (M/T):(信汇)
The buyer gives money to a local bank which sends a trust deed（契约）for payment to its corresp ondent bank at the seller’s end by mail and entrusts it with the task to pay money to the seller.
Telegraphic transfer (T/T)(电汇)
At the request of the buyer, a local bank sends a trust deed for payment by cable or tested telegram directly to its corresp ondent bank at the seller’s end and en trusts the
work to it to pay money to the seller.
Demand draft (D/D): (票汇)
The buyer buys a draft from a local bank and sends it by mail to the seller, the seller or his appointed person can collect money from the relative bank at his end against the draft sent by the buyer.
Collection 托收
Collection means that the exporter asks his bank to arrange for the acceptance or payment of the bill overseas, and the bank will carry his task through it’s own branch office abroad or a correspondent bank.
Collection on Clean bill
It means that the exporter collects the purchase price against the draft only, without any shipping documents attached thereto.
Collection on documentary bill
It means that the exporter collects the purchase price against the documentary bill. It can be subdivided into two kinds:
Document against payment (D/P)
D/P calls for actual payment against the transfer of shipping documents. There is D/P at sight and D/P after sigh 。
D/P at sight
After shipment of the goods, the exporter shall draw a sight bill of exchange, and send it as well as shipping documents to a local bank, through which and whose correspondent bank the documentary draft is presented to the importer. The importer shall pay against the documentary draft drawn by the seller at sight. It requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.
Documents against acceptance (D/A)
It calls for deliver of documents against acceptance of the draft drawn by the exporter.
D/A is always after sight, and it makes the importer get hold of shipping documents and take delivery of the goods before payment. So the exporter would have to take great risks
L/C
In simple terms, a L/C is a conditional bank undertaking or guarantee of payment.
Expressed more carefully, it is a written undertaking by a bank given to the seller at the request and in accordance with the instructions of the buyer to effect payment up to a stated sum of money, within a prescribed time limit and against stipulated documents.
Issuing bank(开证行)
which is the bank receiving the application from the applicant to issue the L/C and will be responsible for payment. It is usually a bank at the place where the importer’s premise is located.
The negotiating bank(议付行)
which is a bank ready to accept or discount the documentary bill drawn by the beneficiary under the L/C. The negotiating bank may be the advising bank or another bank appointed to negotiate under the L/C.
paying bank(付款行)
which is a bank responsible for the payment specified in the L/C. It is usually the issuing bank or it may be another bank appointed by the issuing bank according to stipulation in the L/C.
Confirming bank(保兑行)
which is the bank confirmed in the L/C at the request of the issuing bank.
Revocable L/C: 可撤消信用证
The opening bank may amend or revoke the credit before negotiation, acceptance or payment without agreement of the beneficiary.
Irrevocable L/C: 不可撤消信用证
Once the L/C is opened, without agreement of the beneficiary, the opening bank can’t amend or revoke the L/C within its validity. As long as the beneficiary provides the documents in accordance with the stipulation in the L/C, the opening bank shall perform its duty of payment
Confirmed L/C: 保兑信用证
The confirmed L/C should be an irrevocable L/C confirmed by the confirming bank. Once an L/C is confirmed, there are two banks to be responsible for the payment of the purchase price, i.e., the opening bank and the confirming bank.
Unconfirmed L/C: 不可保兑信用证
The L/C isn’t confirmed by any bank.
Transferable L/C: 可转让信用证
It allows the beneficiary to transfer the amount partly or wholly of the L/C to one or more than one parties, i.e., the second beneficiary.
Non-transferable L/C: 不可转让信用证
The beneficiary can’t transfer the L/C to other parties.
Acceptance L/C: 承兑信用证
This kind of L/C is accepted by the bank. When the beneficiary presents the time draft to the bank, the bank will accept it and pay the price on the due date.
Negotiation L/C: 议付信用证
The opening bank invites other bank to buy draft and /or documents. This kind of L/C allows the beneficiary to negotiate the purchase price from an indicated bank or any bank.
Back to back L/C:
The exporter sends the L/C established by the importer in his favor to a bank as sole security, requiring the local bank to reopen an L/C in favor of the actual exporter.
The L/C opened by the importer is called the original L/C, while the second L/C issued in favor of the actual exporter at the request of the exporter is called the subsidiary L/C.
Anticipatory credit: 预支信用证
It is called the packing credit. The opening bank allows the beneficiary to collect the purchase price against the draft or other evidence, but he must give a receipt and an undertaking to present the required shipping documents within the validity of the credit.
