翻译资料
武汉纺织大学经济学院2014届毕业论文
英文翻译
材料：英文原稿、中文翻译
专业：国际经济与贸易
班级：国贸11001
姓名：刘瑾
学号：1107211001
指导教师：蔡汉波
2014年 5 月 5 日
外文原文资料
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play an essential role in the development of any country. They can be assimilated as the engines of growth in developing economies, and the importance and future of SMEs tend to be a major policy concern, with strategic importance in reshaping the productive sectors, employment and innovation. But, in order to accomplish all this expectations, we have to admit that one of the biggest problem the SMEs faces is the non-availability of adequate financing facilities, the lack of availability of financial institutions or private equity investors to meet the SMEs financing requirements. Banks, like other businesses, concentrate on creating value under a controlled risk (OECD, 2006, Pathrose, 2005). Analyzing a loan application, a bank has to focus on the risks involved and the methods to mitigate those risks. The banks are reluctant to lend to SMEs for a number of reasons, including the following:
The information asymmetry that arises from small businesses' lack of financial information and standardized financial statements, in addition to the bank's limited knowledge about the borrower company (Badulescu, Badulescu, 2010). The quantity and quality of the information hold by the entrepreneur regarding their business cannot be accessed in the same measure and efficiency by the prospective creditor. Thus, the lenders is unable to separate between good (bankable) projects and doubtful projects, and the price (for example, the interest of the loan) doesn’t make an efficient selection; rather it will increase the bank credit portfolio with risky loans: some of them with interesting perspective, others failures for sure (this phenomenon is the adverse selection). The second issue created by informational asymmetry is the moral hazard: once the loan granted, the control of its use according to the original application (and the risk and opportunity analysis) could face serious difficulties and the loan could be used – even part of it – for other purpose. In order to reduce this risk, the financer will ask as guarantee collateral: assets, receivables, personal goods, immovable, or will pretend the early repayment of the loan, or, if it is possible, will restrict the access on the rest of unused loan.
The high risks involved in lending to the SMEs as a result of limited assets that can be used as collateral, high failure rates, low capitalization and vulnerability to market risks. The finance institutions consider the environment of SMEs being competitive and very uncertain (compared to large companies), implying a high variability SMEs Financing: the Extent of Need and the Responses of Different Credit Structures of return of similar SMEs in the same sector, and finally high failure rate. The limited power in market, considerable share of intangible assets, lack of relevant financial and commercial track records, insufficient circulating assets or tangible fixed assets tends to create a higher risk profile of SMEs for potential investors (OECD, 2004, Lin,Sun, 2006, Toivanen, Cresy 2000, OECD, 2000). Insufficient collaterals compared to the lenders’ request in order to overcome the risks associated to moral hazard is probably the most claimed cause of the difficulties in accessing a credit by a SME. The collaterals’ insufficiency can be the expression of an incipient stage of the business, unconsolidated yet, up to an exaggerated sizing of the credit request, upon the firm real capacity to sustain the project.
As small businesses cannot offer adequate collateral, the banks are unable to determine whether the borrower possesses the technical, managerial and marketing skills to generate adequate cash flows and service the loan. The SMEs are characterized by unsatisfactory technical endowment, difficulties in assuring qualified technical staff and experimented management (human capital) in order to adapt to the multiple and rapid changes of present-day economy. At least, the reports accuracy, business protection under contractual basis is precarious, even for internal or external reasons; make barriers for the financial institution in order to compute the real profitability of the company, the repayment capacity, even the reliability of some collateral. In developing countries, the risk profile is supplementary marked by the unstable legislative and competitive environment, with negative consequences on the transactions security.
Daniel B?DULESCU.SMEs Financing: the Extent of Need and the Responses of Different Credit Structure [J]. Theoretical and Applied Economics Volume 2010
2.3 Foreign Market entry modes
There are three basic entry decisions that management has to consider before going international (Hill, 2007):
a. Which market: the one being more attractive to the firm, seeking a balance between benefits, costs and risk.
b. When to go abroad: or timing of entry can be described either as first-mover or later entrants. First movers are those firms that go to an international market before anyone of his kind/industry enters a foreign market. Later entrants are those firms that go abroad after other firms have done so. Both first and later entrants have advantages and disadvantages. First movers are able to be pioneers on the market, but at the same time they can experience high costs. Whereas, later entrants can just copy first movers, avoiding risks they have already taken and having less cost on their proceeding. But, they will have more competence in the selected market.
c. The scale: a firm can enter on a large or small scale depending on the involvement of commitment they (the firm) are willing to have. Entering on a large scale implies rapid entry and involvement of significant resources. The small entry allows a firm to learn from the market chosen with less exposure to the market itself.
