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Is There Anybody Out There

The Search for Extra-terrestrial Intelligence

The question of whether we are alone in the Universe has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now stand poised on the brink of the answer to that question, as we search for radio signals from other intelligent civilizations. This search, often known by the acronym SETI (search for extra-terrestrial intelligence), is a difficult one. Although groups around the world have been searching intermittently for three decades, it is only now that we have reached the level of technology where we can make a determined attempt to search all nearby stars for any sign of life.

1.haunted adj. 闹鬼的，鬼魂常出没的，受到困扰的。

haunt n 常到的地方，vt，缠住，常到，出没（像鬼魂似的）

2. poised. adj.泰然自若的，蓄势待发的，保持平衡的，有充分准备。

3.Brink n. 边缘，边沿，界限。

4.Acronym n.首字母缩略词

Acro 是否是一个前缀，而nym 与name意义接近。

5 civilisation (E)=civilization (A)发音一样，英为S，美国为Z。文明，文化，教化。

6 extra-terrestrial n .外星人，adj.地球（大气圈）外，的人，行星际的。

Terra n.土，土地，地球

Terra alba 石膏粉，白土

Terra cotta 赤土制成的陶器

Terra incognita 【拉】未发现的地域，未知知识领域

Terrace n . 平台，阳台，梯田

Terraced house 排屋中的一栋房屋，联排别墅

Terracing 梯田，阶地，阶梯看台区。

7 intermittently adv 间歇地

intermit v 暂时停止，中断，（使）间断

A

The primary reason for the search is basic curiosity – the same curiosity about the natural world that drives all pure science. We want to know whether we are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether life evolve s naturally if given the right conditions, or whether there is something very special about the Earth to have foster ed the variety of life forms that we see around us on the planet. The simple detection of a radio signal will be sufficient to

answer this most basic of all questions. In this sense, SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure science which is continually pushing out the horizon of our knowledge. However, there are other reasons for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere. For example, we have had civilization on Earth for perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats of nuclear war and pollution over the last few decades have told us that our survival may be tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or will we wipe ourselves out Since the lifetime of a planet like ours is several billion years, we can expect that, if other civilizations do survive in our galaxy, their ages will range from zero to several billion years. Thus any other civilization that we hear from is likely to be far older, on average, than ourselves. The mere existence of such a civilization will tell us that the older civilization may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that we haven't yet discovered.

8 evolve v . (使)逐步形成，使逐步演变，进化

The American constitution was planned; the British constitution evolved.

美国宪法是精心制定的，英国宪法是约定俗成的。

He has evolved a new theory after many years of research.

他经过多年的研究，逐渐总结出了新的理论。

evolve的基本意思是“演变”“进化”,表示某物〔事物〕自身发展的结果,也可表示

某物〔事物〕逐渐地、循序地显现、展开,强调其缓慢、复杂的演变过程。

evolve既可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。用作及物动词时,接名词或代词作宾语; 用作不及物动词时,常与介词from, into等连用。

9 foster v.领养，培养，促进，抱有希望等 adj 收养的

10 sufficient adj 足够的充分的，~ to ,足够

1111 cog n. 轮齿；从属地位的人或物；诈骗；雄榫v. 用雄榫连接；

欺骗

12tenuous adj. 脆弱的；稀薄的；贫乏的；纤细的；空洞的

13 lifetime n. 一生；终身；寿命；使用期限

14 optimism n .乐观；乐观主义

15

B

In discussing whether we are alone, most SETI scientists adopt two ground rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are generally ignored since most scientists don’t consider the evidence for them to be strong enough to bear serious consideration (although it is also important to keep an open mind in case any really convincing

evidence emerges in the future). Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognize it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. In other words, the life form we are looking for may well have two green heads and seven fingers, but it will nevertheless resemble us in that it should communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun, and perhaps most restrictively, have a chemistry, like us, based on carbon and water.

16 ground rules n.程序；场地临时规则；基本规则

17merge vi.浮现；(由某种状态)脱出；(事实)显现出来

18 conservative adj.保守的；守旧的n.保守派(党)；保守的人

18radically adv.根本地；完全地；过激地

19uite apart from 更何况, 更不用说

21evertheless resemble adv.尽管如此；不过；仍然conj.然而/不过像，相似22 orbit n.势力范围；眼眶；轨迹vt.绕轨道而行；进入轨道vi.盘旋

C

Ever when we make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is still severely limited. We do not even know, for example, how many stars have planets, and we

certainly do not know how likely it is that life will arise naturally, given the right conditions. However, when we

look at the 100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and 100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it seems inconceivable that at least one of these planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the best educated

guess we can make, using the little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to estimate that perhaps one in 100,000 stars might have a life-bearing planet orbiting it. That means that our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost next door in astronomical terms.

23 estimate n.估价；估计v.估计；估价；评价

24 astronomical adj.天文学的；巨大的

D

An alien civilization could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in the frequency range 1000

to 3000 MHz travel the greatest distance, and so all searches to date have concentrated on looking for radio waves in this frequency range. So far there have been a number of searches by various groups around the world, including Australian searches using the radio telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now there have not been any detections from the few hundred stars which have been searched. The scale of the searches has been increased dramatically since 1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10 million per year for ten years to conduct a thorough search for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in this project is being spent on developing the special hardware needed to search many frequencies at once. The project has two parts. One part is a targeted search using the world’s largest radio telescopes, the American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching the nearest 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for signals in the frequency range 1000 to 3000

MHz. The other part of the project is an undirected search which is monitoring all of space with a lower sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA’s Deep Space Network.

25lien n.外侨；外国人；外星人adj.外国的；陌生的；相异的

26attenuated v.变细；稀释；变弱adj.细的；薄的；减少的

27 traversing n.横渡；横越动词traverse的现在分词.

28 vast adj.巨大的；广阔的

29 turn out v.结果是；生产；出现；关闭；翻转；证明是

30 transmitted adj.传输的；传送的；传达的

31 thorough adj.彻底的；完全的；详尽的；细致深入的

32 antennas 英[?n'ten?z 天线

E

There is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a signal from an alien civilization. Everybody agrees that we should not reply immediately. Quite apart form the impracticality of sending a reply over such large distances at short notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would have to be addressed by the global community before any reply could be sent. Would the human race face the culture shock if faced with a superior and much older civilisaiton Luckily, there is not urgency about

this. The stars being searched are hundreds of light years away, so it takes hundreds of years for their signal to reach us, and a further few hundred years for our reply to reach them. It’s not important, then, if there’s a delay of a few years, or decades, while the human race debates the question of whether to replay, and perhaps carefully drafts a reply.

33 impracticality英[?m?pr?kt?'k?l?ti]n.不实用(不切实际；不能实行；不现实)

34 ethical ['eθ?kl]adj.伦理的；道德的；凭处方出售的

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