Standby L/C: 备用信用证
It is also called the commercial paper L/C, which is a guaranty issued by the opening bank on behalf of the applicant declaring that the bank will undertake certain obligations. It is a special L/C which Northern American countries usually use instead of a letter of guarantee. The roles assumed by the standby not only include making payment but also include guaranteeing to perform a contract, making repayment for loan, and fulfilling other agreed obligations.
Letter of guarantee (L/G): 银行保函
It is a written document issued by the bank on behalf of the importer or exporter in favor of the latter or the former guaranteeing to undertake payment, conclusion or performance of a contract, etc.
The definition of claim and satisfaction:
Claim means that in international trade, one party breaks the contract and cause losses to the other party directly or indirectly, the party suffering the losses may ask for compensation for the losses. Satisfaction means that the party breaking the contract declares that he will accept and handle the claim.
Arbitration 仲裁
It means that the two parties, before or after the disputes arise, reach a written agreement that they will submit the disputes which can’t be settled through amicable negotiations to the third party for arbitration.
英语教学法汇总
英语教学法汇总 只有努力在英语课堂教学实践中寓教于乐，才能收到事半功倍的效果。因此，我们必须优化课堂教学，教师在上课时必须精心创设情境，以布置教室、角色扮演或播放录像、录音等方式将学生引入教学情境，通过音乐、绘画创设轻松的学习氛围，激发学生的学习兴趣。 成功的英语教学所需的不是强制，而是激发学生的兴趣。我们只有不断地激发学生的学习兴趣，引导他们多参与一些积极有效的、丰富多彩的课堂活动，让学生“动”起来，让课堂“活”起来，才能使他们快快乐乐地获取知识，轻轻松松提高素质。 1、直观教学法 2、情境教学法 3、模仿练习法 4、歌谣说唱法 5、表演法 6、竞赛法 7、讲授法 8、演示法 9、交际教学法 10、自然法教学 11、暗示法 12、游戏教学法 13、三位一体教 学法 14、活动教学法 15、全身反应法 16、多媒体辅助 教学法 17、激趣法 18、任务教学法 19、艺术激趣式 教学法 20、简笔教学法 21、猜图法 22、挑战法 23．演角色 22．双簧 25、演讲比赛： 26、拍卡片说句 子 27、分组拼读单 词比赛 28、动作教学法 29、合作教学法 30、功能意念法
1、直观教学法 在教学时，有些教学材料贴近于生活，能充分反映小学生的日常生活，所以教师应该有效地利用资源，如运用实物或图片、教具等进行演示，使学生头脑中形成比较鲜明的事物表象，丰富学生的感性认识，这样不仅能激发学生的学习兴趣，还能使他们将所学的内容应用到他们的生活中去。 教具是英语教学中不可缺少的一部分，小学生的形象思维较强，教师在教学过程中应遵循儿童认识事物的发展规律，采用灵活多样的教学方式，尽可能使用直观教具(如看录象模型教学挂图实物教具等)来加强教学的直观性，使枯燥乏味的内容形象化、生动化。 如在学习book , pencil 等学习用品和apple , orange 等水果时，就可以利用水果实物或图片进行教学，使抽象的单词直观化，使英语的学习过程更具趣味性。 2、情境教学法 情景是教师创设或模拟的生活场景，应具有真实、生动、实用的特点，便于学生将所学语言材料进行综合、创造性地进行表达交流。这种练习方法，有接近生活的交际功能，而且能变单调、机械的句型操练为活泼、生动的交际性练习。