After considering the three main factors mentioned above, the management team should decide how to internationalize. Hill (2007, p. 486-497) describes the six ways a firm can obtain internationalization. There is no right or wrong ways to go abroad, it all depends on the firm’s size, age, resources, commitment to market and the market itself. Each of the next six entry modes have disadvantages and advantages that make the manager team make their on how to go abroad.
2.3.1 Exporting
Exporting has been traditionally regarded as the first step to entering international markets, serving as a platform for future international expansions (Kogut & Chang, 1996). It is considered to be the most used strategy for SMEs because of the lack of 9 resources (Dalli, 1995) and certain degree of market knowledge and experience (Root, 1994). Hill (2007, p. 487) explains both advantages and disadvantages of exporting. One Advantage for a firm that exports is that it avoids the cost of manufacturing in the host country. This might also been seen as a disadvantage if the costs of producing the
good are cheaper in the host country. The firm can gain a substantial scale economy from its global sales volume, when it is producing in the home country and exporting to the host country. Another important advantage is that the firm will gain experience and even more knowledge from the host country. At the same time exporting firms face disadvantages such as the costs of transportation, and even the low cost of the production of the goods in that host country (Hill 2007, p. 487). From country to country there are different laws that protect the home market. Some of them will do this by adding a tariff barrier which can make exporting more expensive.
2.3.2 Turnkey projects
This is a kind of project where two entities/firms are responsible for putting up a plant or equipment (e.g., oil plants). This kind of market entry is used by firms in specific industries such as: construction, metal, petrochemical refining, chemicals and pharmaceutical. This type of entry mode is useful where foreign direct investment (FDI) is limited by the host country’s government. One firm can posses the resources needed for the production but needs the technological know-how to proceed with the production. The other firm, “the contractor” is the one that handles the project for the foreign client. The contractor offers his client the training of the operative personnel, the co ntract itself and the “key” to a plant in full operation (Hill, 2007). In other words, a turnkey project is seen as a way to export know-how to other countries. The benefits from a turnkey project are the great economic assets that the know-how offers, since they are valuable assets for the firms (Hill, 2007). On the other hand, once the project ends, the contractor won’t have a long-term interest in the foreign country. This can be seen as a disadvantage if the country proves to be a major market for the output of the process that has been exported (Hill, 2007). The creation of an inadvertently competitor might happen. The firm’s process of technology and
know-how are a valuable asset as well as a competitive advantage for the firm, but at the time of selling it, the firm is selling its competitive advantage to potential and/or actual competitor.
2.3.3 Licensing
A licensing agreement is an arrangement where the licensor grants the right over
intangible property to another entity for a specific period, and in return, the licensor receives a loyalty fee from the license (Hill, 2007). This type of agreement is common in the pharmaceutical industry, where patents, inventions and formulas are common. When a firm enters a host country they do not deal with the cost and risk of entering it. This kind of entry mode is good for firms that do not have the capital to production abroad. It is also used when a firm wants to enter a foreign market, but there are some government regulations that won’t allow them enter that s pecific market. Firms that have an intangible property that they are not going to develop, tend to use this entry mode. The disadvantages of this kind of agreement are the scarce control over production, marketing and strategy used in the development and sale of the product. Licensing limits the firm's ability to coordinate strategic moves across countries by using profits earned in one country to support competitive attacks in another (Hill,10，2007). Once again, technological know-how when sold to other firms is taking the risk of generating competition with the other firm by providing them with the firm’s competitive advantage.
2.3.4 Franchising
Franchising involves longer-term commitments, whereas licensing involves a shorter term. Franchising is the right a firm acquires from another firm that allows them to do particular business activities, such as selling the good or the service, under the name
of a specific firm, e.g. McDonalds. Franchising is a specialized form of license, where the franchisee agrees to follow strict rules about how to carry with the business activities: the type of service, setting of the physical space, etc. The firm selling the franchise will receive a royalty payment, which is related to the franchisee’s revenues. The firm that sells the franchise avoids many of the costs and risks of opening in a host country by its self. A firm whose entry mode is franchise can build great presence all over the world in a short period of time, at a relative low cost and risk (Hill 2007, p. 492). One of the problems when using franchising is quality control: customers of Best Western Hotels, look for the same kind of attention when they go to their hotels in different parts of the world.
