toefl长难句(完整资料).doc

【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】

1.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time for giving birth.

2.In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

4.The largest later named pueblo bonito by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1000 or more.

5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of large personal library of musical pieces. (not...so much as...与其说....不如说...)

6.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the word’s rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species.

7.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.(要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助）

8.Science is built with facts just as a house built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks ac be called a house.

9.The variation between the hemisphere corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities.

10.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as john Barth, Donald Barthelme , and Tomas Pynchon, Joyce carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence OD the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction.

11.If it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence.

12.Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures, as are social classes.

13.People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation’s economy would bring social chaos.

14.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird , but always functional shapes.

15.With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it , young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.

16.The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature: furthermore, in its manifestation of speed and noise, it might be a despoiler of human nature as well.

17.Keen observers and quick learners, they are astute about the intentions of other creatures, including researchers, and adept at avoiding them.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0913276275.html,cation is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.

19.Life’s transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of the evolutionary challenges as was the genesis of life.

20.In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nation’s farmers the visible sign of vast conspiracy against them.

21.And there were factories in occupation such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building.

22.But as the number of wage earners in the manufacturing rose from 2.7million in 1880 to 4.5million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920. the number of huge plants like the Baldwin locomotive works in Philadelphia burgeoned, as did the size of the average plant.

23.What we today call American folk art was , indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks”who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds. And especially for portraits.

24.The sculpture legacy that the new united states inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople.

25.On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired. Americans turned to foreign sculptors,as in the 1770’s when the cities of New York and Charleston, south Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt. 26.Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degrees Celsius have been measured in grant’s Gazelles.

27.Rent control is the system whereby the local government tells

buildings owners ho much they can charge their tenants in rent.

28.Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony.

29.With the turn-of-century crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on , personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium.

30.The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms. (possibly so= possibly so that)

31.In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern united states, they encountered the ancestors of the modern day pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni peoples.

32.During the 1940’s electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope, while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement. 33.What they do is look at familiar conditions from perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful or affected.

34.Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false.

35.With the spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous juxtaposition and speaks in

a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.

36.It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy.

37.Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them. Nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity. 38.In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the problem

of primary materials that have little or no documentation.

39.Moreover, the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tight closed helps determine which bill design is the best.

40.By comparison with these familiar yardsticks, the distances to the galaxies are incomprehensibly large, but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration. In this case the distance that light travels in one year.

41.The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert,mountain, and semiarid plain could pay a profit.

42.The argument that humans, even in prehistoric times, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some objects were added to or taken away from a small group, seem fair. For studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense.

43.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect animals, human, vegetation, or materials adversely.

44.The acute, growing public awareness of the social changes that had been taking place for some time was tied to tremendous growth in popular journalism in the late nineteenth century, including growth in quantity and circulation of both magazines and newspaper.

45.A detailed study has been made of the prints using photogrammetry, a technique for obtaining measurements through photographs, which created a drawing showing all the curves and contours of the prints.

46.Footprints thus provide us not merely with rare impression of the soft tissue of early hominids, but also with evidence of upright walking that in many ways is clearer than can be obtained from the analysis of bones.

47.In fact, throughout the animal kingdom, from sponges to certain

types of worms shellfish, and all vertebrates(creatures possessing a spinal column), there is evidence that transplants of cells or fragments of tissues into an animal are accepted only if they come from genetically compatible or closely related individuals.

48.In the twenties, jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music, much as ragtime had at the turn of the century, and as would rhythm and blues in the forties, rock in the fifties, and disco in the seventies.（much as...and as...-----就像...以及...一样）

49.They made these quilt until the advent of the Revolutionary War in 1775, when everything English came to be frowned upon.(flown upon---对...表示不满）

50.Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose.

51.The scientific investigation of an experience as private as consciousness is frustratingly beyond the usual tools of the experimental psychologist.

52.Among the species of the seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate lay eggs, and rare their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets.(among the species of seabirds...are...=...are among the species of seabirds...)

53.The distrust was caused, in part, by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living.

54.The railroad simultaneously stripped the landscape of the natural resources, made velocity of transport and economy of scale necessary parts of industrial production, and carried consumer goods to households.