情境能使抽象的语言具体化、形象化，在生动、形象的情景中学习英语，能使英语课堂教学趣味化、形象化。 如学习“May I come in?”这个句子时，可以先请学生注意看和听：教师走出教室，在教室门上敲几下，并注视全班学生，用请求的语气和想进来的手势说：“May I come in？”这时学生都睁大了眼睛，全神贯注地听“老师在说什么呢？”教师可趁势再重复两遍，这样学生就自然而然地听懂了句子的意思，并且能把听到的句子“May I come in?”流利地说出。在这种情境下学会的句子，记忆牢固且能学以致用，如进老师办公室，就会自然使用“May I come in?” 3、模仿练习法 英语学习需要学生的模仿练习，因为英语的语音、语调及书写必须准确无误。为此，教师在范读字母、单词或句子之前，应该让学生听老师的读音，看老师的口形，进行认真的模仿练习。引领学生反复训练，鼓励学生大胆张口。 4、歌谣说唱法 对于中低年级的学生，我们可以根据其特点，将学习的内容编成一些顺口易记的歌诀。 如：丁丁、丁丁真能干，学习思考用head，小小eye看黑板，竖起ear认真听，mouth、mouth 长得巧，讲起英语都说好，nose、nose嗅觉灵，foot、foot踢足球，arm、arm来举重，长长leg 跳绳快，虽然比赛伤了toe，领奖face乐开了花，全班拍着hand，夸他为班争了光。学生在背歌诀时，脑、口、耳并用，还可以配以肢体表演，这样的英语学习是愉快的，调动了学生的学习积极性，让学生在轻松愉悦的气氛中学习，使他们感到学习不再是一种负担，而是一种乐趣。 5、表演法 英语是语言的载体、交流的工具。不同的语言其表现的形式也不同。英语只是其中一种。作为小学生，他们的模仿力很强。在英语课堂上，我们可以充分利用这一特点，激发学生的表演欲望。 例如：在学习句型what would lilk to eat? I would like some...... would you like some....yes,please(no,thanks)的过程中教师点拨了句型的理解和用法后，可以由学生自由结合表演回话，可以去讲台前，由学生作为裁判。在此过程中，学生会精心准备，认真表演，发挥出自我极限，你会发现学生对句型的语境理解的运用更加准确，记忆时间更加持久。 又如在“In the morning”这一单元后，我们的表演要求就是：把一天从早晨醒来到上学这一阶段的生活用英语表演出来。每个小组四名同学，分别扮演爸爸、妈妈、Jimmy、 Betty ，为了表现的逼真，学生们带来了牙刷、口杯、梳子、闹钟、牛奶、面包和鸡蛋等道具，甚至还有妈妈用的围裙。当演出开始时，随着闹钟音乐的响起，同学们开始了精彩的表演。除了新学的单词：起床、刷牙、洗脸、梳头、吃早点、去上学，他们主动地选用了课文中的歌曲来伴奏。这样使得整个课堂气氛十分活泼。在剧中，每个同学的对话虽然不多，但每个人都意识到自己正在使用刚学到的知识，并扮演着一定的角色，所以都很认真的对待演出。而且，在演出后他们也很有成就感。而没有走上台的同学也被带动，纷纷举手表示下次要演。 6、竞赛法 青少年活泼、好强、好表现，教师应充分利用学生这一特点，努力在英语课堂上为学生创造说和做的机会，使他们处于学习的主人地位。把竞争机制引入课堂，把游戏搬进课堂，不仅拉近了师
系解名词解释
名词解释 1．标准解剖学姿势（anatomical position）:人体直立，两眼平视，上肢下垂，手掌向前，两足并拢，足尖向前。 2．胸骨角（sternal angle）:胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处微向前突的部分成为胸骨角，两侧平对第二肋，胸骨角向后平对第四胸椎体下缘，是计数肋的重要标志。 3．翼点（pterion）:颞窝前下部较薄，在额、顶、颞、蝶骨的会合处最为薄弱，此处常形成H形的缝，成为翼点，其内面有血管沟，有脑膜中动脉的前支通过，骨折时易伤及此动脉，是是临床上X线检查的部位。 4．椎间盘（intervertebral disc）:是连接相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘（第1及第2颈椎之间除外），由周围的纤维环和中央的髓核构成。 5．喙肩韧带:为三角形的扁韧带，连于肩胛骨的喙突与肩峰之间，它与喙突、肩峰共同构成喙肩弓，防止肩关节向上脱位。6．斜角肌间隙（scalene fissure）:前、中斜角肌与第1肋之间的间隙为斜角肌间隙，有锁骨下动脉和臂丛神经通过。 7．咽峡（isthmus of fauces）:腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓及舌根共同围成咽峡。 8．肝门（porta hepatis）:脏面中部有略呈“H”形的三条沟，其中横行的沟位于脏面正中，有肝左、右管，肝固有动脉左、右支，肝门静脉左、右支，和肝的神经、淋巴管等由此出入，故
