Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解
Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解
English lexicology
英语词汇学
Chapter1 basic concepts of words and vocabulary
Classification of words
Chapter2 the development of the english vocabulary
Modes of vocabulary development 1150
Chapter 3 word formation
Morphemes , allomorphs
Chapter 4 word formation2
1.Affixation, prefixation suffixation ,
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5419328422.html,/doc/214202390.html,pounding (characteristics formation )
3.Conversion , blending , clipping , acronymy
4.Initialisms , acronyms
5.Back-formation , words from proper names
Chapter5 word meaning
1.The meanings of ‘meaning’
2.Reference ,concept ,sense
3.Motivation(onomatopoeic,morphological ,semantic , etymological)
4.Types of meaning < grammatical , lexical , conceptual , associative> Chapter 6 sense relations and semantic field Polysemy , homonymy , synonymy , antonymy
Chapter 7 changes in word meaning
Extension , narrowing , elevation , degradation
Chapter 8 meaning and context
1.Types of context (extra-linguistic, linguistic)
2.Role of context
a.elimination of ambiguity
b.indication of reference
c.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning
Chapter9 english idioms
1.Classification of idioms(nominal , adjectival , verbal , adverbial )
2.sentence and use
Chapter 10 english Dictionaries
Types of dictionary , three good Dictionary
a.Longman dictionary of contemporary
b.Collins COBUILD english Dictionary
c. A Chinese-english Dictionary
Unit 1
Methods of study ,there are generally two approaches to the study of words ,namely synchronic and diachronic
Aims and significance of the course
Language study involves the study of speech sounds ,grammar and vocabulary .vocabulary has proved particularly important and certainly the most difficult .Willkins asserts ‘without grammar very little can be
conveyed ,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed’ A good knowledge of morphological structure of english words and rules of word-formation will help learners develope their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power.
V ocabulary
All the words in a language make up its vocabulary .
The term vocabulary is used in different senses
1.It can refers to the total number of the words in a language
2.It can stands for all the words used in a particular historical period
3.Also used to all the words of a given dialect
Classification of words
Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency ,into content words and function words by notion ,and into native words and borrowed words by origin
Basic word stock have characteristics
1.All national character
2.Stability
3.Productivity
4.Polysemy
5.Collocability
6 Neutral in style
7 Frequent in use
Words void (lack)of the stated characters ,do not belong to the common core of the language ,they include the following: Terminology 术语，专有名词
Jargon
Slang 俚语，黑话
Argot
Dialectal words
Archaisms
Neologisms
Content words(=notional words) and function words (=empty words) Native words and borrowed words
Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock ,in contrast to borrowed words ,native words have two other features Neutral in style
Frequent in use
Borrowing words :words taken over from foreign languages
are known as borrowed words and loan words or borrowings in simple terms Loan words under four classes
Denizens 同化词
Aliens 异化词
Translation-loans 译借词
Semantic-loans 借意词
The Indo-European language family
Which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar ,the
Indo-Europe is one of them .it is thought to be a highly inflected language They accordingly fall into eight principle groups ,which can be grouped into an Eastern set : Balto-slavic, Indo-Iranian, American and Albanian; a Western set; Celtic , Italic, Hellenic,Germanic
A historical overview of the english vocabulary
The first people known to inhabit the land were Celts
The second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions
450- < old > -1150-（Middle）-1500- -NOW
Modes of vocabulary development
We can concluded that modern english vocabulary develops through three channels < > creation , semantic change , borrowing Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials namely roots ,affixes and other elements
Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need
Borrowing has palyed a vital role in the development of
vocabulary ,particularly in earlier times
Morphemes :minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes,in other words ,th e morphemes is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words ’
Chapter 5Word meaning
Words are but symbols , many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference .
1.reference is the relationship between language and the word .
The reference a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary <随意的>and conventional <传统的>
2.Concept<概念>=notion
In many cases meaning is used in the sense of ‘concept ’meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical
3.Sense :generally speaking ,the meaning of ‘meaning’is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’ . ‘sense’denotes the relationships inside the language.