2.3.5 Joint Ventures
A joint venture is an entity formed by two or more independent firms working together. The firms agree to join together sharing revenues and costs, as well as the control of the new firm. The venture can be just a project or a long-term relationship as Sony Ericsson, for example. Joint ventures are often seen as a very viable business, since the companies involved can complement their skills. Both companies can gain international presence; e.g. Sony provided its technology know-how to Ericsson and started with the manufacturing of cell phones (Ericsson) with camera and innovative designs (Sony).Typical joint ventures where two parties are involved are 50/50 ventures, though it can also be other combinations depending on the agreements of the parties involved. Such agreements are stated in contracts, which also state the role and kind of participation each firm will commit to. The advantages stated by Hill (2007, p. 493) are as follows: a firm benefits from local partner’s knowledge of the host country’s competitive conditions, culture, language, an d political and business systems. Costs and risks are shared. In some countries this is the only way to entering that market. The firm can also overcome some risk by giving control of its technology to the other part involved. This kind of relationship between two companies does not give a firm the tight control over the subsidiaries both local and international, leading to conflicts and battles over the control, if the strategies of both companies differ on the way things should be done in order to fulfill their goals (Hill, 2007).
2.3.6 Wholly Owned Subsidiaries
In a wholly owned subsidiary the firm owns 100 percent of the stock. There are two ways to gain internationalization by using this entry mode. The first one is by setting up a new operation in the host country, often referred to as a Greenfield venture, or it can acquire established firm in the host nation and use that firm to promote it products (Hill, 2007).This entry mode, since it reduces the risk of losing control over the competence. It gives a firm tight control over operations in different countries. An example of wholly owned subsidiaries is Electrolux, that has participation all over the world and own all the sales subsidiaries and manufacture of their products around the world. Electrolux, as other wholly owned subsidiaries establish a global production system with a high degree of control. Such advantages will provide the firm with the
100% share in the profits. This is the most expensive method of going abroad. The firm will have to overcome less risk if the firm buys a firm in the market they are willing to expand to.
Mohibul Islam Masum&Alejandra Fernandez. Internationalization Process of SMEs:Strategies and Methods. [D]. M?lardalen University School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology V?ster?s Sweden.2008.6.
