高中英语语法--构词法及练习附答案

构词法

一.概念

英语的构词法主要有:合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法.

二.相关知识点精讲

1.转化法

英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。

1)动词转化为名词

很多动词可以转化为名词，大多意思没有多大的变化(如下①)；有时意思有一定变化(如下②)；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作(如下③)。例如：

①Let's go out for a walk.我们到外面去散散步吧。

②He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。

③Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧。

2)名词转化为动词

很多表示物件(如下①)、身体部位(如下②)、某类人(如下③)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，某些抽象名词(如下④)也可作动词。例如：

①Did you book a seat on the plane?你订好飞机座位了吗?

②Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我。

③She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。

④We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐。

3)形容词转化为动词

有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如：

We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

4)副词转化为动词

有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如：

Murder will out.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。

5)形容词转化为名词

表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下①)；某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数(如下②)。例如：You should be dressed in black at the funeral.你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服。

The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。

2.派生法

在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。

1)前缀

除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。

(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：

appear出现→disappear消失

correct正确的→incorrect不正确的

lead带领→mislead领错

stop停下→non-stop不停

(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：

alone单独的antigas防毒气的

autochart自动图表

cooperate合作enjoy使高兴

internet互联网reuse再用

subway地铁telephone电话

2)后缀

英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。

(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一……)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：

differ不同于→difference区别

write写→writer作家

Japan日本→Japanese日本人

act表演→actress女演员

mouth口→mouthful一口

music音乐→musician音乐家

(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。例如：

wide→widen加宽

beauty→beautify美化

pure→purify提纯

real→realize意识到

organ→organize组织

(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，

-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如：

nature自然→natural自然的

reason道理→reasonable有道理的

America美国→American美国的

China中国→Chinese中国人的

gold金子→golden金的

east东→eastern东方的

child孩子→childish孩子气的

snow雪→snowy雪的

(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：

angry生气的→angrily生气地

to到→towards朝……，向……

east东方→eastward向东

(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词)。例如：six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六

four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十

3.合成法

1)合成名词

构成方式例词

名词＋名词weekend周末

名词＋动词daybreak黎明

名词＋动名词handwriting书法

名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer止痛药

名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief总编辑

代词＋名词she-wolf母狼

动词＋名词typewriter打字机

动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室

现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼

形容词＋名词gentleman绅士

副词＋动词outbreak爆发

介词＋名词afternoon下午

2)合成形容词

名词＋形容词snow-white雪白的

名词＋现在分词English-speaking讲英语的

名词＋to＋名词face-to-face面对面的

名词＋过去分词man-made人造的

数词＋名词one-way单行的

数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的

数词＋名词＋ed five-storeyed五层的

动词＋副词see-through透明的

形容词＋名词high-class高级的

形容词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的

形容词＋形容词light-blue浅蓝色的

形容词＋现在分词good-looking相貌好看的

副词＋形容词ever-green常青的

副词＋现在分词hard-working勤劳的

副词＋过去分词well-known著名的

副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的

介词＋名词downhill下坡的

3)合成动词

名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游

形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷

副词＋动词overthrow推翻

4)合成副词

形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地

形容词＋副词everywhere到处

副词＋副词however尽管如此

介词＋名词beforehand事先

介词＋副词forever永远

5)合成代词

代词宾格＋self herself她自己

物主代词＋self myself我自己

形容词＋名词anything任何东西

6)合成介词

副词＋名词inside在……里面

介词＋副词within在……之内

副词＋介词into进入

4.截短法(缩略法)

截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。

1)截头

telephone→phone

aeroplane→plane

omnibus→bus

2)去尾

mathematics→maths

co-operate→co-op

examination→exam

kilogram→kilo

laboratory→lab

taxicab→taxi

3)截头去尾

influenza→flu

refrigerator→fridge

prescription→script

5.混合法(混成法)

混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。

news broadcast→newscast新闻广播

television broadcast→telecast电视播送

smoke and fog→smog烟雾

helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场

6.首尾字母缩略法

首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。

very important person→VIP (读字母音)要人；大人物

television→TV (读字母音)电视

Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福

Nato

三.巩固练习

1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.

A.care

B.careful

C.careless

D.carelessness

2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.

A.die

B.dead

C.died

D.death

3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded.

A.sadly

B.sadness

C.sadly

D.sad

4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.

A.chemistry

B.chemical

C.chemist

D.physician

5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.

A.legging

B.legged

C.legs

6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.

A.lead

B.leader

C.leading

D.leadership

7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates.

A.proud

B.proudly

C.pride

D.pridely

8.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well.

A.satisfied

B.satisfactory

C.satisfying

D.satisfaction

9.—What are you doing here?

—Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.

—You can write________passage in English?

A.600 words；a 600-words

B.600-word；a 600-words

C.600 words；a 600-word

D.600 words；a 600-words

10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.

A.permit

B.permission

C.permitting

D.permittence

11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.

A.headquarters

B.headline

C.headmaster

D.headache

12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.

A.intend

B.intention

C.intentionally

D.intentional

13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.