Motivation <理据>
Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning
Onomatopoeic motivation 拟声的理据
Morphological motivation 形态的理据
Semantic motivation 语义<联想>的理据
Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word
Etymological motivation 词源的理据
The meaning if many words often related directly to their origins, Types of meaning
a.Grammatical meaning an Lexical meaning语法和词汇意义
b.Conceptual meaning and associative meaning 概念和联想
意义
Chapter 6
The subjects that have long held the interest and attention of
semanticists are ,polysemy 多义的, homonymy , synonymy , antonymy , and hyponymy
Two approaches to polysemy
Diachronic approach and synchronic approach
The meanings were acquired by extension ,narrowing ,analogy ,transfer The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses,traditionally known as radiation and concatenation Homonymy
Based on the degree of similarity ,homonyms fall into three classes:perfect homonyms ,homographs and homophones
1.Perfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling but different meaning .
Bank n. The edge of the river ,lake
Bank n . An establishment for money business
Bear n. A large heavy animal
Bear v. To put up with
Date n. A kind of fruit
Date n. A boy or a girl friend
2.Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning
Bow n. Bending the head as a greeting
Bow n. The device used for shooting arrows
Sow v. To scatter seeds
Sow n. Female adult pig
3.Homophones are words identical only in sound but
different in spelling and meaning
Dear n. A loved person
Deer n.a kind of animal
Right a. correct
Write v.to put down on paper with a pen
Rite n. Ceremonial procedure
Son n. A male child of someone
Sun n. The heavenly body from which the earth gets warmth and light Of three types ,homophones constitute the largest number and are most common
Origins of homonyms
Change in sound and spelling
Borrowing
Shorting
As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling ,particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns<双关>for desired effect of ,say, humor,sarcasm or ridicule<嘲弄> On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey <折磨>on you So-called pious<虔诚的>gentleman and ladies 善男信女
The sardonic tone is unmistakable 讽刺的语气是不言而喻的Synonymy
Synonymy is one of the characteristic features of vocabulary of natural languages
Types of synonyms
1. Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects,both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning ,including conceptual and associative meanings
2. Relative synonymy also called near-synonyms are similar
or nearly the same in denotation,but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of given quality.
For example .to change a thing is to put another thing in its place ;to alter
a thing is to alter it in different manner and at different times .’A man change his habits ,alters his conduct ,and varies his manner of speaking’Look at stagger /reel/totter.stagger implies unsteady movement characters by a loss of balance and failure to maintain a fixed course . Stagger under a heavy load ;reel suggests a swaying or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling .
Silent沉默的，无言的，寂静的/ tacit , shine闪耀，发光/ glitter 华丽夺目，炫耀/sparkle闪耀，活跃，焕发活力和才智/glare强光，瞪眼，炫耀, different/ various, idle空闲的，懒惰的，无意义的/lazy/indolent , strange奇怪的/odd 古怪的/ queer,古怪的，可疑的large / huge庞大的/tremendous极大的，巨大的，惊人的，极好的/colossal Sources of synonyms
1.Borrowing
As a result of the borrowing ,words of native origin form many couplets and triplets with those from other language
2.Dialects and regional english
3.Figurative an euphemistic
4.Coincidence with idiomatic expressions
Discrimination of synonyms
The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas: denotation , connotation ,and application
1.Difference in denotation .
‘I did not comprehend his arguments ,although i understood the language , and all the sentences’
A lump of sugar一块糖, a slice of meat一片肉, a chunk of
wood , a sheet of paper A cake of soap
Types of antonyms
1.Contradictory terms
The assertion of one is the denial of the other
Another distinctive feature of this category <类型>is that such antonyms are non-gradable
2.Contrary terms
3.Relative terms
Holds water <站得住脚的>
Characters of antonyms
1.Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.words denoting nature, quality or state of things have many antonyms
2.A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym
3.Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion .pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively
4.Contrary terms are gradable antonyms
Destitute / opulent dull / lively
Hyponymy
Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.
That is the meaning of more specific word word is included in that of another more general word .
For instance ,tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower
Superordinate terms
Hammer , saw , screwdriver ,spanner, plaice, cod , herring ,sole Semantic field <领域>
The massive word store of a language like english an be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas.
An integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense 语义相
互关联
It is general belief that.....