中文翻译
中文翻译
中小型企业（SMEs）在任何国家的发展中都发挥了重要作用。它们被当作经济增长的发动机，中小企业的重要性和发展前景往往是一个重大政策问题，尤其要注意其重塑生产部门，创造就业和创新的重要性。但是，我们不得不承认，为了实现这一切的期望，中小企业面临的最大的问题之一就是缺乏充足的融资工具，缺乏可用的金融机构或私人投资来满足中小企业的融资需求。
银行和其他企业一样，专注于在可控制的风险下创造价值（经合组织，2006年，Pathrose，2005年）。对于贷款申请的分析，银行主要关注存在的风险和减轻这些风险的办法。银行不愿意贷款给中小企业的原因很多，包括以下几个方面：
●信息不对称，体现在中小企业缺乏金融信息和标准化的财务报表，另外，银行对借款人的公司也缺乏足够的了解。掌握着大量准确信息的企业家认为其债权人不能用同样的措施和效率去增加其交易。因此，贷款人是无法区分有利可图的项目和可疑的项目，只考虑价格（例如，贷款利息），不能做一个有效的选择，相反，它会增加包含高风险贷款的银行信贷资产组合；其中一部分人持一些有趣的观点，别人肯定失败（这些人是相反选择）。信息不对称导致的第二个问题是道德风险：一旦批出的贷款，其使用的控制，按照原来申请（以及风险和机会分析）可能会面临严重的困难，这笔贷款可能会用于或者它的一部分会用于其他目的。为了降低这种风险，融资方将被要求以下作为担保抵押：资产，应收账款，个人物品，不动产，或会自称提前偿还贷款的，或者可能的话，将会限制其余未
使用的贷款的使用权。
●可以用来抵押的资产有限、高失败率、资本总额少、抵御市场风险的能力差等原因导致了给中小企业贷款存在极高的风险。金融机构认为中小企业的竞争激烈且存在很大的不稳定性（同大公司比），这意味着一个类似的中小企业在同一行业的回报率存在很大的变动，破产率极高。对潜在的投资者来说，中小企业在市场中的能力有限，缺乏相关的金融和商业记录，流动资产和固定资产不足且无形资产占相当大的份额往往意味着高风险。根据贷款者为克服与道德相关的风险而提出的要求，抵押品不足可能是中小企业信贷的困难最主要的原因。抵押品不足被认为是一个公司正处于初期阶段，基础尚未稳固的表现，在公司的实际能力的基础上，会夸大其信贷要求去维持项目。
●由于小企业无法提供足够的抵押品，银行无法判断借款人是否拥有技术，管理和营销技能，以产生足够的现金流来偿还贷款。中小型企业被认为技术欠佳，在保证合格的技术人员和管理（人力资本）上存在很大的困难，很难适应当今复杂多变的经济形势。报告的准确性、以合同为基础的业务保护的不稳定性，甚至其他内部或外部的原因都给金融机构正确估算中小企业真正的盈利能力，还款能力，甚至一些抵押品的可靠性带来了一定的障碍。在发展中国家，不稳定的立法和竞争环境都被补充到风险状况中，对安全交易带来了消极影响。
2.3 外国市场进入模式
在进入国际市场之前，管理者须考虑以下三个基本问题：
a.选择一个对公司有吸引力的市场，权衡利润、成本、风险，使三者保持平衡
的关系。
b.不管是先动者还是后进者，都得考虑进入国际市场的时机。先动者是那些在
同行业中最先进入国际市场的公司。后进者是在其他公司之后进入国际市场的公司。先动者和后进者都有各自的优势和劣势。先动者是市场上的先驱者，但是同时他们也面临着高成本。相反，后进者可以效仿先动者，避免之前先动者面临的风险，且国际化进程成本很低。但是他们在开拓市场上需要更多地努力。
c.进入规模：进入大市场或者小市场取决于公司愿意投入的大小。大规模进入
意味着快速进入和大量物力、资源的投入。小规模进入意味着在选择市场时
企业的曝光率很小。
在考虑了以上三个主要原因之后，管理者就要决定以何种方式实现国际化。进入国际市场的方式不存在对错之分，主要取决于公司的规模，发展阶段，资源，市场投入和市场本身。下面的六种进入模式有各自的优势和劣势，管理者需要决定公司以何种方式进入国际市场。
2.3.1出口
传统意义上，出口被认为是进入国际市场的第一步，为以后国际化扩张提供了平台(Kogut & Chang,1996)。由于缺少资源(Dalli, 1995)，缺少对市场的了解和经验(Root,1994)，出口是中小企业使用最多的开拓国际市场的策略。Hill 解释了出口的优点和缺点。出口的优势之一是避免了在东道国的制造成本。如果生产产品的成本在东道国更低，这就可以视为出口的劣势了。本国生产的产品出口到东道国，公司可以从全球的销售量中实现规模经济。另外一个重要的优势就是公司可以在东道国获得经验和更多的知识。同时，出口也面临着一些挑战，如运输成本，东道国的低生产成本等。各个国家都有不同的法律来保护本国市场。一些国家通过增加关税来保护国内市场，这个措施增加了出口成本。
2.3.2 交钥匙工程
交钥匙由两个实体/公司负责建立工厂或者设备（例如原油厂）的工程。这种市场进入方式通常被一些特殊的行业所应用，如建筑、金属、石化炼油、化工和制药。在政府限制外国直接投资（FDI）的东道国，这种进入模式在是非常有用的。一些公司掌握着生产所需的资源但是缺少指导生产的技术。另一些公司即“承包商”，是专门为外国客户操作项目的。承包商给他的客户提供操作人员的培训、合同本身和整个操作过程的关键方法（Hill，2007）。换句话说，交钥匙工程是一种向其他国家出口技术的模式。公司从交钥匙工程中得到了专业技术带来的巨大的财产，对公司来说，它们是非常宝贵的资产（Hill，2007）。另一方面，一旦项目结束，承包商不会在国外有长远利益。如果一国被证明是过程输出的主要市场，但是此过程已经被出口，交钥匙工程缺点就显现了。交钥匙有可能在不经意间创造一个竞争对手。企业拥有的技术和秘诀是企业巨大的资产，也是企业的竞争优势，在销售技术的同时，企业也正在把其竞争优势出售给潜在的和/或实际竞争对手。
2.3.3 许可
许可协议是指许可人授权另一家公司在特定时间使用自己的无形资产，作为回报，许可人可以从被许可人处获取一定的费用（Hill，2007年）。这种协议在专利、发明、配方非常普遍的制约行业是常见的。当一个企业以许可方式进入东道国时，他们不用应对进入成本和风险。这种进入方式对没有资本进行国外生产的企业是非常有利的。当一个公司要进入外国市场但当地政府规章不允许他们进入这个特定市场时，也可以用许可方式。那些拥有无形资产但不打算自己开发的公司更倾向于使用这种输入模式。这种协议的缺点是许可者在产品开发和销售时缺乏对产品，营销和策略的控制。许可限制了公司通过使用在一个国家赚取的利润来支持在另一个国家受到竞争攻击的被许可者的协调国家间战略举措的能力(Hill,10，2007)。再次，技术诀窍卖给其他公司时将冒着把竞争优势提供给其他公司而产生竞争的风险。