A.practice

B.practise

C.practical

D.practiced

14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.

A.judger

B.judgment

C.judge

D.judgement

15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War?

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19271052.html,tely

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19271052.html,test

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19271052.html,ter

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19271052.html,tter

16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.

A.longer

B.length

C.long

D.longing

17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.

A.joy

B.joyful

C.joyless

D.joyness

18.Canada is mainly an________country.

A.English-speaking

B.speak-English

C.spoken-English

D.English-spoken

19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.

A.foolish；foolishly；fool

B.fool；foolish；fool

C.foolish；fool；fool

D.foolishly；foolish；fool

20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________.

A.valuable

B.value

C.valueless

D.unvaluable

21.There were________fish in the river in South America.

A.in danger

B.danger

C.dangerous

D.dangerless

22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.

A.sound

B.silent

C.silence

D.sounded

23.The child looked at me________.

A.stranger

B.strangely

C.strange

D.strangeless

24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.

A.free

B.freely

C.freedom

D.frees

25.What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.

A.reasonable

B.reasonful

C.reasonless

D.unreason

26.We have to learn________technology from other countries.

A.advance

B.advancing

C.advantage

D.advanced

27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.

A.nearby

B.near

C.nearly

D.near by

28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an________in the government.You can not easily find him in his________.

A.official；officer；office

B.officer；office；official

C.official；official；official

D.officer；official；office

29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.

A.health

B.healthy

C.healthily

D.healthier

30.________ speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.

A.Honestly

B.Honest

C.Honesty

D.Dishonest

四.答案

1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB

21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DADBA

高中构词法练习

构词法练习 Ⅰ.单项填空 1.That man was________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A.care B.careful C.careless D.carelessness 2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai. A.die B.dead C.died D.death 3.The child looked________at his brother who was badly wounded. A.sadly B.sadness C.sadly D.sad 4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________. A.chemistry B.chemical C.chemist D.physician 5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He m ay fall off. A.legging B.legged C.legs D.leged 6.Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world. A.lead B.leader C.leading D.leadership 7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates. A.proud B.proudly C.pride D.pridely 8.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well. A.satisfied B.satisfactory C.satisfying D.satisfaction 9.—What are you doing here? —Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English. —You can write________passage in English? A.600 words；a 600-words B.600-word；a 600-words C.600 words；a 600-word D.600 words；a 600-words 10.No one should enter the spot without the________of the police. A.permit B.permission C.permitting D.permittence 11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you. A.headquarters B.headline C.headmaster D.headache 12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________. A.intend B.intention C.intentionally D.intentional 13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile. A.practice B.practise C.practical D.practiced 14.The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine. A.judger B.judgment C.judge D.judgement 15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War? https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19271052.html,tely https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19271052.html,test https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19271052.html,ter https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fa19271052.html,tter 16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________. A.longer B.length C.long D.longing 17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily. A.joy B.joyful C.joyless D.joyness 18.Canada is mainly an________country. A.English-speaking B.speak-English C.spoken-English D.English-spoken 19.How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.

高考英语语法必考考点(15)构词法(含解析)

——————————教育资源共享步入知识海洋————————2019年高考英语语法必考考点（15）：构词法含解析 李仕才 【考点解读】 英语词性是可以相互转化的。词性的转换有两种方法：转化法和缀合法（派生法）。 一、转化法 转化法是由一个词类转化为另一个词类的方法，即某一个词早期迁移定型为某一个词义和词类，后来通过词义扩大或比喻等方法把它活用为其它词义和词类的方法，一般在转化义和原义之间有明显的联系。转化法一般多用于简单音节的词汇中。转化法主要分为如下四种类型： 1. 动词转化为名词。多用来表示一次性动作，或与动作相关的事物。 ①We stopped there for a swim.我们在那儿停下来游了一会儿泳。swim原为动词“游泳”。 ②Xiao Liu's answers is perfectly right.小刘的回答是完全正确的。answer原为动词“回答”。 2. 名词转化为动词。这类词多与名词所具有的特殊动作有关，也是修辞。例如： ①He wolfed down three bowls of rice.他狼吞虎咽地吃了三大碗饭。wolf.原为名词“狼”。 ②He insisted on staying up to nurse the child.他坚持不睡觉来护理这个女孩。nurse.原为名词“护士”。 3. 形容词转化为动词。 ①He had blacked his face with soot.他已经用煤灰把脸抹黑了。black 原为形容词“黑色的”。

