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Study on the Capability of City Gas Network to

Study on the Capability of City Gas Network to
Study on the Capability of City Gas Network to

Study on the Capability of City Gas Network to Resists the Engineering Geological Hazard

Damage

GUO Zhanglin 1

Department of civil engineering,

North China Institute of Science and Technology,

East Yanjiao, Beijing, China, 101601;

E-mail:gg_zz_ll@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a413626052.html,

WANG Yonghua 2

Economical management school, Hebei Engineering University, Handan, China ?056038

E-mail:wangyonghua112@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/a413626052.html,

Abstract U üEngineering geological hazard is one of the main factors that caused damage to the city gas network. The damage degree caused by Engineering geological hazard which often happen in a short period is often much higher than that due to its long-term effects of corrosion ,internal and external stress. In this paper, we have done a research on the capability of city gas network resists the engineering geological hazard damage. We did it from four aspects: the stability identification, safety design reliability evaluation, vulnerability assessment and fatalness evaluation. Through the Identification of engineering geological hazard danger sources, the quantitative treatment of relevant indicators and the establishment of evaluation models, we proposed a more comprehensive and quantitative assessment method to evaluate the capability of city gas network resists the engineering geological hazard damage.

Key words: city gas network; engineering geological hazard;

stability evaluation; reliability evaluation; vulnerability assessment;

comprehensive evaluation method

I.INTRODUCES

Gas has characteristics of flammability, explosive and

toxicity which is prone to fire, explosion or cause a poisoning accident. So, once the city gas network been undermined, it will not only lead the urban energy supply to chaos but also would cause serious casualties, property loss and environmental pollution. City gas network extends continuously with the fast development of modern city. It makes the city gas pipeline to have a complex regional characteristic and the site type the gas pipeline crossed be various and the distribution of engineering geological hazard would be not the same too. Numbers of factors can cause an aggravated damage to gas pipeline and engineering geological hazard is a major one. It enables the gas pipeline from a security status to change to an unsafe, damaged or completely 1

destroyed situation in a short period or even instant. Therefore, we need to make an engineering geological hazard resistance capability assessment for the city gas network in Doctor Fund of Hebei Province (0554 09D-3);

Project Name: Research on Theory and Application of Equal Risk Management

advance. Then, basing on the evaluation results, we can take preventive and improving measures correspondingly and make sure the city gas network operating safely, stably and economically. This will have a great significance to the protection of people's lives, property and environmental safety. We just do the studies basing on this purpose.

II.

ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL HAZARD

IDENTIFICATION

Engineering geological hazard is the disaster that caused by natural factors or human activities, such as: mountain landslide, debris flow, ground collapse, ground fissure, land subsidence and other geological disasters that have a relationship with geological processes [1].

Through hazard identification, the main engineering

geological hazard factors that have an adverse effect on the safety operating of a city gas network are: earthquake, geological fault, ground fissure, land subsidence, flood gully, goaf, mountain collapses and landslide etc. Especially, earthquake, landslide and collapse hazard, ground fissure and river erosion are the most important impact factors.

The earthquake hazard that caused by earthquake is mainly due to the spread of seismic wave and the permanent land deformation. The major damage to city gas network caused by earthquakes are [2]:?Permanent deformation of the land, such as land surface fracture, ground liquefaction collapse etc, which may cause the pipeline rupture or severely deformed and structure (or buildings) collapse; ?Seismic waves have a tension effect on gas pipeline and that would cause a damage to the gas pipeline; ?The generated electromagnetic field by earthquake would do an interference to the normal work of gas network control instrumentation.

The damages to city gas network caused by landslides and collapse mainly are [2]:?Rock or debris flow does an extrusion to the gas pipeline, resulting in a pipeline stretching, bending, distortions deformation or fracture; ? the initiated flood scours the gas pipeline and causing the gas pipeline in a hanging Status, furthermore, the pipeline would become deformation by the effect of thermal stress and gravity; ?

Causing ground subsidence, which would cause pipeline deformation or even rupture.