2.3.4 特许经营
特许经营意味着长期承担义务，而许可只涉及到短期。特许经营是指一家公司从另一家公司获得的允许从事特殊商业活动的权利，比如在一个具体公司名称下销售商品和服务，像麦当劳。特许经营是一种特殊形式的许可，被特许人同意严格遵守关于如何进行经营活动的规则：服务方式，空间布局等。销售专营权的公司将获得和加盟商收益息息相关的提成收入。公司销售专营权避免了许多自己在东道国开店的成本和风险。以特许经营方式进入国外的公司，在相对低成本和风险的情况下，可以在短期内占领大量市场(Hill 2007, p. 492)。使用特许经营的问题之一是质量控制：Best Western酒店的客户在世界其他Best Western 酒店寻找相同的服务。
2.3.5 合资企业
合资企业是由两个或两个以上的独立企业组成的企业。合资企业的各方共负盈亏，共担风险，共同经营。合资可能是为了某个项目或者长期的合作关系，如索尼爱立信。合资企业一般被认为是可以成功的企业，因为各合资方可以实现技术互补。每个公司都可以获得国际市场的席位，如，索尼提供专门的技术给爱立信，爱立信负责生产手机，索尼生产相机，提供创意。典型的合资企业是双方各50%的所有权，如果各方达成协议，也可以有其他组合方式。这个协议是在合同
中规定的，合同也规定了合资双方的角色和参股方式。合资的优势如下：公司可以从当地合作伙伴对东道国竞争环境、文化、语言、政策和商业体系的了解中获益；成本和风险共担。在某些国家，合资企业是唯一可以进入当地市场的模式。公司也可以通过对技术的控制使其不被合资方利用而降低风险。合资双方的这种关系并不能给各自对公司的高度控制权，不管是在国内还是国际上，如果合资双方在实现目标过程中在策略上意见有分歧，就会在控制权上发生冲突和斗争。
2.3.6 全资子公司
全资子公司意味着母公司掌握着100%股份。用这种模式实现国际化有两种方式。第一种方式是在东道国建立一个新的企业，被称作绿地投资，或者得到东道国某公司的所有权，利用这个公司去推销自己的产品。这种模式降低了母公司失去子公司控制权的风险。在任何国家，这种模式给了母公司对子公司100%的控制权。设立全资子公司比较成功的是伊莱克斯，世界各地都有它的销售公司，生产自己的产品。伊莱克斯及其子公司建立了全球生产系统，并对子公司享有高度的控制权。这种优势使母公司享有100%利润份额。建立全资子公司是进入国际市场成本最高的模式。如果一个公司收购了它想扩张的市场中的公司，就必须克服一些小的风险。
英文论文及中文翻译
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
Unit 1课文翻译及课后翻译练习参考答案
Unit 1 课文翻译及课后练习翻译参考答案 课文翻译： Unit1 从能力到责任 当代的大学生对他们在社会中所扮演的角色的认识模糊不清。他们致力于寻求在他们看来似乎是最现实的东西：追求安全保障，追逐物质财富的积累。年轻人努力想使自己成人成才、有所作为，但他们也承认自己的迷茫：在这个变幻莫测的时代，他们该信仰什么?大学生一直在寻找真我的所在，寻找生活的意义。一如芸芸众生的我们，他们也感到纠结——一方面，他们崇尚奉献于人的理想主义，而另一方面，他们又经不住自身利益的诱惑，陷入利己主义的世界里欲罢不能。 最终，本科教育的质量将由毕业生参与社会与公民活动的主动性来衡量。雷霍德·尼布尔曾经写道：“一个人只有奉献社会，才能了解自我。一个人如果一味地以自我为中心（或直译：一个人如果不能找到自我以外的中心），他将会失去自我。”理想化的本科教育应该反映在超越自我中。在这一个残酷的、竞争激烈的社会，人们期望大学生能具备正直、文明，甚至富有同情心的人格品质，这是否已是一种奢望?人们期望大学的人文教育会有助于培养学生的人际交往能力，如今是否仍然适合（或直译：希望大学的人文教育能使大学生在与他人的人际交往中具备人文情怀，这是否合适）? 毫无疑问，大学生应该履行公民的义务。这迫切需要美国教育有助于弥合公共政策与公众理解程度之间的极具危险性、正日益加深的鸿沟。建设性思考政府议程问题所必备的知识似乎越来越无法掌握。所以很多人认为想通过公众的参与来解决复杂的公共问题已不再可能行得通。他们问，如果一些非专业人士甚至不懂专业术语，怎么可能让他们去讨论重大的政策选择问题? 核能的利用应该扩大还是削弱?水资源能保证充足的供应吗?怎样控制军备竞赛?大气污染的安全标准是多少?甚至连人类的起源与灭绝这样近乎玄乎的问题也会被列入政治议事日程。 公民们带着类似的困惑讨论“星球大战”问题，试图搞懂那些关于“威慑”与“反威慑”等高科技的专业术语。像地方的区域规划，学校种族隔离制的废除，排水系统的问题，公共交通的治理，以及相互竞争中的有线电视公司对许可证的申请等这些曾经看起来只是一些地方性事务的事情，现在也需要专家来解决。这些专家讨论专门术语，常常不是阐明问题，反而使问题变得让人迷惑不解。然而，公共生活的复杂性，要求更多、而非更少的信息资料；需要更积极、而非更消极的公众参与。 对于那些关心“民治”政府的人，公众理解程度的每况愈下是无法接受的。当今世界，人类生存问题吉凶未卜、危在旦夕，无知是不可取的。由视野有限的专家完全控制政策制定，这也是不可容忍的。作为公民，我们如果不能找到更好的方法教育自己，如果不能提出难题，并得到满意的答案，那么我们会冒险做一些关键性的决定，不是基于我们所了解的知识，而是基于对一两个所谓专家的盲目信任。 我们的民主社会需要一批受过良好教育(well-informed)、关心他人(caring)的人士。他们能作为公民，本着服务大众的精神，团结一致，相互学习，参与到民主建设之中。 我们需要关心公众事务的人，他们能参与调查，知道如何提出合适的问题，了解公民政策制定的程序，并能够对那些影响深远的问题做出有根据的、敏锐的判断。诚然，没有哪个社会机构能独立培养我们所需的领导人才，但我们深信，如果“民治政府”要有生命力的话，大学相对于其他机构来说，更有责任去培养我们国家所急需的开明领导人。 为了完成这个迫切的使命，所需的视野不仅要着眼国内，还必须放眼世界。当代大学生必须还了解其它国家的民族与文化。人类的势力范围已涉及到太空，一切变得都很明了，我们都是同一个星球的守护者。在过去的半个世纪中，我们的地球变得越来越拥挤，相互依赖
翻译资料英语
