动词不定式用法讲解
动词不定式用法讲解
1、构成及特征
动词不定式(infinitive)是动词的一种非限定形式，即非谓语动词形式，它有两种形式：一种是“to + 动词原形”构成（to- infinitive）；另一种是不带to的不定式,即动词原形(bare- infinitive)。所有行为动词都有不定式形式，其否定式是在不定式前加not。动词不定式（或不定式短语）没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保留有动词的特点：（1）可以有时式和语态的变化，也可以有自己的宾语或状语，它们一起构成了不定式短语。He tried to work out the problem in five minutes.他试图在五分钟之内算出这道题。（带宾语和状语）
The factory to be built here next year is a car factory.明年在这里建的工厂是一家汽车制造厂。（有语态的变化）
（2）动词不定式还具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语、状语等成分。
He wants to study English.他想学英语。（to study English在句中作want的宾语，而to study又有自己的宾语English, to study和English一起构成了不定式短语。）Never to offend anyone is his principle.不得罪人是他的原则。（不定式作主语）
注意：不定式在许多场合具有情态意义。作主语时，相当于一个带有情态动词的主语从句；作宾语时，相当于一个带有情态动词的宾语从句；作定语时，相当于一个带有情态动词的定语从句；作目的状语时，相当于so that 或in order that引导的目的状语从句。
It is right for her to say so.(= It is right that she should say so.)她这样说是对的。
He has a lot of work to do.(=…that he should do)他有很多工作要做。
I don’t know where to get the ticket.(= …where I could get the ticket.)我不知道哪
里能买到票。
She opened the door for the children to come in.(= …so that the children might come in)她打开门目的是让孩子进来。
2、动词不定式的时态和语态
动词不定式有一般式、进行式、完成式、完成进行式四种时态变化形式，一般式和完成式有被动语态变化形式。
主动语态被动语态
一般式to write to be written
进行式to be writing
完成式to have written to have been written
完成进行式to have been writing
（1）不定式的时态意义
不定式的时态是以句中谓语动词的时间为依据的。
①不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式表示的动作或状态通常发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。
They made plans to live in Paris.他们计划住在巴黎。（to live 发生在made plans之后）I heard them talk in whispers all the time at the meeting.我听见他们会议期间一直小声说话。（不定式talk与谓语动词heard同时发生）
②不定式的进行式
不定式的进行式表示其动作正在进行，与谓语动词发生的动作同时进行。
He pretended to be listening to me carefully.他假装认真地听我讲。
When he came in ,I happened to be reading the novel.他进来时，我碰巧正在读小说。
注意：不定式的进行式常同may, might, can, could, must, need, ought to, should, will, would 等情态动词连用，表示“可能、应当或想必”正在进行的动作。
You oughtn’t to be talking so much. 你不应该说这么多。
He might be reading a novel at that time. 那时他可能正在读小说。
It is good to sit here with you.(坐下来时讲这句话)
It is good to be sitting here with you.(一坐在座位上时讲这句话)
He is said to write a preface to the book.(表示将来)
He is said to be writing a preface to the book.（表示进行）
③不定式的完成式
不定式的完成时表达下列意义：
a. 不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（to have kept发生在I am sorry所表示的时间之前）
She is said to have just completed a novel.据说她刚完成一部小说。（to have just completed a novel发生在She is said所表示的时间之前）
b. 用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, promised, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等词后，不定式的完成式表示未曾实现的愿望、期待、想法、打算或计划等。to have + 过去分词表示动作，to have been表示状态。
I meant to have done the work before Sunday.我本想星期天前完成这项工作。（没完成）
I was to have been a doctor.我本打算当个医生。（没当成）
I intended to have come to see you.我本打算来看你的。(但没来)
C .用在seem, appear, thing, consider, believe等后，表示一个动作先于另一个动作发生。
I seem to have seen her somewhere before.以前我好像在那见过她。（see在seem之前发生）
He was believed to have been a reporter.都认为他从前干过记者。
比较：
She seems to have been ill.= It seems that she has been ill.她似乎病了。
She seemed to have been ill.= It seemed that she had been ill.她似乎过去生过病。d. 在should(would) like 或should(would)have like后用不定式完成式表示没有实现的愿望。
I should like to have gone with her.我多么愿意和她一起去。（但没去）
I would like to have seen her face when she read the letter.我真想见到她读信时的表情。（但没看到）
④不定式的完成进行式
表示动作在谓语动词之前发生，而且一直进行着。
