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Marketing

Marketing
Marketing

Marketing

A、Marketing Basics

Think of marketing as an exchange. Think of marketers as people who help to manage exchanges. People have been exchanging goods for goods ,or goods for services , or services for services since time began .

Marketing probably started with one cave man finding he had too much meat , but no fresh vegetables . so he made a deal with a man who had vegetables , but no meat. A simple exchange . so much meat for so many vegetables. Both cave men were very happy. Both had exchange something they valued for something of equal value. In time ,groups of people came together into villages . Then the exchanges became more involved. One man would fix a roof in return for chickens and eggs . He would then exchange some of the eggs for bread at the baker’. Another may have sharpened all the knives in a home in exchange for having his garden dug . Both exchanged services rather than goods .

Simple exchange soon become impossible .The barter system means that too much actual goods have to be moved about . So people invented money .Before money , a person’s wage could be paid in either chickens or pigs but he or she could not get change .After money was invented ,all goods or services could

be sold for cash , and the cash was used to buy what was needed .We still use money today .We use money to help u buy and sell quickly and easily .

Understanding the Marketing and Customer Needs

Five core customer and marketplace concepts are critical:(1)needs, wants, and demands (2)marketing offers products ,services, and experience (3) value and satisfaction ;(4)exchanges and relationships ;and (5)markets.

The most basic concept underlying marketing is that of human needs . Human needs are states of felt deprivation . They include physical ,social , and individual needs , These needs were not created by marketers; they are a basic part of the human makeup .

Wants are the form human needs take as they are shaped by marketers; they are a basic part of the human makeup.

Wants are the form human needs take as they are shaped by culture and individual personality .A person needs food but wants a Big Mac

When backed by buying power ,wants become demands.

The best marketing companies go to great lengths to learn and understand their customers’ needs, wants become demands . Market offerings-------products, services ,and experiences

Needs and wants are fulfilled through market offerings –some

combination of products, services, information , or experiences offered to a market to satisfy a need or want .

Market offering include products and service –activities or benefits offered for sale that are essentially intangible and do not result in the ownership of anything .

Marketing myopia occur when a company becomes so taken with their own products that they lose sight of underlying customer needs .

Customers value and satisfaction

Customers form expectations about the value and satisfaction that various market offerings will deliver and buy accordingly . Satisified customers buy again and tell others about their good experience , dissatisfied customers switch to competitors and disparage the produt to others . customer values and customer satisfaction are key building blocks for developing and managing customers relationships.

Exchanges and relationships

Exchange is the act of obtaining a desired object from someone by offering something in return . marketing consists of actions taken to build and maintain desirable exchange relationships with target audiences.

Markets

A market is the set of actual and potential buyers of a product . marketing means managing markets to bring about profitable

customer relationships.

What is marketing mix?

The combination of the four controllable various-product,price,place,and promotion (the four Ps )that comprise a company’s marketing programs is termed the marketing mix. The four Ps, or four elements of the marketing mix are explained as followeds:

Product – planning and developing the right goods and /or services to be marketed , changing the existing products , adding the new ones ,selecting the right assortment, package and brand .

Price –setting the right price for firm’s products or services after estimating the customers’ reaction to price changing , making a decision about discount rates and allowance offered to different buyers.

Place –choosing the right middlemen after comparing a variety of channel members, selecting the channel patterns.

Promotion –informing and persuading the market regarding new or old products , putting advertisement , enhancing personal selling and sales promotion.

The concept of 4Ps has been long used for the product industry while the 7Ps has emerged as a successful proposition for the services industry . the added 3Ps are as follows:

People –people refer to the customers, employees, management and everybody else involved in it . it is essential or everyone to realize that

the reputation of the brand that you are involved with is in the people’s hands.

Process-it refers to the methods and process of providing a services and is hence essential to have a thorough knowledge on whether the services are helpful to the customers ,if they are provided in time , if the customers are informed in hand about the services and many such things .

Physical (evidence) – it refers to the experience of using a product or service . when a service goes out to the customer, it is essential that you help him see what he is buying or not. For example, brochures, pamphlets etc. serve thus purpose.

翻译:市场营销的基本知识

市场被认为是一场交易,将市场营销者视为帮助安排交易的人。从这个时间开始,人们一直用物换物,或物换服务,或服务换服务。

市场可能开始于穴居洞人发现他有太多的肉,但是没有蔬菜,所以他与一个有太多的蔬菜而没有肉的人达成交易,一个简单的交易,同样的肉换同样的蔬菜,2个穴居洞人都非常的开心,他们都交换了他们认为有价值的东西,不久,一个团队的人都来到这个村庄,然后这交易就变得复杂了,一人将修理屋顶来获得小鸡和鸡蛋的回报,然后在面包房用一些鸡蛋交换一些面包。也有人可能帮人磨刀来交换让别人整修他的花园。两人都是交换服务,而不是商品。

简单的商品交易很快就不可能实现了,以货交易货制度意味着太

多的实际货物要移动。于是人们发明了钱。在金钱发明前,一个人的工资是以几只鸡或几头猪的形式发的,无法找零。发明钱之后,可以售卖商品或服务换取现金,然后用现金购买所需要的东西。人们现在也还是靠钱。金钱帮助人们快速方便地购买和出售商品或服务。