55.The native American of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, barks, and roots they found around

them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes--not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats,boats,fish traps, baby carries, and ceremonial objects. (fashion 制作）

56.The wrap was always made of willow, and the most commonly used welt was sedge root--a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread.

57.The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reining American art organization, the National Academy of Design. 58.In 15 or 30 seconds a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others.

59.Now, scientists have data from satellites and ground--based observations from which we know that the auroral brilliance is an immense electrical discharge similar to that occurring in a neon sign. 60.Outsides the magnetosphere, blasting toward the earth is the solar wind, a swiftly moving plasma of ionized gases with its own magnetic field.

61.Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into larger cities of the united states during the late 19th century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the united states.

62.The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interests to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available. 63.As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy.

64.Here in lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance

to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.(倒装句：here in lay the beginning=the beginning lay here in. 这里面包含了医学中从对营养疗法一无所知到否认其价值这一过程的开端)

65.The flow of the industry has passed and left idle the loom in the attic, the soap kettle in the shed. (left idle the loom in the attic, the soap kettle in the shed= left the loom in the attic,the soap kettle in the shed idle)工业之水已经流过，让织布机闲置在阁楼里，把煮皂壶送进棚子里

66.They are example of a common theme in the evolution, the more or less parallel development of different types of body structure and function for the same reason--in this case, for flight.

67.Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but the citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of courts of justices.

68.The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer’s skills, personality and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.

69.How a speaker perceives the listener’s receptiveness, interests, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker.

70.Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depression. (be evidenced,表现出来)

71.Industrialization and bureaucratization of economic life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling increasingly important for economic and social mobility. (combined with ：加上）工业化和经济生活的官僚化，加上重新强调证书和专长，使得学校教育对经济和社会变动性越来越重要。

72.The weight of gibbon(a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit--bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon’s face. (arch---使...弯曲下来）

73.Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect diet with fruits or seeds an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be spares. (supplement...with...:以...补充）（for many mammals, an inability to spam open ..... ）

74.The end of nineteenth century and the early years of twentieth century were marked by the development of an international Art Nouveau Style, characterized by sinuous lines, flora and vegetable motifs, and soft evanescent coloration.(marked by:以...为标志）75.Although its influence continued throughout the mid 1920’s it was eventually to be overtaken by a new school of thought known as Functionalism that had been present since the turn of the century. 76.This new design concept, coupled with the sharp postwar reactions to the styles and conventions of the preceding decades, created an entirely new public taste which caused Art Nouveau types of glass to fall out of favor.

77.Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability. Decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is an category of “natural leaders”

78.Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leader ship roles that are held by different individuals.

79.Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.

80.Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple--step tasks is accomplished in a series--parallel sequence.

81.Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or

transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.(倒装句）

82.For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime--are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or to act of aggression is unjust, who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.

83.The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.

2020年托福阅读长难句100句：后置定语从句.doc

2020 年托福阅读长难句100 句：后置定语从句 我们知道 一个句子的主干 ( 主谓宾 ) 相当于它的骨架，识别了主干相当于抓住 了句子的主要信息 ; 而句子的其他修饰、说明及补充的部分 ( 定状补同等 ) 则相当于句子的血肉，血肉中往往包含了大量的附加信息。很多时候这些附加的信息对整句的理解起着辅助、增强甚至不可或缺的作用。 教学中作者发现下面这个句子常常困扰一些语法功底不错的考生： The physicist rightly dreads preciseargument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if theassumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument thatis convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations ofits underlying assumptions. 本句 since 之前的部分含有标准的 S(The physicist)+V(dreads)+O(argument) 结构，而 since 之后明显应该是原因 状语 ( 从句 ) 的部分，所以句首的 SVO就是整句的主句。下面我们来仔 细分析 since 后面的部分： 第一行末尾的 that 紧跟 an argument 之后，显然做 an argument 的后置定语从句。 that is convincing 是一个完整的主系表结构， only if 则引导了这个定语从句自身的 ( 即小级别 ) 条件状语从句 it is precise (仍是一个完整的主系表结构); 接下来我们遇到了 loses ，since 到 loses 之间是两个主系表从句，有各自的系动词，于是 loses 不属于这两个从句，只能与 an argument 对应，这个点也可从单复数上佐证。 loses 与后面的 all its force 形成动宾结构，其中it指代前文的an argument;

toefl长难句(完整资料).doc

【最新整理，下载后即可编辑】 1.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time for giving birth. 2.In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. 3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance. 4.The largest later named pueblo bonito by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1000 or more. 5.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of large personal library of musical pieces. (not...so much as...与其说....不如说...) 6.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the word’s rain forest does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species. 7.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think small.(要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助） 8.Science is built with facts just as a house built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks ac be called a house.