Ground subsidence is a phenomenon that the horizontal plane of ground surface dropped in some area. Some time, the occurrence of ground subsidence is relate to natural geology, such as geological structure action, earthquake and the loose formation becoming a dense one by effect of gravity etc. At the same time, some human factors will cause ground subsidence too, such as mining operations would make a goaf in the mining area, the over-exploitation of underground water in city. A major hazard caused by ground subsidence is that would change the pipeline’s constant depth pressure, causing gas pipeline suspension, stress deformation and even a fracture. III.

THE CAPABILITY ASSESMENTS OF CITY GAS NETWORK TO RESISTS THE ENGINEERING

GEOLOGICAL HAZARD DAMAGE

We have done the assessment from following four aspects respectively.

A.The stability Identification

To identify the stability of a city gas pipeline, we can use the stability classification table that offered in reference [1], in which has make a specific description to the manifestation of earthquake, geological fault, ground fissure, land subsidence, flood gully, goaf, mountain collapses and landslide. At the same time, it has does a stability classification on each manifestation. To check the stability classification table, please refer the reference [1]. So, basing on this table, we can use the mark method to give scores to different stability level of each engineering geological hazard. Seeing TABLE I:

In practical operation, referring the stability classification table, working personnel can give a corresponding score to the stability based on the observation and investigation results on site. After gotten the Stability score, we can calculate the stability index of various kinds of disaster as follow:

100

i

i s w =

(1)

Where: w i is the i type of engineering geological hazard’s stability index; s i is the i type of engineering geological hazard’s stability identification score.

B.Reliability evaluation

The reliability level of city gas network safety design is an important guarantee to ensure the gas pipeline to operate in security. The reliability level of these safety designs is directly related to the gas pipeline’s resistive ability when the engineering geological hazard occurred. The higher the reliability level of a city gas network’s safety design, the stronger resistive ability a gas pipeline will have. For city gas network safety design reliability level evaluation, we can use probability analysis method to do the evaluation. Specific steps are as follows:

1) For the vary of safety design criteria and advanced extent of applicable safety measures, the safety design reliability level that city gas pipeline can resist the damage caused by engineering geological hazard that laid in different periods is different. At the same time, as what we mainly focused on is the assessment of the safety design reliability that city gas network can prevent the engineering geological hazard damage, we should also take the important pipeline structure safety design points as a division points to divide the pipeline unit. Therefore, according to the Pipeline design and construction time and important safety design structure points, we can divide the whole city gas network into different subsystems firstly, and following this step, we‘ll divide the pipeline subsystems to different pipeline unit.

2) Establishing and analyzing the fault tree that engineering geological hazard cause the city gas pipeline failure because of the poor safety design. The aim that establishes a fault tree is

to identify the minimal cut sets of pipeline failure and analyze the leading factors of a pipeline failure.

3) Through the fault tree analysis method to calculate the probability of each bottom events, and this is the basic we can make a reliability evaluation of a city gas pipeline safety design. The calculation models are as follow:

∏=??=n

i i or p P 1

)1(1 (2)

stability classification

Types of hazard

Worse stability

Bad stability

Good stability

(landslide) Collapse ?40 40-70 70-100

Land subsidence ?40 40-70 70-100

Ground fissure ?40 40-70 70-100

Surface collapse ?40 40-70 70-100

TABLE I ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL HAZARD STABILITY LEVEL MARKING TABLE

∏==n

i i and p P 1

(3)

Where: p i is the occurrence probability; n is the quantity of

bottom events.

4) Calculating the pipeline safety design reliability. The reliability calculating mathematical model of a pipeline is:

()k n i i i k k k t f t p t r 21P )(1)(1)(=?=?= (4)

Where:)(t r i is the reliability of the pipeline division unit;

)(t P i is the top event occurrence probability of the pipeline

division unit; )(t f i

is the unreliability of the pipeline

division unit; 1k ?2k ?…?k n k is the NO. 1?2?…?k

n minimal cut sets.

k n is the minimal cut sets quantity.

Each pipeline subsystems of a city gas network is a tandem

system that constituted by every pipeline division unit. After the reliability calculation of every pipeline division unit, we can obtain the reliability of all gas-pipeline subsystem.

The reliability calculating mathematical model of a pipeline subsystem is:

()∏∏=?=∫

==n

1

i )(n

1

i 0

t t

i dt

t i ss e

r r λ (5)

Where:

()t ss r is the reliability of a gas pipeline

subsystem; ()t i r is the reliability of pipeline division unit; ()t i λ is the failure rate of pipeline division unit; n is the

pipeline division unit quantity.