关于客户和市场有五个至关重要的核心概念;(1)需要、欲望和需求;(2)市场提供产品、服务和经验;(3)价值和满意度;(4)交换和关系;(5)市场。

客户的需要、欲望和需求

营销的最基本概念是人的需要。人的需要是一种感觉匮乏的状态。需要包括生理需要、社会需要和个人需要。这些需要斌不是营销人员创造的,他们是人类构造的基本组成部分。

欲望是人类的需要所采取的文化和个性的形式。欲望是已能满足需要的具体实物来描述的。当一个人需要食物时。他欲望是得到一个大汉堡。

得到购买力的支持时,欲望成为需求。

那些最棒的营销公司会下大功夫去了解客户的需要、欲望和需求。市场供给-----产品、服务和体验

市场提供产品、服务、信息、体验或者组合体来满足人们的需要和欲望。

市场供给包括产品和服务。服务-所销售的是一种无形的活动或利益,且不会导致所有权的变化。

营销短视症是指公司过度重视自己的产品,而忽视潜在的客户需

要。

顾客价值和满意度

不同市场的供给形成顾客价值和满意度,顾客据此来判断是否购买。满意的顾客会再次购买,并告诉别人他们的好经验。不满意的客户转投竞争对手,向他人贬低该产品。顾客价值和顾客满意度是开发和管理顾客关系的关键组成部分。

交易及关系

交易是从别人处获得所需要的物品,并提供回报的行为。市场营销包括采取行动和与目标受众建立和维持理想的交易关系。

市场

市场是产品的实际和潜在买家的集合体。营销手段就是管理市场以带来盈利的客户关系。

什么是市场营销组合?

四个可控变量—产品、价格、地点和促销(简称4P),构成公司的营销计划,称为市场营销组合。4P,即市场营销组合的四要素,解释如下:

产品-规划和开发待推向市场的合适的产品或服务,改变现有产品,增加新产品,选择合适的分类,包装和品牌。

价格-评估顾客归于产品价格变动后的反应,给公司的产品或服务,制定合适的价格,决定给不同买家的折扣及津贴。

渠道---比较可供的渠道商,选择合适的中间商,选定渠道模式。

促销-告知并说服市场接受新产品或老产品,打广告,提高个人

销售或促销推广。

4P的概念长久以来用于产品行业,而7P的概念则成功地应用于服务行业。添加的3 P如下:

人-指客户、员工、管理人员和其他所有的参与人员呢。每个人都应该注意到品牌的声誉是掌握在人的手中。

过程-这是指提供服务的方法和过程,因此,必须清楚了解所提供的服务是否给予客户帮助,服务是否提供得及时,服务信息是否已经传达到顾客手里,以及诸如此类的事情。

有形实据-它是指使用某产品或服务的经验。为顾客提供服务时,必须让顾客清楚感知所购买的服务或者没有购买的服务是什么。例如-产品目录。宣传册。

关于市场部marketing好多细节知识

我这个半瓶水的市场人也来晃荡晃荡大家轻拍? 此贴可能是个大坑,想要骂人的请绕道? 此贴是marketing菜鸟写的,所有很多东西还是很表面的给人理解,如果有专业人士莅临,请轻拍? 此贴lz因为在外企习惯了外企的作风难免中文夹杂英文,如果看不惯的请绕道? LZ 非市场专业毕业英文很烂工作5年不到点跳槽3次(错误示范,后悔莫及,请勿效仿,后果自负)? 从事市场3年半路出家所以依然是菜鸟一枚希望和大家共勉给后人得以借鉴? 职业生涯经历过2家IT公司和1家制造业公司? 1:何谓市场? 最简单最白话的解释就是分析市场需求,提供销售潜在客户群,把公司产品经过一系列的外在内在的包装,帮助销售卖出产品,提高公司营业额? 2:人们对市场部的误区:市场=销售? 其实大型公司市场部和销售部是分开的,更细致的公司还会这么分:市场部,品牌广告部,通路行销部,销售部,客户服务部还有公关部? PS:通路行销Trade Marketing:该部门往往存在于快消消费品和耐用消费品行业。它起到连接销售和市场部的作用。因为第一线销售人员数据很多,所以需要一个部门把这些信息分析量化后交给市场部宏观执行,而市场部也不可能全部知道销售的一线情况,最好的方法就是通过中间部门把市场部的战略性部署转换成更适合销售接受的东西传递给一线销售。这就是trade mkt的作用? 哪种人适合做市场? 1.耐心和细心 marketing是很注重细节的工作,也是个很繁琐的工作,有时候整天就对这个PPT做报告,有时候整天要干的就是确认产品目录上的中文字英文字的大小清晰度等,不细心的话数据报表差一个数字就失之千里啦,没耐心的话如果一整天让你打电话给客户做调研或者和比对产品目录,你会不会发火啊,呵呵? 2.真正感兴趣这个很好解释吧,不喜欢的工作很难干的长久,很多工作其实做熟练了每天都基本干一样的事情,marketing就好在这里每个品牌的推广活动,每次的展览,每次的广告策略都能给你不同的idea,可能也是很多人喜欢这职位的原因吧,当然大体的事情还是很多雷同的,因为公司策略总归是保持一个方向发展的? 3.吃苦市场部的事情非常多,所以在一些行业来说加班加点必不可少,频繁的出差也是很有可能的,没有加班费是常有的事情。所以要吃得起苦,性格上公司选择的人希望他更加aggressive一点,激进。因为有时候出现问题很多部门第一个怪的就是市场部,你要有足够的能力去应付这些? FMCG等消费品公司市场主导销售在公司里市场部的人员往往更加得势一些?