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析 译文)

新托福阅读长难句120句(分析+译文 12月16日 1. Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface,the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans,in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space. (定语后置in some ways… 由于完全没有光,而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力,深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境,在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。 分句1:Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures 分句2:hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface 分句3:the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans 分句4:in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space 分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures, 分句1是分句3的原因状语 分句3是整个长句子的主句 分句4是分句3的后置定语,修饰分句3的a hostile environment to humans 整个句子结构是: 原因状语+主句+后置定语 这是主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分,但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。

新托福长难句精析-抓五大基本句型

托福长难句精析 Lecture 1 基本句型 1.The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the most just and the most effective way, is not a new one. 2.Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. 3.The older painters，most of whom were born before 1835，practiced in a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securely established in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy of Design． 解析：The older painters…practiced in a mode…and were securely established in and fostered by…为句子主干 译文：老一代画家大多数出生于1835年以前，他们以一种经常是自学的方式和以风景画题材为主的形式作画。这些老画家是由当时美国艺坛上占统治地位的国家设计学院培养出来的，而且他们也在那里确立了自己的地位。 4.In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others． 解析：(以and连接的并列句) 译文：在15或30秒的时间里，发言人无法建立形成正在讨论的问题的历史背景；不能详细阐述问题产生的可能原因；无法仔细审查几种建议以辩论哪一种更可取。 5.The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, and switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves. 解析：句子主干：the seesaw brought cycles of… and switched to … or to… 6. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance．

2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝

2019年托福阅读长难句100句：大量物种灭绝 今天我们来看这样一个句子： The possibility that mass extinctions may recur periodically has given rise to such hypotheses as that of a companion star with a long-period orbit deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits, making some of them fall to Earth asmeteors and causing widespread devastation upon impact. (TPO15, 46) recur /r'k/ v. 再发生，复发 periodically adv.定期地，周期性发生地 hypothesis /ha'pɑθss/ n. 假说，假设 deflect /d'flkt/ v. (使某物)运动转向;使某人改变原来的计划 meteor /'mit/ n. 流星 devastation /dev'sten/ n. 毁坏，荒废 impact /m'pækt/ n. 撞击，冲击;影响 such sth as/that...：(像後面提及的)那样的, 这样的 我是分界线，大家先测试一遍速读是否理解 The possibility (that mass extinctions may recur periodically) has given rise to such hypotheses as that (of a companion star)(with a long-period orbit) (deflecting other bodies from their normal orbits), (making some of them fall to Earth as meteors) and (causing widespread devastation upon impact). (TPO15, 46) 托福阅读长难句100句分析：

新托福长难句精析-名词性从句

1.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically, the materials by no means determine what is done． 解析：(三个what引导的从句，第一个作主语，第二个与第三个都作宾语；that至句末的部分作realization的同位语) 分句1：What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization 分句2：although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically 分句3：the materials by no means determine what is done． 2和3并列 1和2，3嵌套，2和3是1中the realization的同位语 译文：对人类学家有着特殊意义的是这样一种认识：尽管一个社会能够得到的材料可能在一定程度上限制或影响它在艺术上的作为，但这些材料绝对不能决定该社会所做的事情。 2. As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore． 解析：(同位语从句claims that…) 分句1：that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health 分句2：claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore 分句2嵌套分句1，分句1作为分句2主语的同位语从句嵌套在分句2中。因此本句的主句是claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore. （那些观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。）同位语从句是that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health：只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康 译文：结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。 3.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like． 解析：(并列同位语从句reports that…，that…，that…) 分句1：There are numerous unsubstantiated reports 分句2：natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones 分句3：that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs 分句4：that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like 分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未经过证实的报道的从句。译文：关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。

长难句分析-托福

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