Personal address system 个人称呼
Kinship
Types of changes
Word-meaning changes by modes of
Extension< 扩展>,narrowing<缩小> ,degradation< 降格>,elevation< 升格>,and transfer
Causes of changes: it is in response to some need
Extra-linguistic factors
1.Historical reason
2.Class reason
3.Psychological 心理学的，精神上的reason
The role of context <语境>
1.Elimination of ambiguity <消除歧义>
2.Indication of referents <限定所指>
3.Provision of clues for inferring word -meaning <为猜测词义提供线索>
①Definition
②Explanation
③Example
④S ynonymy
⑤Antonymy
⑥Hyponymy
⑦Relevant details
⑧Word structure
Chapter 9
Idioms consists of set phrases and short sentences ,which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas .therefore, idioms are colorful ,forcible and
thought-provoking.
For example ,fly off the handle (become excessively angry) and put up with ( tolerate)
In a board sense ,idioms may included colloquialisms ,slang experience, proverbs .
Character of Idioms
1.Semantic unity
Being phases or sentences ,idioms each consist of more than one word ,but each is a semantic unity. Idiom have their respective literal meanings .for instance, till the cows come home Keep in mind take off
to no avail like a breeze
2.Structural stability 结构稳定
First the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced
Lip service
英语词汇学课本与译文
Introduction 绪论 0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支，研究词汇的起源和意义。 English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。 English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。 It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论，特别是英语词汇的理论知识。 However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是，英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程，在该书的论述中，我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语，学习大量词汇用法实例。 Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved. 当然，同时还要接触到大量的词汇练习。 0.2 Its Relation to Other Disciplines 英语词汇学与其它学科的关系 English lexicology itself is a subbranch of linguistics. 英语词汇学是语言学的一个分支。 But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. 但它却与其他学科相关，如形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学和词典学等。 Each of them has been established as a discipline in its own right. 而这些学科都各成一门学科。 Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct. 形态学是语法学的一个分支，主要通过运用词素（形位）结构研究词的结构或形式。 This is one of the major concerns of lexicology, for we shall discuss the inflections of words and word-formation and examine how morphemes are combined to form words and words to form sentences. 这是词汇学研究的主要内容之一，因为研究词汇就必需讨论的屈折变化和构词法，考察词素如何构成词、词如何构成句子。 Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. 词源学研究词的形式和意义的起源及其历史变化。 Modern English is derived from the languages of early Germanic tribes with a fairly small vocabulary. 现代英语源于词汇量颇小的古日尔曼语。 We shall study how this small vocabulary has grown into a huge modern English vocabulary and explain the changes that have taken place in the forms and meanings of words. 我们将研究这门词汇量很小的语言是如何发展成为词汇量庞大的现代英语，并解释英语词汇的形式和意义是如何变化的。 Stylistics is the study of style. 文体学研究文体。 It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. 主要对语用者在特定语境中如何选择语言要素（即如何选择用词、句型等）以达到特定的表达效果进行观察研究。 Among the areas of study: lexis, phonology, syntax, graphology, we shall concentrate on lexis, exploring the stylistic values of words. 在文体学所研究的词汇、音系学、句法学和书写法范围中，我们主要研究词汇，探讨词汇的文体价值。Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a pragmatic difference. 词典学和词汇学探讨同样的问题：词汇的形式、意义、词汇的起源及用法，但两者在语用上还有差异。 A lexicographer’s task is to record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference, whereas the student of lexicology is to acquire the knowledge and information of lexis so as to increase their lexical awareness and capacity of language use. 词典学家的任务是实录词汇的用法并把词汇用法的真实情形呈现给读者，为其提供权威性的参考；而词汇学家则是研究词汇的知识和信息，以增强读者对词汇的了解和语言的使用能力。 Though English lexicology has a wide coverage of academic areas, our task is definite and consistent. 英语词汇学的研究范围很大，但我们的任务是明确而系统的。 That is to study English words in different aspects and from different angles. 即从不同角度研究英语词汇的各个方面。0.3 Method of Study 英语词汇学的研究方法 There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. 一般来说，词汇研究有两种