市场营销试题C卷

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市场营销专用专业术语

市场营销专用专业术语

态度attitude 品牌兴趣brand interest 品牌忠诚brand loyalty 企业市场business markets 影响中心centers of influence 有意劝服路径central route to persuation 认知cognition 消费行为consumer behavior 消费者决策过程consumer decision making process 消费者市场consumer markets 文化culture 现有顾客current customers 详尽可能性模型Elaboration Likelihood Model 环境因素environment 选择评估evaluation of alternatives 评估标准evaluative criteria 参考组evoked set 交换exchange 政府市场government markets 习惯habit 需要层次hierachy of needs 工业市场industrial markets 信息性动机informational motives

人际影响interpersonal influences 认知learning 市场market 卖主marketers 营销marketing 大脑档案mental files 动机motivation 需要needs 被动生成动机negatively originated motives 非人员影响nonpersonal influences 舆论领袖opinion leader 集团买主organizational buyers 感知perception 感知过滤perceptual screens 无意劝服路径periphial route to persuasion 个人过程personal processes 劝服persuasion 生理过滤physiological screens 主动生成动机positively originated motives 购后失调学说postpurchase dissonance 购后评估postpurchase evaluation 潜在顾客prospective customers 心理过滤psychological screens

MARKETING报告题

Assessment item 2 Report 2 Task Having completed your first report you are now to complete a second marketing report for Bathurst Carbon Cutters (BCC). The firm has taken your view that marketing can be beneficial to society and their firm. The second report is on market segmentation, targeting and positioning. You are to segment the market, select target segment(s) and identify a position for the firm’s product. BBC provide push bikes for hire with the aim of reducing carbon emissions. They think people who use their products are largely business people and university academics/students. But they are unsure. Part 1: Profile three segments using the relevant theory. The three are (1) university students (2) university academics and (3) business people from Bathurst. Part 2: Target one or all of the segments and justify why you would target one or both segments. Part 3: Give an outline of how the products should be positioned for the segment(s) and give a brief description of the marketing strategy you would use to attain this positioning. Your report should cover the following areas of theory and apply the theory for BCC! Part 1: Market segmentation 1.Define the target marketing concept, discuss it’s use for BCC 2.Define mass, one-to-one and target ma rketing and it’s relevant to BCC 3.Outline market segmentation bases(geographic, demographic, psychographic & behavioural segmentation) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8c16372153.html,e the segmentation bases to profile market segments(students, academics and business people) for BCC Part 2: Market Targeting

Marketing名词解释

●Marketing mix-市场营销组合:是现代营销中最重要的概念之一,它指公司为使目标市场产生预期反应而整合使用的一系列可控的、策略性的营销工具。4P,产品、价格、渠道、促销。P49 ●Value delivery network-价值递送网络:由公司、供应商、分销商、最终顾客组成,彼此相互合作,共同提高整个系统的绩效。P46 ●Wholesaling-批发:涉及将产品和服务出售给以转售或商业用途为目的的购买者的全部活动。P365 ●Positioning-定位:是相对于竞争者的产品而言,设法使自己的产品在目标顾客的心目中占据一个清晰、独特而理想的位置。P48 ●SBU-Strategic Business Unit-战略单位业务:一个战略业务单位可以是公司的一个部门、一个部门中的一条产品线、或者一个产品或品牌。 ●Marketing-商场营销:企业为从顾客处获得利益回报而为顾客创造价值并与之建立稳固关系的过程。P6 ●4P and 4C-市场营销组合的4P:产品、价格、渠道、促销。4C:顾客解决之道、顾客成本、便利、沟通。P49-50 ●Market segmentation-市场细分:将市场划分为独特的购买者群体(各个群体之间在需要、特征或行为上存在明显差异,需要不同的产品或市场营销计划。)P47 ●Retailing-零售:包括直接向最终消费者销售产品或服务以满足个人或非商业用途的所有活动。 ●Strategic planning-战略规划:在组织的目标和能力与不断变化的市场机会之间建立和维持战略适配的过程。P37 ●Price:价格:是顾客为获得产品必须支付的货币数量。P49 ●IMC:整合营销沟通(integrated marketing communications)公司仔细地整合各种沟通渠道,传播关于组织及其品牌的清晰、一致和有说服力的信息。P380 ●Marketing environment营销环境:由影响市场营销管理者与其目标顾客建立和维持稳固关系的能力的所有外部行为者和力量构成。P63

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Communications 习题及答案详解

Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Communications 习题及答案详解

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