称肝门。出入肝门的这些结构被结缔组织包绕，构成肝蒂。9．Calot三角（或胆囊三角）：胆囊管、肝总管和肝的脏面围成的三角形区域成为胆囊三角，三角内常有胆囊动脉通过，因此该 三角是胆囊手术中寻找胆囊动脉的标志。 10．弹性圆锥：又称环声膜，是圆锥形的弹性纤维膜。其余甲状软骨前角后面，呈扇形向后、向下止于杓状软骨声带突和环状软 骨上缘。其上缘游离增厚，紧张于甲状软骨与声带突之间，称 声韧带，较前庭韧带厚而短。声韧带连同声带肌及覆盖于其表 面的喉粘膜一起，成为声带。弹性圆锥中部弹性纤维增厚称环 甲正中韧带（急性喉阻塞时，为抢救病人生命可在环甲正中韧 带处进行穿刺，以建立暂时性通气道。当紧急切开动脉圆锥进 行抢救时，注意切勿损伤环甲动脉吻合弓）。 11．声带（vocal cord）:由声韧带、声带肌和喉粘膜构成。声门裂是位于两侧声襞及杓状软骨底和声带突之间的裂隙比前庭裂长 而窄，是喉腔最狭窄之处。声带和声门裂合称为声门（glottis）。12．气管隆嵴：在气管杈的内面，有一矢状位向上的半月状嵴称气管隆嵴，略偏向左侧，是支气管镜检查时判断气管分叉的重要 标志。（异物坠落偏向左侧） 13．肺门（hilum 0f lung）:纵膈面即内侧面，与纵膈相邻，其中央为椭圆形凹陷，称肺门，肺门为支气管、肺动脉、肺静脉、
《国际私法期末复习指导名词解释
《国际私法期末复习指导》参考答案 名词解释 1、涉外民事关系：是指民事关系主体、客体、内容三者之一具有涉外因素的即为涉外民事关系。 2、法律冲突：是指对同一涉外民事关系，因与该涉外民事关系有关的国家的法律对该民事关系规定的不同，两个或两个以上国家的法律都要求适用或都可以适用于该民事关系而造成的法律冲突现象。 3、法律域内效力：是指一个国家法律的空间效力，即一国法律对居住在本国境内的人、位于本国境内的物和发生在本国境内的事都具有拘束力。 4、法律域外效力：是指一国法律对具有本国国籍的人，不论该人位于本国境内还是位于本国境外都具有拘束力，都发生法律效力。 5、国内判例：是一国法院审理某一案件作出的判决及该判决确定的法律原则对以后的司法审判具有拘束力。 6、国际惯例：是在国际交往中经过反复实践逐步形成的具有确定的内容，为世人所共知的行为准则。 7、冲突规范：是指某一涉外民事关系应使用何国法来调整的规范。 8、统一实体规范：是指在国际条约中规定的，或者在国际惯例中确立的直接规定涉外民事关系双方当事人权利义务的规范。 9、连接点：是指把特定的民事关系与某国法律连接起来的一种事实因素。 10、范围：是指冲突规范所要调整的民事关系。 11、系属：是指调整涉外民事关系应适用的法律。 12、单边冲突规范：是指冲突规范的系属直接指明涉外民事关系只适用内国法，或者只适用某一特定的外国法。 13、双边冲突规范：是指冲突规范的系属并不指明涉外民事关系适用内国法，或者适用外国法，而是指出一个客观标志或提出一个法律适用原则，根据这一客观标识或法律适用原则，结合涉外民事关系的事实情况，确定涉外民事关系应该适用内国法，还是适用外国法。14、系属公式：是指把常用的双边冲突规范的系属固定化，使用成为国际上公认的或为大多数国家采用的涉外民事关系法律适用原则。 15、准据法：是指按照冲突规范的指引而援用的确定当事人权利与义务的特定实体法。 16、先决问题：是指涉外民事关系中主要问题的解决是以另一个问题的解决为条件的，这另一个问题就是先决问题。 17、识别：是指对涉外民事关系中的事实情况或事实构成进行定性或分类，把它纳入特定的法律范畴，从而确定应适用哪一种冲突规范的过程。 18、反致：是指对某一涉外民事案件，受理案件国家的法院根据本国的冲突规范 应该适用外国法，而根据该外国的冲突规范该案应该适用受理案件国家的法律，如果受理案件国家的法院适用了本国的实体法，则构成反致。 19、转致：是指对某一涉外民事关系，甲国法院根据本国的冲突规范应适用乙国的法律，根据乙国的冲突规范应适用丙国的法律，如果甲国法院根据乙国冲突规范的指定适用了丙国的实体法审理案件，则构成转致。 20、法律规避：是指涉外民事关系的当事人为了规避原本应该适用的某一国的法律，故意制造一些条件，利用冲突规范，使对其有利的另一国法律得以适用，或者规避各国法律中规定的连接点，使涉外民事关系没有适当的法律进行调整，以实现法律规避的目的。 21、外国法的查明：是指一国法院在审理涉外民事案件时，根据冲突规范的指引应适用外国
国际贸易实务英文名词解释(英to英)
国际贸易实务英文名词解释（英to英） What’s International Trade? The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. EXPORTING Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells. EXW EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FAS Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment. FOB Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment CIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium. FCA, Free carrier (…Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrie r, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.
