2020版高考英语(新课改·人教版)一轮复习学案语法奠基课一学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能含解析

[编写说明]语法知识零碎、规则多、变化繁，怎样复习才高效？在同步学习小语法的基础上，一轮复习应高屋建瓴巧整合，明规则、总规律，让考生知其然更知其所以然；应该明考点、知考向，针对努力攻重点。本书以专题为编排单位、以考点为突破口，采用讲练结合的方式，做到点点突破、省时高效。

语法奠基课一学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题，以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础，这不仅对语法填空的解答有直接的影响，而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。

一、主语——习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台

在句子中，主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。

[例1](2017·浙江11月高考语法填空)．..and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, ________ means you'll just keep getting better and better.

[分析]which空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当主语，且指代前面整个主句的内容，故应填关系代词which。

[练1](2018·浙江6月高考语法填空) Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.

解析：who/that分析句子结构可知，空格处引导定语从句，修饰先行词“Many westerners”，且在从句中作主语，所以应用who或that 引导该定语从句。

二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行

谓语描述主语的行为动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：

1．简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

Her father works in Nanjing.

2．复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；(2)由系动词加表语构成。

They must have finished their tasks.

[例2](2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.

[分析]managed空格处在句中充当主句的谓语动词，根据时间状语later和定语从句的谓语动词became可知此处应用动词的一般过去时，且engineers与manage之间为主动关系，故填managed。

[练2](2018·浙江11月高考语法填空)You probably have used caffeine since childhood. Caffeine ________ (be) in your first Coke.

解析：was本空在句中充当谓语动词，为主系表结构；主语是“Caffeine”，为不可数名词，再结合语境可知时态应为一般过去时，所以应填was。

三、宾语——一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”

宾语表示谓语动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。

1．双宾语(间接宾语＋直接宾语)

Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语；advice为直接宾语)

2．复合宾语(宾语＋宾语补足语)

Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语；“to pay more attention ... regular examinations”为宾语补足语)

[例3](2017·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ________(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.

[分析]to prove根据句子结构可知，此处应该使用不定式作动词want的宾语。

[练3](2018·浙江11月高考语法填空) One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause ________ (they) to stay awake almost all night.

解析：them分析句子结构可知，空格处在从句中作cause的宾语，故用其宾格形式them。

四、表语——最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色

表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后，用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征或状态等，一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、动词不定式、动名词(短语)、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。

[例4](2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)However, be_____________ (care) not to go to extremes.

[分析]careful句意：小心不要走极端。系动词be后应用形容词careful作表语。

[练4](2018·浙江6月高考语法填空)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ______ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.

解析：affordable每周在外面吃一两顿饭可以支付的起，但经常在外面吃钱就会增加，空处作表语，故填affordable。

五、定语——鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵

修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。

[例5](2017·浙江6月高考语法填空)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a __________(shine) object.

[分析]shiny/shining分析句子结构可知，空格处在句中作定语修饰名词object，故应用形容词形式。shiny“发光的”，shining“发光的，发亮的”。

[练5](2016·四川高考语法填空)For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something ________ (eat)!

解析：to eat此处表示找吃的东西，动作尚未进行，故填to eat。

六、状语——行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”

修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一

般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。

状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。

高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，所以说它对动词“情有独钟”。

[例6](2017·浙江6月高考语法填空)You need to ________ (real) read at least one good book a week, preferably a classic.

[分析]really此处修饰动词read，用副词really作状语。

[练6](2018·浙江11月高考语法填空) ________ (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.

解析：Recently此处作状语，修饰整个句子，应用副词，故应用recent的副词形式recently。

七、补语——始终寄人篱下，永远成不了“主人”

补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词、介词短语或从句充当。

[例7](2017·全国卷Ⅱ改编)When summer comes, they will invite their students ________ (pick) the fresh vegetables!

[分析]to pick本句为含时间状语从句的主从复合句，主句谓语动词为invite, “their students”是宾语，“pick the fresh vegetables”是宾语补足语，根据invite的固定用法“invite sb. to do sth.”可知，此处应填to pick。

[练7](2015·浙江高考改编)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it _______(perform) live is quite another.

解析：being performed句意：在家听音乐是一回事，去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另一回事。空格处为hear的宾语补足语，宾语it与perform之间为被动关系，且动作

正在进行，故填being performed。

八、同位语——总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是显露原形

一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或说明作用，这个名词(或其他形式)就是同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它“爱玩失踪”。如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。

[例8](2017·全国卷Ⅱ改编)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang ________ work in our school.

[分析]both空处在句中充当主语Mr.and Mrs. Zhang的同位语，因为主语是两个人，故同位语应用both。

[练8](2019·山东济宁一模)Mr. Johnson cares for us ________ (student) very much.