Through the above model, we can calculate the safety design reliability of a gas pipeline that designed and constructed in different period, and the calculation result would be a safety design reliability index as the city gas network resists the engineering geological hazard damage. C.Vulnerability assessment

Vulnerability refers to the extent that things would suffer a hurt or damage, which reflects the fragility of things under certain conditions [3].

The vulnerability assessment to a city gas pipeline mainly focus on the extent that the city gas pipeline would be damage or broken when the engineering geological hazard occurrences, which also directly reflects the fragility of city gas pipeline as the engineering geological hazard happened. The contents of City Gas Network vulnerability assessment can be summed up as social vulnerability, physical vulnerability, economic vulnerability and the ecological environment vulnerability assessment [3].

Social vulnerability assessment works mainly refers to the probable human casualties and the loss (medical expenditure and payments social output value loss) when geological hazard caused a gas pipeline failure. The main factors that affect human casualties and loss are population density, medical expenditure and payments, demographic composition,

risk perceptions, personal income and the insurance development level and so on. In the evaluation of vulnerability, we mainly evaluate the casualty and related economic losses. The population density in the along region of a Gas Pipeline and the near degree of people to the gas pipeline are the important basis for the casualty prediction, which is also the basis for us to estimate the medical expenditure and payments and social output value loss. According to code for design of city gas GB50028-1993 (2002 version), it should estimate the population density with the division pipeline laying location class, that is, taking on both sides of the centre along the pipeline within 200 m, arbitrary demarcation of 1.6 km long and can include the most independent buildings quantity for human habitation as a division standard and applying the insert method to do a more accurate population density estimates. As it has gotten the population density that along the gas pipeline, and in accordance with the deaths and injuries probability as well as the estimates size, we will be able to forecast the likely casualty.

To the related economic loss calculation, it would be calculated from the following three aspects: ? death payment; ? medical expenditure and payment for the injured people; ?the loss of social output value because of people death and injury. Assuming the average life expectancy in a certain area is 1t , GDP per capita before and after the damage is

0m and 1m (yuan / person / year) respectively; 1e is the

crowd vulnerability; n is the number of victims; j is the average age of injured people; r is the discount rate of the t year; then the loss can be calculated by the following formula:

110013)1)((1

?==+?=∑∑r m m L n i t j

t e ?6?

Finally, statistic the total economic loss is:

321L L L L all ++= ?7?

Where: 1L is the death payment; 2L is the medical

expenditure and payment for the injured people.

The substances vulnerability assessment is mainly evaluate the affected gas pipeline number by geological hazard as well as the probability and the extent of the damage, which generally carries out by practical research and engineering analysis. We have done a division of the pipeline damaged extent into the following categories: no deformation or faint deformation (which does not require the maintenance or replacement of a new pipeline and can continue to put into use), a middle-deformation (need to adopt safeguard measures, but doesn’t require the replacement of a new pipeline), a high degree of deformation (a serious pipeline bending or distortion, would be rupture at any time, and need to be replaced by a new pipeline), fracture destruction (need to be replaced by a new pipelines immediately). In the hypothetical circumstance that engineering geological hazard has happened and will do an assessment on the pipeline damage extent, we can estimate the damage extent by the deformation size which caused by the destructive power that generated from various geological hazards. For example, in assessing the damage extent when an

earthquake occurred, we can through the calculation of the pipeline’s axial deformation size to assess the damage extent: Assuming the seismic waves is a plane shear wave, and the pipeline that affected by the shear wave (the angle with Pipeline is ?) will produce an axial displacement. Due to the rigidity of its own pipeline, the displacement amplitude would be smaller than the soil deformation that in same direction (g u ).Therefore, introducing the transfer coefficient ? (? 1. 0), then the pipeline’s axial displacement can be calculated as following formulas:

g t u u ?=ξ ?8?

The axial dependent variate amplitude (ε

t

) of the pipeline

should be:

g t εξε?= ?9?r

c v g =ε ?10?

Where: v is the ground movement velocity; r c is the g propagation velocity of ground wave.