王蔷《英语教学法教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(综合技能)【圣才出品】
第13章综合技能 13.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. Reasons for integrating the four skills 整合四项技能的原因 2. Ways to integrate the four skills 整合这四项技能的方法 3.Implications for teaching 整合这四项技能对教学的启示 4. Limitations of integrating the four skills 整合这四项技能的缺陷 本章考点： 整合四项技能的原因；如何整合这四项技能；整合这四项技能对教学的启示；整合这四项技能的缺陷。 本章内容索引： Ⅰ. Reasons for integrating the four skills Ⅱ. Ways to integrate the four skills
Ⅲ. Implications for teaching 1. Focus on discourse 2. Adjusting the textbook contents 3. Adjusting the timetable Ⅳ. Limitations of integrating the four skills Ⅴ. Conclusion Ⅰ. Reasons for integrating the four skills|（整合四项技能的原因） 【考点：整合四项技能的原因】 In our daily lives, we are constantly performing tasks that involve a natural integration of language skills simply because skills are rarely used in isolation. One’s overall competence in a foreign language involves performing effectively a combination of the skills. 我们在现实生活中完成的任务需要综合四项技能。外语综合能力要求整合四项语言技能。 Integrating the skills allows you to build more variety into the lesson because the range of activities will be wider. Instead of just having listening, the students can have speaking, reading and writing practice. This can raise their motivation to learn English. 将四项技能整合起来可以让老师的课程更多样化，因为活动的种类更多。除了听，学生可以练习口语、阅读和写作。这可以增强他们学习英语的动机。 Realistic communication is the aim of the communicative approach and many researchers believe that handling realistic communication is an integral part of
英语教学法术语
载入中…… 载入中…… 时间记忆 << < 2008 - 3 > >>日一二三四五六1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 最新评论 Re:英语学习十要素 Re:《农村中小学英语教学现状及发展 Re:《农村中小学英语教学现状及发展 Re:《农村中小学英语教学现状及发展 Re:《农村中小学英语教学现状及发展 Re:《农村中小学英语教学现状及发展 Re:课堂上表扬的尺度 Re:我市教师肖君侠荣获河南省第九届 Re:我市教师肖君侠荣获河南省第九届 Re:如何处理教材中的阅读短文 专题分类 研修茶座 我的首页相册标签 教师论文(5) 学生习作(8) 说课资料(0) 优秀教案(0) 通知(7) 经验交流(22) 论文(3) 业务学习(14) 最新日志 《农村中小学英语教学现状及发展研究》 关于说课(转载) 说课的内容、模式(转载) 我市教师肖君侠荣获河南省第九届初中英 我和你---奥运主题歌 学外语的忌讳（转载） 英语学习十要素 自主学习不是自己学习
课堂上表扬的尺度． A Letter of Invita 最新留言 载入中…… 搜索 载入中…… 用户登录 用户名： 密码： 记住密码 用户注册忘记密码 友情连接 博客信息 详细信息 站内订阅(0) 加为好友 发送短信 日志:51 评论:157 留言:3 访问:7571 英语教学法术语 [ 2008-3-4 8:38:00 | By: duanhongxia ] 推荐 APPENDIS A The Terms of English Language Teaching Methodology 英语教学法术语 A
国际私法名词解释和简答