FINANCIAL INNOV ATION Like other industries, the financial industry is in business to earn profits by selling its products. If a soap company perceives that there is a need in the marketplace for a laundry detergent with fabric softener, it develops a product to fit the need .Similarly, in order to maximize their profits, financial institutions develop new products to satisfy their own needs as well as those of their customers; in other words, innovation-which can be extremely beneficial to the economy-is driven by the desire to get (or stay) rich. This view of the innovation process leads to the following simple analysis: A chance in the financial institutions for innovations that are likely to be profitable. Starting in the 1960s, individuals and financial institutions operating in financial markets were confronted with drastic changes in the economic environment: Inflation and interest rates climbed sharply and became hard to predict, a situation that changed demand conditions in financial markets. Computer technology advanced rapidly, which changed supply conditions. In addition, financial regulations became especially inconvenient. Banking institution discovers many old ways of doing business being able to not have earned money again; they provide the masses finance with service and financial products sale neither well. Many financial intermediary is discovered they have no way to raise having arrived at a fund, but these self that will not a suspense of business right away with original tradition finance implement. For existing under new economy environment, research and development puts up banking institution be obliged to being able to satisfy customer need moreover the new product being able to gain a profit of and serving, this process is called financial engineering. In their case, necessity was the mother of innovation. Our discussion of why financial innovation occurs suggests that there are three basic types of financial innovations: Escapism to responding to needing condition change, to the small advantages supplying with condition change and to controlling. We have had one now understandable that banking institution is innovative for instance the cause institutions, let’s look at examples of how financial institutions in their search for profits have produced financial innovations of the three basic types. 1
翻译资料
Rise from China Today to Create Your World of Tomorrow An Intermediate Course of Translation and Interpretation in Natural English Series 一. 英语是全世界使用民族最多、使用范围最广的语言，汉语是全世界使用人口最多、使用范围越来越广的语言，在各种情况下把英语或汉语作为母语、第二语言和外国语使用的人数约占全世界人口的一半, 而且正在呈几何级数性增长。语言与文化方面的观察家们认为，随着时代的进一步发展，尤其是随着中国社会的进一步国际化，英汉两种语言之间的翻译将成为全世界信息网络翻译的主要领域。因此，如果你掌握了英、汉这两种人类使用最多的语言及其文化背景，又能在两者之间进行必要的翻译，那么在当代社会你决不会成为落伍者；在国际政治、经济、科学、艺术、交流日益频繁，全球主义文化成为时代主旋律的21世纪，你不费吹灰之力就能找到自己的用武之地。 二. 从事翻译需要在所翻译的两种语言方面都有扎实的功底，但这决不意味着只要两种语言功底好就无需学习翻译。假如你掌握了两种方言，你就会知道，把一种方言翻译成另一种方言也并非容易：有时候一种方言中的词语很难在另一种方言中找到完全对应的词语。方言之间尚且如此，在中西两种语系不同的语种之间进行翻译其难度就可想而知了。不同的语言具有不同的结构体系，其间的概念与各种形式关系并非整齐划一地个个对应，常常难以对号入座。同时，由于语言在具体的语境中使用时千变万化，无论什么双语辞典也都无法解决翻译中所有的具体问题。所以, 一个人即使熟练地掌握了两种语言，可以分别在其中任何一种语言体系中纵横自如，但在翻译时却仍然可能会不知所措，甚至会突然陷入“失语”的尴尬境地。总之，把两种语言分开来讲都讲得很好的人，一旦把二者联系起来讲就可能会遇到麻烦, 甚至哪一种也讲不好！这是因为双语交叉使用时必然会出现二者相互影响、干扰的情况。要证明这一点非常简单：请一个英、汉两种语言都很好但不从事翻译工作的人随意讲一段连续的话，请他/一句汉语一句英语地讲，看看他/能否像连续讲一种语言时那样既自然又流利，既不重复又连贯密切。总之，无数双语工作实践经验已经证明，翻译需要专门的训练，扎实的的双语功底只是通过训练学好翻译的条件。 三. 语言水平的高低永远是相对的, 语言学习也永远没有止境。因此, 我们也不能认为只有语言功底十分扎实，语言水平达到尽善尽美的程度以