By the role of shear wave, the axial deformation of pipeline at the same moment may contain a number of joints, in these joints, it may produce a tensile deformation and which cause damage to the joint. The tensile deformation formed by the Cumulative strain (t ε) is:

t I T C L ε??=?L ?11?

Where:I C is the joint style discount coefficient; L is

the Single pipeline length.

Economic vulnerability assessment refers to the quantitative calculation of the direct economic losses and indirect losses that caused by the gas network’s damage. Direct economic losses includes: the value of damaged pipelines, loss of medium caused by gas leakage, pipeline repair costs, the income loss for stop gas transmission, the fire loss caused by

gas leakage, the explosion damage to surrounding buildings.

Indirect losses are mainly refers to the destruction of gas

company's image, negative social impact.

The ecological environment vulnerability assessment refers

to the evaluation of natural environment and ecological environmental damage effects and impact because of the gas

network damage that caused by an engineering geological

hazard. The Calculation of the affected pipeline value, direct

economic losses and indirect losses can be classified as network failure consequence assessment. Many experts and

scholars have done many discussions and researches in this

area, and have some achievements. Using the assessment

method that proposed in Reference [12], we can do the economy vulnerability assessment.

To the nature and ecological environment vulnerability assessment, the value and effectiveness of the nature and ecological environment system is incalculable ?and at the same time, it is also very difficult to predict the destruction consequences of the nature and ecological environment. All of the reasons have made it much difficult to do a nature and ecological vulnerability assessment. But we can do a rough estimate by the following model:

()1

43

)1(?∑++=t t

r c s L ?12?

Where: S is the ecological effectiveness loss caused by gas pipeline failure; 3t is the recovery time; C is the cost in the recovery time; r is the discount rate of the t year.

Then, through the vulnerability assessment of social, physical, economy and ecological environment, we can obtain the vulnerability assessment results of city gas network when an engineering geological hazard have occurred and lead the city gas network failure. Basing on the assessment results, and comparing to the developed vulnerability classification criterion, it can ultimately determine the vulnerability level. Vulnerability is divided into four degrees: the highest, higher, moderate, mild damage. The classification and valuation Table showed as TABLEII:

D.Fatalness evaluation

Basing on the work of stability Identification, city gas

pipeline safety design reliability evaluation and vulnerability assessment, and applying the multi-factors comprehensive superposition method, it can do the fatalness evaluation the engineering geological hazard. The mathematical model for engineering geological hazard fatalness evaluation is: i i i d p r w h )1)(1(100n

1i ∑

=??= (13)Where: d h is the fatalness index; i w is the i type

engineering geological hazard stability index; i r is the pipeline safety design reliability index; i p is the afflicted

body vulnerability index. According to the big or small of the fatalness index d h ,the fatalness results will be divided into four grads: the highest

fatalness, which the capability that a network can resist an

engineering geological hazard is lowest; higher fatalness, which the capability that a network can resist an engineering geological hazard is lower; medium fatalness , which the capability that a network against the geological hazard damage is ordinary; a low fatalness, referring the capability that a network can resist an engineering geological hazard damage is high.

IV.CONLUSIONS

The research on the capability that city gas network can against an engineering geological hazard damage will help us grasping the main threats that may exist in a gas network when an engineering geological hazard would occurrence and doing a evaluation on the damage and losses extent. Through the fatalness size identification of a city gas network, we can take corresponding prevention and treatment measures to reduce the secondary damage minimally, and ensure the people's life and property in safety, and prevent the malignant ecological environmental pollution. In this paper, a comprehensive and quantitative assessment method have been established which can be used to do the capability evaluation of city gas network resist geological hazard. It’s provided a new thinking way and assessment method for the city gas network security operation and management and urban disaster prevention and mitigation.

REFERENCE

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[2] Zheng Jinyang, Ma Xiakang, Yin Xieping. Long-distance transmission gas

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[3] Yin Na,Xiao Wenan. Regional vulnerability analysis, evaluation and

vulnerability zoning of lighting [J].Journal of Tropical Meteorology, 2005(8):441-448(In Chinese).

[4] Zhou Qijia,Mao Guomin. Earthquake casualty’s vulnerability study [J].

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[5] Guo Xiaodong, Ma Donghui et al. A case study on vulnerability

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results in risk evaluation of urban gas pipelines [J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2007?1??120-122(In Chinese)

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