He was happy to have been staying with his uncle.他很高兴一直跟他叔叔住在一起。He looked too young to have been publishing books for six years.他看上去很年轻，不像已经出版了6年书的人。
⑤come + 不定式表示一个动作发生的过程
He will come to understand it in the end.他最终会懂得的。
Later he came to be a famous painter.后来他成了著名的画家。
（2）动词不定式的被动语态
如果不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者不定式用主动式；如果不定式的逻辑主语是不
定式动作的承受者时，不定式用被动语态。
The doctor recommended him to air the room.医生建议他让房间透透气。（主动式）The doctor recommended the room to be aired. 医生建议让房间透透气。（被动式）The sports meeting on the weekend has to be put off.周末的运动会被迫推迟。（被动式）
What is to be done next?下一步干什么？（被动式）
（3）意义上被动形式上主动的不定式
①在“there be+主语”中，不定式用作定语修饰名词或代词，并同所修饰的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系。
There is no time to lose.一点时间也不能浪费了。
There are a lot of clothes to wash.有许多衣服要洗。
There is nothing to do at the moment. 暂时无事可做。
②在“名词（代词）＋be easy(difficult, fit等形容词) ＋不定式”结构中，有时尽管主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动，形式上却是主动，这时可以看成省略了动词逻辑主语for us, for me , for you 等。
The book is difficult to read. 这本书很难读懂。
He is not easy to get on well with. 他不易相处。
③如果不定式逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者，不定式和它修饰的名词虽然在逻辑上有动宾关系，也必须用主动形式，因为逻辑主语同不定式的关系更为直接。
We’ve got plenty to eat.我们有足够的东西吃。（句子主语We在逻辑上是不定式to eat 动作的执行者，不定式to eat和它修饰的名词plenty在逻辑上是动宾关系，用主动形式表示被动意义。）
Most people have some similar experience to remember. 大多数人都有一些相似的体会值得记忆。（句子主语Most people在逻辑上是不定式to remember动作的执行者，不定式to remember和它修饰的名词experience在逻辑上是动宾关系，用主动形式表示被动意义。）
注意：不定式和句中主语或其它成分如果不是逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式仍宜用被动形式。He described the black slaves to be sold at auction.他描写了那些被拍卖出售的黑人奴隶。
We thought the meeting to be held very important.我们认为即将举行的会议很重要。
④在too…to 和enough to 结构中，不定式可用主动语态表示被动意义。
The box is too heavy to carry.这个箱子太重了搬不动。
The book cheap enough to buy.这本书很便宜可以买。
⑤blame的不定式作表语时，用主动语态和被动语态表示被动的意义，但含义不同。
You were to blame. （= you are at fault.）这该怪你。
You were to be blamed.(= You are going to be blamed.)你要受到指责。
⑥something, little, what, much, a great deal等作句子主语，表语为to do时，不定式可用主动语态表示被动意义。
A great deal of work remains to do.还有很多工作要做。
What is to do tomorrow? 明天干什么？
⑦to let 表示“出租”作表语时，可用to be let形式，但含义上有些差别。
This house is to let. 此房出租。（从房屋主人的立场讲话，由于房子主人亲自向租房人说或登出广告）
This house is to be let. 此房出租。(从房屋本身来说，代理人向租房人讲话)
a. 不定式和它所修饰的词必须是逻辑上的动宾关系，如果是逻辑上的主谓关系，意义不是被动而是主动。
They have the ability to change things for the better.他们具有使事态好转的能力。It’s a picture to guide you.这是衣服可以指引你的图。
b. 在同一场合，某些不定式可用主动形式或被动形式，但含义常有细微差别。主动形式经常带有一定的情态意义，如可能、必要、应该等，而被动形式则不带情态意义。例如：There is nothing to see. 没有什么值得看的。（指没有东西可看）
There is nothing to be seen. 什么也看不见，（指没有东西被看见）
c. 如果不定式与其逻辑主语或被修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，而不定式中的动词是不及物动词或虽是及物动词，而其本身已经带有宾语的，则不定式后应加一个合适的介词。
I have no paper to write on.我没纸写字。
I need a chair to sit on.他需要一把椅子坐下。
d. 下列句型必须用被动式
There’s still much left to be described.还剩很多要描述。
There is no sound to be heard.没听见声音。
3、动词不定式的句法功能
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
（1）不定式作主语
To make a plan first is a good idea.先制订计划是个好办法。
To die for our motherland is a great honour.为祖国而死，死得光荣。
①不定式及不定式短语作主语时，为了平衡句子结构，可用it作形式主语，而把真正的不定式后置。
It is a good idea to make a plan first .首先制订一个计划是一个好主意。
It's a great pleasure to see you again.再次见到你太好了。
It's bad manners to stare at a foreign guest.盯着外国人看是不礼貌的。
②在下列情况下只宜采用it作形式主语
a. 在疑问句或感叹句中作主语的不定式。
Isn't it a good idea to set up a lab of our own?建一座我们自己的实验室不是个好主意吗？
How important it is to master a foreign language!掌握一门外语是多么重要啊!