一、名词解释 2、法律冲突：又称法律抵触，是对同一涉外民事关系，因与该涉外民事关系有关的国家的法律对该民事关系规定的不同，两个或两个以上国家的法律都要求适用或都可以适用于该民事关系而造成的法律冲突现象。 5、国际私法的渊源：国际私法规范的表现形式。 6、国内判例：一国法院审理某一案件作出的判决及该判决确定的法律原则对以后的司法审判具有拘束力。 7、国际惯例：在国际交往中经过反复实践逐步形成的具有确定的内容，为世人所共知的行为准则。 8、冲突规范：某一涉外民事关系应适用何国法来调整的规范。 9、统一实体规范：在国际条约中规定的，或者在国际惯例中确立的直接规定涉外民事关系双方当事人权利义务的规范。 10、法则区别说：法则区别说是意大利著名注释法学家巴托鲁斯（1314—1357）创立的。他把法律分为人法和物法，他认为人法具有域外效力，凡是具有本国国籍的人，不论他位于国内或国外，本国法对他都有效。物法具有域内效力，凡位于本国境内的物，不论属于内国人或外国人所有，本国法都发生效力。 11、国际礼让说：国际礼让说是荷兰法学家伏特、胡伯于17世纪提出来的，这一理论主要体现在胡伯提出的三原则中，即：1．每个主权国家的法律在境内发生效力并约束其臣民，但无域外效力。2．凡在其境内居住的人，无论长期或临时居住的，都应视为本国臣民。3．主权国家对于另一国家已在其本国有效实施的法律，出于礼让应保持其在境内的效力，只要这样做不损害自己国家的利益。 12、法律关系本座说：19世纪，德国法学家萨维尼提出法律关系本座说，把国际私法推进到一个新阶段。他认为，每一种法律关系在逻辑上和性质上必然与某一特定的法律制度相联系，每一法律关系都有一个确定的“本座”，即一个他在性质上必须归属的法域。法院进行法律选择时，应根据法律关系的性质确定法律关系的本座所在地，而该本座所在地的法律就是该法律关系所应适用的法律。萨 18、最密切联系说：最密切联系说是指某一法律关系在当事人没有选择应适用的法律或选择无效的情况下，法院依据这一原则，在与法律关系有联系的国家中，选自一个与该法律关系本质上有重大联系，利害关系最密切的国家的法律予以适用。 19、连接点：把特定的民事关系与某国法律连接起来的一种事实因 素。
国际贸易名词解释新
国际贸易名词解释 1.象征性交货：是指卖方按合同规定装运货物后，向买方提交包括物权 凭证在内的有关单证，就算完成交货义务，无需保证到货。实际交货：是指卖方按合同规定将货物实际交给买方 2.询盘：是指为了试探对方对交易的诚意和了解其对交易条件的意见。 因多数是询问价格，故通常称之为询价。 3.发盘：是指交易一方即发盘人向另一方即受盘人提出购买或出售某种 商品的各项交易条件，并表示愿意按这种条件与对方达成交易订立合同的行为。 4.还盘：是指受盘人不同意或不完全同意发盘人在发盘中提出的条件， 为进一步协商对发盘提出修改意见。 5.接受：是指受盘人接到对方的发盘或还盘后，同意对方提出的条件， 愿意与对方达成交易并及时以声明或行为表示出来。这在法律上称作承诺。 6.品质机动幅度：是指允许卖方所交货物的质量指标在一定的幅度内有 所机动。 7.品质公差：是指在工业制成品中，国际同行业公认的产品品质误差。 8.对等样品的含义是：当买卖双方采用凭样成交时，卖方为了减少交货 时的风险可根据买方提供的样品，加工复制出一个类似的商品交买方确认，这种经确认后的样品，称为对等样品，也有的称其为确认样品或回样。 9.以毛作净：指的是以毛重作为计算价格和交付货物的计量基础，这种
计重方法在国际贸易中被称为“以毛作净”。 10.标准回潮率：纤维材料及其制品在标准温度、湿度条件下达到吸湿 平衡时的回潮率。 11.公量：是指用科学方法抽干商品中所含水分，然后再上一定标准的 水分所得出的重量。 12.溢短装条款——卖方在交货时，可按合同中的数量多交或少交一定 的百分比，他一般是在数量条款中加订的。（散装货：粮食、矿砂等）13.运输标志又称（Shipping Mark），它通常是由一个简单的几何图形 和一些英文字母、数字及简单的文字组成 14.FAQ是FarAverageQuality的简称，它表示一定时期内某地出口货 物的平均品质水平，习称“良好平均品质”，一般是指中等货或大路货而言。 15.中性包装——即不标明生产国别、地名、厂商名称，也不标明商标 或者品牌的包装。（无牌中性包装、定牌中性包装） 16.滞期费：是指在规定的装卸期限内，租船人未完成装卸作业，给 船方造成经济损失，租船人对超过的时间向船方支付一定的罚金。17.速遣费：如果按约定的装卸时间和装卸率提前完成装卸任务，使船 方节省了船舶在港的费用开支，船方将其获利的一部分给租船人作为奖励，叫速遣费。 18.划拨：货物正式划归合同项下的行为。 19.装运合同：利用贸易术语表示交货发生在装运时间前或装运时间的 合同。 20.到岸合同：利用贸易术语表示交货发生在货物到达目的地时的合
系解英文名词解释
1.Piphyseal cartilage(epiphysial line)骺软骨（骺线） 长骨的两端膨大称为骺。幼年时，骨干与骺之间的有透明软骨，成年后软骨骨化，骨干与骺融为一体，其间遗留的痕迹，叫骺线。 2.Pterion翼点 翼点是额、顶、颞、蝶四骨会合处，骨质薄弱，内面有脑膜中动脉前支通过。Paranasal sinuses鼻旁窦 又名副鼻窦，是上颌骨，额骨，筛骨，蝶骨内骨腔，位于鼻腔周围，并开口于鼻腔。共四对，均位于同名骨内。由于鼻旁窦粘膜与鼻腔粘膜相续，故鼻腔炎症可蔓延至鼻旁窦引起鼻窦炎。 3.Diploe 板障 颅盖骨表层为密质，分别称内板和外板。两板之间的松质称为板障，有板障静脉通过。 4.Vertebral foramen(vertebral canal) 椎孔（椎管） 椎体与椎弓围成椎孔，各椎骨的椎孔连成椎管，椎管内容纳脊髓及其被膜。5.Intervertebral foramina 椎间孔 相邻椎骨椎弓根的上下切迹围成椎间孔，有脊神经和血管通过。 6.Sternal angle 胸骨角 胸骨柄和体连接处微向前凸，称胸骨角，可在体表扪及，两侧平对第2肋，是计数肋的重要标志。