解析：students名词student在句中作us的同位语成分，故根据us的意义可知，student 需要用复数形式。

[专题过关训练]

Ⅰ.单句语法填空(从句子成分角度分析)

1．(2017·浙江11月高考语法填空)Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and ________ (they) use unconsciously ...

[答案]their

[分析]这里的use为名词，应该用形容词性物主代词来修饰，作定语。

2．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow ________ (steady)．[答案]steadily

[分析]grow在此句中为实义动词，故应用副词形式修饰。

3．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is ________ (honest)．[答案]honesty

[分析]从句中的主语是“the_key”，与表语构成同位关系，所以此处应用名词作表语。

4．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and ________ (take) a trip.

[答案]taking

[分析]between_..._and是固定结构，and前后连接的是并列成分，因此and后需用动名词作宾语，和staying并列。

5．(2015·浙江高考改编)The position of the classroom with its view made me ________

(feel) like I was dreaming.

[答案]feel

[分析]make后常用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。

Ⅱ.运用句子成分知识，将下列句子补充完整

1．(2018·浙江11月高考写作) 6月23号我乘坐从北京至伦敦的FL753班机时，我还随身携带着钱包。

I had my wallet with me when_I_boarded_FL753 from Beijing to London on June 23.

2．(2018·浙江11月高考概要写作)上网浏览学院的招生展会也会帮助你作出正确的决定。

Visiting_the_online_college_fairs can also help you make_the_right_decision.

3．(2017·浙江6月高考写作)所有这些活动都会帮助你放松自己。

All_these_activities_will_help you relax yourself.

4．(2017·浙江6月高考写作)我很荣幸能与你前去那里，一起享受这美好的日子。

I will_be_honored to have you there with us, enjoying_the_colorful_days.

5．(2017·浙江11月高考写作)很可能我们家全体成员都会在场，包括我祖父母、父母、叔叔、婶婶以及他们的孩子。

Chances are that_all_the_family_members_will_be_there,_including my grandparents, parents, uncles and aunts with their kids.

6．(2017·浙江11月高考写作)然后，我祖父母会给我们讲述一些民间故事，这些故事可以追溯到古时的中国。

Then my grandparents will tell us some folk tales, dating_back_to_ancient_China.

7．(2017·浙江11月高考写作)听说今年春节你不回去了，我很荣幸能邀请你和我的家人一起过春节。

Hearing_that_you_won't_go_back_this_Spring_Festival,_I'm more than honored to invite you to spend it with my family.

8．(2017·浙江11月高考写作)首先，我们会上一些中国的饭菜，像水饺和面条。

First, we'll have some_Chinese_cuisine,_like dumplings and noodles.

名词 高考英语语法重点归纳

一、名词 【知识精讲】 名词是表示人，事物，地点或抽象概念的名称的词。 一、名词的数 在熟悉可数名词单数变复数规则的基础上，突出以下几点： 1. 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词)，如： physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States 2. 抽象名词表示具体或特定的事例时也可作可数名词，单数前面应有不定冠词。如：(1) pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder等意为“...的人/ 物”。如：The meeting is a success. (2) worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food等不可数名词，指“一种”、“一场”及“多种”、“多场”时，可以有其单、复数形式。如：There have been strong winds over the last two months. (3) a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of等已形成固定形式。如：He has a good practical

knowledge of computer science. 3. 表示一类事物的总称的名词，不能加-s ，如： machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence 4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思，如： chicken鸡肉/ chickens小鸡; fish鱼肉/ fishes( fish )各种鱼; paper纸/ papers试卷; water水/ waters水域，room空间/ rooms房间 5. 只有复数形式的名词，如： glasses （眼镜）,trousers, clothes，scissors等，注意加单位名词的用法：a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数，但表示的是复数含义，如： people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;（表示一类人） 7. 以复数形式出现，表达复数含义，如： belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops 8. 集合名词看成一个整体时，谓语用单数，若侧重各个成员，则用复数，如：audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,public ●The average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be. ●My family are going with me. 9. 单复数同形的名词，如： fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works, li（里）, yuan （元）, mu（亩）等 ●How many deer are there in Dafeng now?

高考英语语法知识点总结

专题一定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which 指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略） who 指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which 或of which+the+名词 2、as 的用法 （1）常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个 （2）as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 C、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 3、but用作关系代词，相当于who/that…not 例：In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng. 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 4、当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 5、当先行词是数词时. 6、当先行词既指人又指物时。 7、如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个关系代词则宜用that。 8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。 9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，该关系代词宜用that。 10、先行词为what，关系代词用that。

【英语】高考英语总复习--英语语法填空

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