b. 当句中谓语动词不是be, seem, appear等连系动词时。
It took us 20 minutes to get to the station.赶到车站花了我们20分钟。
It made the boy greatly pleased to get the gift.得到礼物使男孩大为高兴。
c. 在“it +be + adj.+ of + sb.+不定式”结构中。
It's very nice of you to help me with my work.帮我的工作，你真是太好了。
It was silly of us to do so.我们这样做真是太傻了。
d. 有时候，作主语的不定式相当于一个条件从句。
To love others is to be loved.＝If you love others you will be loved by others.爱人即爱己。
To build an expressway across the country requires a lot of money.= If you build an expressway across the country, it will require a lot of money.建一条贯通全国的高速公路需要很多钱。
e.如果作主语的不定式短语是及物动词＋宾语，则可以把宾语转换为主语，而不定式移到句尾。
To revise the poem took her two weeks. = The poem took her two weeks to revise.修改这首诗花了她两周的时间。（the poem 是revise的逻辑宾语）
To talk with Helen is interesting.= Helen is interesting to talk with.同海伦谈话很有趣。（2）不定式作表语
①主语、表语都是不定式，前者是条件，后者是目的或结果。
To learn a language is to use it.学语言是为了使用语言。
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.对敌人仁慈就是对人民残酷。
②主语是duty, plan, wish, hope, idea, purpose等名词。
His wish was to become a scientist.他的愿望是当一名科学家。
To the doctor ,the most important thing is to save people's lives.对医生来说，最重要的事是拯救人们的生命。
③表示时态发展的结果、预期的结果、不幸的命运或预言。
You are to die at 98.你会98岁去世。
Man is to live a better life in the next century.人类在下一世纪会生活的更好。
④表示“同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止”等。
They are to marry next week.（安排）他们下周结婚。
Nobody is to know.（禁止）不应让任何人知道。
You must be patient and persistent if you are to succeed.（愿望）要想成功，就必须有耐力，有毅力。
⑤主语是what引导的名词性从句。
What surprised me most is to see him beaten black and blue.使我吃惊的是看到他被打得遍体鳞伤。
What is important at present is to save lives.目前救人要紧。
（3）不定式作宾语
①有些及物动词常跟不定式作宾语，如agree, afford, arrange, ask, begin , decide, forget, hope, like , start , want, wish等。
She wanted to borrow my bike.她想借我的自行车。
They began to read and write.他们开始读写。
②不定式也可用来作形容词的宾语，如able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, determined, eager, foolish, free, glad, inclined, likely, pleased, prepared, ready, slow, sure, sorry, willing等。
The boys and girls are anxious to learn how to swim.孩子们渴望学会游泳。
I'm glad to meet you.见到你我很高兴。
a. 不定式作宾语时，句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，与不定式动词的关系是主动关系，但有时不定式和主语却是动宾关系。
English is not difficult to learn.英语不难学。
The question is easy to answer.这个问题很好回答。
b. feel, find, judge, make, think, believe, consider等动词后如果是不定式作宾语，后面有宾语补足语时，将真正的宾语不定式放在补足语的后面，而将形式宾语it放在补语之前。He found it hard to learn maths.他发现数学很难学。
I think it our duty to support the elder.我认为赡养老人是我们的义务。
（4）不定式作定语
不定式作定语时，需放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。它与所修饰的名词或代词有下列关系：①动宾关系
Have you got anything to say?你有什么要说的吗？
She did not have much money to spend.她没有更多的钱花。
注意：如果不定式的动词是不及物动词，和所修饰名词搭配的介词不能省略。
He had no room to live in.他没房子住。
There are 60 desks for us to sit by.有六十张桌子供我们坐。
②主谓关系
He is always the first to come and last to leave.他总是第一个来，最后一个走。
The next train to arrive is from Washington.下一列到站的火车是从华盛顿开来的。
③同位语关系
The farmers thought of ways to protect their crops.农民们想出保护庄稼的办法。
He had the wish to be an artist. 他愿意当艺术家。
a. 不定式可以修饰there be 结构中作主语的名词
There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。
There is enough money to spare.钱足够用。
b. 有些动词和形容词后常跟不定式，这些词派生出来的名词ability, agreement, anxiety, attempt, claim, decision, determination, eagerness, need, plan, promise, tendency, willingness, wish, impatience, inclination等常跟不定式作定语,这类词后的不定式常表同位关系
She had a tendency to talk too much.她喜欢唠叨。
His eagerness to get back home was quite obvious.看的出，他急于回家。
（5）不定式作状语
不定式作状语时，常表示目的、结果、原因、条件等，通常放在它所修饰的动词之后。
①表目的
不定式作目的状语时，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，一般放在句子后部。但如要表示强调，也可以位于句首，前面可加in order,不定式作目的状语时其否定必须用in order not +不定式，或so as not ＋不定式。in order to 引出的不定式可置于句首或句中，so as not ＋不定式不能放在句首，只能放在句中。
He stopped to have a rest.他停下来休息。（目的）
To search for gold, many people went to California.为了寻找金子，许多人去了加利福尼亚。（目的）
I often read China Daily so as to improve my reading.我常读《中国日报》以提高我的阅读。（目的）
We often listen to English broadcasts to/in order to/so as to get listening training.我们经常听英语广播，以增强听力训练。
此句可改变：To/In order to （但不能用so as to）get listening training, we often listen to English broadcasts.