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, Overview https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, is a unified Web development model that includes the services necessary for you to build enterprise-class Web applications with a minimum of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, is part of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, Framework,and when coding https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, applications you have access to classes in https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, Framework.You can code your applications in any language compatible with the common language runtime(CLR), including Microsoft Visual Basic and C#.These languages enable you to develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, applications that benefit from the common language runtime,type safety, inheritance,and so on. If you want to try https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html,,you can install Visual Web Developer Express using the Microsoft Web Platform Installer,which is a free tool that makes it simple to download,install,and service components of the Microsoft Web Platform.These components include Visual Web Developer Express,Internet Information Services (IIS),SQL Server Express,and https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, Framework.All of these are tools that you use to create https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, Web applications.You can also use the Microsoft Web Platform Installer to install open-source https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, and PHP Web applications. Visual Web Developer Visual Web Developer is a full-featured development environment for creating https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, Web applications.Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, Web pages on your own computer.Visual Web Developer includes a local Web server that provides all the features you need to test and debug https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, Web pages,without requiring Internet Information Services(IIS)to be installed. Visual Web Developer provides an ideal environment in which to build Web sites and then publish them to a hosting https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html,ing the development tools in Visual Web Developer,you can develop https://www.wendangku.net/doc/bb12017952.html, Web pages on your own computer.