向后平对第4胸椎体下缘。 7.Intervertebral disc 椎间盘 椎间盘是连结相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘。 8.Costal arch 肋弓 为第8～10肋软骨各与上位肋软骨相连形成；为重要的体表标志。 9.Scalene fissure 斜角肌间隙 为前、中斜角肌与第1肋围成的三角形的空隙；内有臂丛神经及锁骨下动脉通过。 10.Isthmus of fauces(oropharyngeal isthmus) 咽峡 腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓，和舌根共同围成咽峡。是口腔和咽的分界处。 11.Calot triangle(cystohepatic triangle) 卡洛氏三角（胆囊三角） 胆囊管、肝总管及肝脏脏面三者构成的三角形区域称为胆囊三角，内有胆囊动脉通过，是胆囊手术中寻找胆囊动脉的标志。 12.Dentate line 齿状线 连接各肛柱下端与各肛瓣边缘的锯齿状环行线称齿状线。 13.Costodiaphragmatic recess 肋膈隐窝 肋胸膜和膈胸膜互相转折处形成较大的间隙。 14.Renal region 肾区 是指竖脊肌外侧缘与第12肋之间的区域，为肾门的体表投影处（相当于第1腰椎水平）。 15.Renal hilum 肾门 renal sinus肾窦 肾内侧缘中间凹陷称为肾门，是肾盂，肾动静脉，淋巴管，神经的出入处。出入肾门的结构合成肾蒂（从前向后静动盂，从上到下动静盂）。由肾门深入肾实质的凹陷称为肾窦。
国际私法名词解释编
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7、巴托鲁斯：（Bartolus）14世纪意大利法则区别说的代表人物，他法学声 望极高，被称为“法律之光”。他在总结前人探索的基础上，将法则分为人法、物法和混合法。他抓住法律的域外效力和域内效力这一关键，提出了各城邦国家交往中的两个普遍法律问题：即一个城邦国家的法则是否可以适用于非本城邦居民；一个城邦国家的法则是否可以适用于该城邦国家领域之外。 8、杜摩兰（Charles Dumoulin）：法国法则区别说的代表人物。他继承和发扬 了意大得法则区别说，主张限制封建属地主义，削减宗教法庭权力，加强中央权力，统一全国法律。他在《巴黎习惯法评述》一书中指出在契约关系中，应该适用当事人自主选择的习惯法。因为在他看来，按照契约自由原则，当事人既然可以自由订立契约，也当然有权选择契约适用的法律。这就是被后人称其为当事人意思自治原则的理论。 9、胡伯（Ulricus Huber）:百度：17世纪荷兰著名的法学家，由他创 立了“国际礼让说”。该学说认为，法律原则上只具有域内效力，但在一定条件下（即不损害内国的主权权力和其臣民的利益），根据“礼让”，一国也是可以承认外国法的域外效力的。 书中：荷兰法则区别说的代表人物，其真正全面奠定了国际礼让说。其著有《论 罗马法与现行法》一书，他在书中提出了可以概括荷兰学派国际礼让说基本内容的三项原则：（1）一国法律仅在其主权所及的领域内具有绝对的效力；：（2）在一统治者领域内的所有人，无论是常住还是暂住，都视为其国民，并受其约束；：（3）但根据礼让，各统治者承认，已在其本国内实施的法律应该到处保持其效力，只要这样做不至于损害该统治者的国民。 10、斯托里（Joseph Story）：哈佛大学法学教授，美国联邦最高法院法 官，是英美国际私法学的奠基人，其代表作是《法律冲突论》，该书被誉为19世纪以来最杰出的冲突法著作，对英美国际私法思想产生了巨大的影响。一些美国学者甚至尊称其为“冲突法之父”。 他在利弗莫尔的基础上，根据胡伯三原则，创立了自己的礼让说，提出了国际私法三原则。他认为，一国适用外国法完全是基于礼让而非义务，即适用外国法是一种互利的要求，一国适用了外国法并公平对待了外国公民，目的是希望本国法律在外国得到公正的适用以及本国公民在外国享受平等待遇。 11、萨维尼（Savigny）：19世纪德国历史法学派的泰斗，最著名的私法学家，柏林大学法学教授，普鲁士立法大臣。其代表作是《现代罗马法体系》，他在书中第八卷提出了著名的“法律关系本座说”理论。 12、孟西尼（Mancini）：19世纪意大利著名的政治家和国际私
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英语教学法复习资料 一、术语翻译 1. 语音学：Phonetics 2. 目的语：target language 3. 教学路子/途径：Teaching approach 4. 交际途径：The Communicative Approach 5.语言习得机制：language acquisition device 6.习得：Acquisition 7. 转化生成语法：transformational generative grammar 8. 交际年能力：Communicative competence 9. 信息处理：information processing 10. 语法翻译法：The Grammar-Translation Method 11. 认知法：Cognitive approach 12.语言习得：language acquisition 13. 个性差异：Individual difference 14.听说法：The Audiolingual Method 15英语教学：TESL 10. 