比较：在英语中，目的一般用不定式表示，而不用for＋动名词或者分词表示。
She has phoned to say that she will resign.她打电话说她要辞职。（不用for saying）We eat to live.我们吃饭是为了生存。（不用for eating）
To pass the exam, he worked hard at his lesson.为了能通过考试，他刻苦读书。(此处不能用Passing the exam)
②表示结果
高中英语动词不定式用法大全
高中英语动词不定式用法大全(名师总结必考语法知识点，值得下载) 英语动词的非谓语形式为三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词。非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。 动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式，其结构为“to＋动词原形”，其中to 不是介词，而是动词不定式的符号，称为小品词，动词不定式没有人称和数的变化。动词不定式和其后面的名词等构成不定式短语，在句子中可以用作主语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、状语等。 一. 作主语例如： To be a doctor is hard. 做医生很难。 To learn English well is not easy. 学好英语不容易。 To say is to believe.眼见为实。 动词不定式（短语）作主语时，为了避免句子的头重脚轻，可以用“it”作形式主语，而把真正的主语－－动词不定式（短语）放在句子的后部。例如上面的句子可以表示为： It is hard to be a doctor. It is not easy to learn English well. 再如： It’s important to pla nt trees in spring. 如果动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可以在动词不定式前面加一个由介
词for引导的短语，称为不定式的复合结构。例： It’s good for us to read English aloud in the morning. 对我们来说每天早晨大声读英语是很有益的。 It is important for students to use English every day. 对学生来说每天使用英语是很重要的。 二. 作表语：（在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。） 动词不定式（短语）作表语常用于系词be的后面。例： His work is to drive a car. 他的工作是开车。 My job is to feed animals. 我的工作是饲养动物。 Her ambition is to be a doctor. 她的理想是当医生。 三. 作宾语 动词不定式（短语）可以放在一些动词后面用作宾语，能以动词不定式作宾语的动词有：begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask等。例： I want to tell you a story. 我想给你讲个故事。 They begin to work at eight every morning. 他们每天早晨8点开始工作。 Don’t forget to lock the door.别忘了锁门。 Would you like to go and have a picnic with us tomorrow?明天和我们一
动词不定式的用法有哪些
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不定代词和动词不定式用法小结
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不定式用法详解
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动词不定式用法大全
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英语动词不定式的完成式用法小结
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动词不定式用法讲解·优选.
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动词不定式的基本用法
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动词不定式的用法荟萃
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inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)＋( for/of sb.)＋ 不定式 【例如】 It is essential to reserve a table in advance of Christmas Eve. hard to put my hopessintoswords. It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only. It is important for us young people to learn English and master it. b) It is＋名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing, one’s du ty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job...) ＋不定式 It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash. It is a pity to have to go without her. It is a glorious death to die for the people.
英语动词不定式大全
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动词不定式用法经典例句总结知识分享
动词不定式用法例句总结
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动词不定式用法及练习题-L105
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动词不定式用法讲解
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充当宾语补足语 I persuaded him to make a speech in public. 注意：在感官动词／使役动词／help后（see, hear, watch, notice, make, have, let后不定式做宾补时，可省略“to”） I saw them have a disagreement on who should sweep the floor. （我看到了他们争论的整个过程） 但，感官动词后面也可接Ving形式，表示正在进行。 I saw them arguing about who should sweep the floor. （我看到他们正在争论谁该扫地，并不一定看到了整个过程） 充当状语（目的，原因，结果状语，其逻辑主语与句子主语一致） I wrote him a letter to further explain this matter. （目的状语） I’m sorry to bother you.（原因状语） He queued for hours at the box office only to find that the show was sold out. （结果状语，only + to find/realize/discover表示出乎意料的结果） 充当定语（不定式作定语，要放在所修饰的词的后面） I have a lot of dishes to wash. Do you have anything to say There are 3 questions to answer. 一些固定句型中不定式省略“to” had better would rather do… than do… why not do “except/but” 有“do” 无“to”，有”to”无“do” have nothing to do but do… do everything but/except have no choice but to want nothing but/except to 当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列（and/or/than）时，通常只保留第一个不定式的“to”. He told me to stay there and wait for him. It’s easier to persuade people than force them. To try and fail is better than not to try at all. （否定式中“to”不能省略）