②My father is emptying a box of rubbish into a rubbish-cart.我爸爸正将垃圾倒入垃圾车。empty原为形容词“空的”。 4. 形容词转化为名词。即用性质来指代这种性质的事物。例如： ①My mother likes red.我妈妈喜欢红色（的）。red原为形容词“红色的”。 ②The Chinese are working-hard and brave people.中国人勤劳而勇敢。 Chinese 原为形容词“中国的”。 词性的分类中，各非独立词类所具有的双词性实际上也是转化法的一种体现。比如：介词同具名词性和动词性，是它由动词性转化成了名词性；副词同具动词性和形容词性，是它由形容词性转化成了动词性；代词同具名词性和形容词性，是它由形容词性转化成了名词性；连词同具动词性和名词性，是它由名词（更准确说是代词）性转化成了动词性。 二、缀合法（派生法） 缀合法（派生法）中也伴随有词性的转化，当给一个词加上后缀时常常可以改变一个词的词性。从本质上看，缀合法是合成法的简化形式，其特点主要在构成词表义的变化，而词性的变化是次要的，但因为词缀的特殊性——不能独立存在以及具有一定的词性，所以又常常把它看作是转化词性的手段。当然，这种看法是不完全正确的，我们在学习缀合法时同时学习词义和词性的双重变化，有时学习词义的变化比学习词性的变化更重要，这是我们学好缀合法的根本所在。 缀合法中词性的转化主要有以下四种形式： （一）名词后缀 1．动词＋-ion/-tion /-sion→名词(表示动作或动作过程) correct v．改正；纠正correction n．改正 celebrate v．庆祝celebration n．庆祝；庆祝会 conclude v．完成；结束conclusion n．结论；结束 2．动词＋-er/-or→名词(表示从事某种职业或进行某种活动的人) drive v．驾驶开车；驱赶driver n．司机；驾驶员 gather v．聚集；采集gatherer n．收集者；采集者 conduct v．指挥；管理conductor n．指挥；售票员 3．动词＋-ment→名词

【高一同步教程】高中英语必修4 Unit5语法：构词法讲解及练习

高中英语必修4 Unit 5语法教学案 Section ⅢGrammar—构词法 语法图解 【探究发现】 ①chairman主席newspaper报纸 hometown 家乡airport 机场 sunrise 日出 ②dislike 不喜欢incorrect 不正确的 unlucky 不走运的retell 复述 telephone 电话 ③reader 读者inventor 发明家 Chinese 中国人Indian 印度人 artist 艺术家kindness 和蔼 operation 手术 ④water 水/浇水dry 干的/弄干 book 书籍/预订nurse 护士/护理 better 更好/改善 [我的发现] (1) ①组中的单词是将两个单词合并在一起，形成一个新的单词。这种构词法被称之为合成法。 (2) ②组中的单词都是在各自的词根前加了不同的前缀，如dis-，in-，un-，re-，tele-等。 (3) ③组中的单词是在各自的词根后加了不同的后缀，如-er, -or, -ese, -ian等。 (4) ②③组中单词的构词法被称之为派生法。 (5) ④组中的单词所展示的构词法被称之为转化法。

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构词法练习及其答案 编辑整理： 尊敬的读者朋友们： 这里是精品文档编辑中心，本文档内容是由我和我的同事精心编辑整理后发布的，发布之前我们对文中内容进行仔细校对，但是难免会有疏漏的地方，但是任然希望（构词法练习及其答案）的内容能够给您的工作和学习带来便利。同时也真诚的希望收到您的建议和反馈，这将是我们进步的源泉，前进的动力。 本文可编辑可修改，如果觉得对您有帮助请收藏以便随时查阅，最后祝您生活愉快业绩进步，以下为构词法练习及其答案的全部内容。

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incurable independent ineffective informal invisible irregular irremovable irrespective irresponsible misfortune misguide midinterpret mislead misread mistrust misunderstand misuse nonmetal noncooperation noninvolvement unable unacceptable unaware unbalance unbreakable uncertain unchangeable uncomfortable undecided unemployed undetermined undeveloped unearth uneconomical unfold unpack untie (2) 表示其他意义的前缀常用的有： a.前缀 anti anti-fascist anti-gas anti-imperialist anti-Japanese War

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irrespective。irresponsible。misfortune。misread。nonmetal。unable。misguide。mistrust。misinterpret。misunderstand。mislead。misuse。n。noninvolvement。unbalance。unacceptable。unaware。uncertain。unbreakable。unchangeable。fortable。undetermined。unfold。undecided。unemployed。undeveloped。unearth。untie。XXX。unpack. Other XXX: a。anti- (against): anti-fascist。anti-gas。anti-Japanese War. b。auto- (self): graphy。autography. c。bi- (two): XXX。bilingual. d。co- (together): n。co-author。co-heir. e。de- (down): deform。degrade。devalue. f。en-/em- (cause to be): enable。embrace.

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指导/方向direct — direction 指令instruct — instruction 建设construct — construction 注射inject — injection 感染infect — infection 驳斥reject—rejection 反对object — objection/oppose — opposition 连接connect — connection 收集collect — collection 纠正correct — correction 视察inspect — inspection 挑选select — selection 选举elect — election 限制restrict — restriction 反驳/矛盾contradict — contradiction 保留reserve — reservation 保存preserve — preservation 保护conserve — conservation 观察observe—observation 挨饿starve — starvation 组织organize — organization 文明civilize — civilization 认识realize—realization 考试examine — examination 考虑consider — consideration 宣布declare — declaration 装饰decorate — decoration 灵感inspire — inspiration 放松relax — relaxation 交流communicate — communication 占用/职业occupy — occupation 满足satisfy — satisfaction

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