句型操练：Pattern drill 16. 语法分析：grammatical analysis 17发现学习法：Discovery learning 二、单项选择题 1.Which of the following activities involves writing? ___A___ A. Labeling pictures. B. Matching pictures with labels. C. Dramatization. D. Role play. 2. Which of the following belongs to the communicative approach?（B ） A. focus on accuracy B. focus on fluency C. focus on strategies 3.What’s the teacher doing by saying “Now you are going to do this in pairs.” ? ___C___ A. Checking understanding. B. Giving prompt. C. Setting tasks. D. Getting feedback. 4. What syllabus does the following present? （C ） Unit 1 Self-introduction Unit 2 Greetings Unit 3 Asking the way Unit 4 Making apologies Unit 5 Inviting Unit 6 Extending thanks A. structural syllabus
诊断学大体题目和名解英文
名解： 1.症状symptom 2.体征sign 3.发热fever 4.稽留热continued fever 5.弛张热remittent fever 6.间歇热intermittent fever 7.波状热undulant fever 8.回归热recurrent fever 9.不规则热irregular fever 10.水肿edema 11.咳嗽cough 12.咳痰expectoration 13.咯血hemoptysis 14.呕血hematemesis 15.放射痛或牵涉痛radiating pain P41 16.呼吸困难dyspnea 17.心源性呼吸困难或心源性哮喘cardiac asthma 18.Kussmaul 呼吸 19.Saegesser 征 20.腹泻diarrhea 21.黄疸jaundice 22.Gilbert综合征 23.Crigler-Najiar综合征 24.Rotor综合征 25.Dubin-Johnson综合征 26.夏科Charcot三联征 27.血尿haematuria 28.尿频frequent micturition 29.尿急urgent micturition 30.尿痛odynuria 31.尿路刺激征 32.神经源性膀胱 33.意识障碍disturbance of consciousness 34.嗜睡somnolence 35.意识模糊confusion 36.嗜睡stupor 37.昏迷coma 38.谵妄delirium 39.问诊inquiry 40.主诉chief complaint 41.现病史history of present illness 42.既往史past history 43.系统回顾review of systems 44.月经史menstrual history 45.体格检查physical examination 46.检体诊断physical diagnosis 47.视诊inspection 48.触诊palpation 49.叩诊percussion 50.叩诊音percussion sound 51.清音resonance 52.浊音dullness 53.实音flatness 54.鼓音tympany 55.过清音hyperresonance 56.听诊auscultation 57.嗅诊olfactory examination 58. 生命征vital sign 59.无力型asthenic 60.超力型sthenic type 61.正力型ortho-sthenic type 62.营养不良innutrition 63.营养过剩excess nutrient 64.精神障碍mental disorders 65.自知力insight 66.二尖瓣面容mitral facies 67.甲亢面容thyrotoxic facies 68.体位position 69.被动体位passive position 70.强迫体位compulsive position 71.端坐呼吸orthopnea 72.间歇性跛行intermittent claudication 73.发绀cyanosis 74.色素沉着pigmentation 75.斑疹maculae 76.玫瑰疹roseola 77.丘疹papules 78.斑丘疹maculopapule 79.荨麻疹urticaria 80.瘀点petechia 81.紫癜purpura 82.瘀斑ecchymosis 83.血肿hematoma 84.蜘蛛痣spider angioma 85.肝掌liver palms 86.溃疡ulcer
《英语教学法》名词解释
《英语教学法》名词解释
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