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
中文和英文简历和专业英语材料翻译
韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced
中国文化汉英翻译材料(1)
Exercise I. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.如今，作为东方艺术的一颗璀璨的明珠，京剧不仅在中国各地喜闻乐见，而且已被全世界人民广泛接受。 2.根据所表演角色的性别、年龄和社会地位的不同，演员角色分成四类：生（男角）、旦（女角）、净（花脸男角）、丑 （丑角）。 3.京剧的独特艺术魅力使它经久不衰：它创造了一种台上台下演员观众相互交融的美学欣赏与享受。 4.他曾成功地塑造了许多古代中国妇女的形象，完美地表现了她们的温柔、优雅和细腻。 5.梅兰芳也是把京剧介绍到国外的第一人。 6.作为中国的文化瑰宝，京剧必将获得全中国和全世界人民越来越多的喜爱。 Key to Exercise I. 1.Today, as one of the glowing pearls of oriental arts, not only has Beijing Opera been widely enjoyed all over China, it has also been well received all over the world. 2.According to the gender, age and social position of the different roles which they play, actors and actresses are divided into four categories: sheng (male roles), dan (female roles), jing (male roles with facial paintings) and chou (clowns). 3.The uniqueness of Beijing Opera makes its artistic charm so everlasting: the creation of an aesthetic co-appreciation between the actors and actresses on stage and the audience off stage. 4.Mei Lanfang had created very successfully various images of ancient Chinese women and expressed their tenderness, elegance and subtlety. 5.Mei Lanfang was also the first person who introduced Beijing Opera to foreign countries. 6.Being a great treasure of the Chinese culture, Beijing Opera will surely be more and more appreciated by people in China and in the whole world. Exercise II. Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. 著名的京剧武生徐力先生最近接受了我们舞蹈学校的邀请，担任高级舞蹈教员。武生是京剧中的一个重要生角。武生的特点是武艺好，身手矫健敏捷。武生演员常通过在舞台上翻滚武打（tumbles, tweists, and somersaults）来表现他们高超的武艺。武生的动作准确有力，是大量艰苦训练的结果。 中国古典舞蹈和民族舞蹈的舞台技巧和身段（floor skills and postures）大多来自中国传统戏曲的武功（acrobatic skills）。我们舞蹈学校非常荣幸能够请到徐先生教授女子班毯子功(floor skills)和男子班的功夫课。有关课程安排请点击此网址。 Key to Ex. II Make a web advertisement in English, based on the information given in Chinese. A Rare Opportunity The famous Beijing Opera performer of Wu Sheng (acrobatic male role), Mr Xu Li, recently accepted an engagement with our Dancing School. Wu Sheng is a very important role in Beijing Opera. It requires a high level of acrobatic skills. Wu Sheng actors often show off their skills with tumbles, twists, and somersaults on the stage. These skills and movements require great precision in timing and strength, which takes a lot of training and exercise. Many of the floor skills and postures of classic and ethnic Chinese dances were originally from the acrobatic skills of traditional Chinese operas. Our dancing school is very fortunate to have Mr Xu Li to teach our Floor Skills class for girls and Kungfu class for boys. For class schedule, please click HERE. Exercise III. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.齐白石以革新水墨画和毕生献身于这项中国的传统艺术形式而闻名于世。 2.他在几天后把那幅画重画了很多次，但是总比不上他当天即兴完成的作品。 3.兰亭序的极高的艺术价值促使更多书法家临摹王羲之的字体。 4.一个好的书法家所写出来的字必须充满生气，活力并具备完美的形体。 5.书法是一门艺术，它需要清醒的头脑以及对毛笔有全面的掌握。 6.这个年轻演员认识到自己的演技还差，无法与他老师的演技相提并论。 Key Exercise III.
翻译资料
False friend 绿豆green bean mung bean 方便面convenience noodles instant noodles 隐形眼镜invisible glasses contact lens 早恋early love puppy love 机械对应 干货dry goods dried goods 油性皮肤oil skin oily skin 没有考虑具体搭配 假花false flower artificial flower 假唱false singing lip-synch 番茄酱tomato sauce ketchup 食言eat one's word break a promise 农民peasant 个人主义individualism 五行 金、木、水、火、土 The Five Elements (metal,wood,water,fire and earth, held by the ancients to compose the physical universe and later used in traditional Chinese medicine to explain various physiological and pathological phenomena) 气功qigong 功夫Kong fu 太极Tai chi 风水Feng shui 阴阳Yin-yang 饺子jiaozi 荔枝litchi乌龙茶oolong 皮蛋Preserved egg 元宵Sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour 粽子A pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves. 盲流Jobless migrants 拔火罐Cupping 拜堂perform the marriage ceremony 易经Book of change号脉Feel the pulse京剧Beijing Opera龙舟Dragon boat 春节Spring Festival 春卷Spring roll 八宝莲子粥Eight-treasure Lotus Seed Porridge 文化大革命Cultural Revolution 毛泽东思想Mao Tse-tung thought 围棋Weiqi—a game played with black and white pieces on a board of 361 crosses 兔死狐悲 Literal trans: Foxes will grieve at the death of the hare Liberal trans: All things are sorry for their own kind 调虎离山 To lure the tiger out of the hills To lure the enemy from his base “我中了他的调虎离山计啦” I’ve fallen for his luring the tiger out of the hills scheme. 引狼入室 Literal: To bring the wolves into the house Liberal: to invite disasters 走马观花 To ride out on horseback to enjoy flowers To gain a superficial understanding through cursory obvservation 调查有两种方法，一种是走马观花，一种是下马看花。
英语翻译学习资料(含中英文解释)
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no