英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲： Introduction 1.Lexicology（名词解释题） （1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）. 本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。 （2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。 2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题） （1）Two approaches There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. synchronic 共时法 diachronic 历时法 （2）Definition: A, synchronic From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time. However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. 1.word（名词解释） （1）a minimal free form of a language 1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式） 2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。） 2.the relationships between the sound and meaning （1）简答题 1）Sound is the physical aspect of a word. And meaning is what the sound refers to. 本句翻译：音是词的物质外壳；义是音的所指。 2）A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world, which is outside the language system. （2）单选题或填空题 arbitrary/conventional 1）there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’.（音与实际的实物和实际思想本身并没有一定的逻辑关系） 2）The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds. 3.More and more differences occur between the two.（简答题）（音和形之间的距离越拉
English lexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解
English lexicology 英语词汇学 Chapter1 basic concepts of words and vocabulary Classification of words Chapter2 the development of the english vocabulary Modes of vocabulary development 1150 Chapter 3 word formation Morphemes , allomorphs Chapter 4 word formation2 1.Affixation, prefixation suffixation , https://www.wendangku.net/doc/5419328422.html,pounding (characteristics formation ) 3.Conversion , blending , clipping , acronymy 4.Initialisms , acronyms 5.Back-formation , words from proper names Chapter5 word meaning 1.The meanings of ‘meaning’ 2.Reference ,concept ,sense 3.Motivation(onomatopoeic,morphological ,semantic , etymological) 4.Types of meaning < grammatical , lexical , conceptual , associative> Chapter 6 sense relations and semantic field Polysemy , homonymy , synonymy , antonymy Chapter 7 changes in word meaning
英语词汇学教学大纲
《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲 课程代码：070142017 课程英文名称：English Lexicology 课程总学时：24 讲课：24 实验：0 上机：0 适用专业：英语 大纲编写（修订）时间：2017.10 一、大纲使用说明 （一）课程的地位及教学目标 本课程主要要求学生学习英语词汇学的有关基础理论和一些实际运用的知识，侧重分析研究现代英语词汇的各种现象，揭示现代英语词汇规律以及发展趋势，指导英语语言实践。本课程旨在帮助英语专业学习者强化英语词汇知识，系统地了解现代英语词汇的过去、现状和未来，把握英语词汇学习与使用的规则和特点。既要培养学生理解语言现象和分析语言问题的理论水平，又要提高学生运用英语的实际能力，同时提高学生对英语词汇现象的创新性理解和操作能力。 （二）知识、能力及技能方面的基本要求 基本内容与要求：英语词汇学是一门以当代语言学多种理论为指导，全面深入研究英语词汇的专业课程。英语词汇学课程重在揭示现代英语词汇的普遍规律，侧重分析研究现代英语词汇现象，兼顾英语词汇的纵向演变和发展。 本课程的主要内容可分为三类，一是理论部分的内容，二是实践部分的内容，三是方法部分的内容。实践部分和方法部分均为词汇能力建设部分，为词汇的实践操作课程，对学生有词汇分析的特殊要求。理论部分的课程涵盖面广，包括词汇发展史、词汇构成基础理论、语义形成过程等，重点研究词义性质、历史演变、构词规律等。纵观英语词汇的发展，我们可以看出它与历史发展有着千丝万缕的联系，反映在英语词汇中有大量的外来词，主要来自法语、希腊语、和拉丁语。这些国家的语言对英语词汇的发展影响深远。因此本课程要求学生在实践中能够把握词汇理论与实践中运用的具体操作技巧，做到对词汇基础理论和历史有全面、充分的了解，在实践中有合乎当代词汇特征的运用。 （三）实施说明 词汇学的三大部分相互融通，必须放在一起讲，按学期划分在第五学期全部完成教学任务。 （四）对先修课的要求 无 （五）对习题课、实验环节的要求 在教学活动中，首先对英语词汇发展的形成主要通过三种途径：构词法、旧词新义和借用外来语来进行系统学习。同时对词缀法进行系统研究，因为词缀法在英语整个历史发展过程中起着积极作用，不仅扩充了英语词汇，而且丰富了语言表现力。再次，词汇行为的语境实质都是不同词汇之间相互组合的“语义对应”，是否能够把握语境中的语义转换是衡量学生词汇力的重要标准，因而教学活动围绕词汇的语境把握，因为词汇的语境运用问题是掌握词汇的核心问题；从一种语境到另—种语境，语义如何确立、如何转换及转换的背景、文化内涵等问题一直是词汇学理论界长期思考和探索的重要课题。 学生的词汇力建设贯穿第五学期的教学活动。目的是有针对性地巩固学生处理词汇的基本技能，调动他们的积极性和词汇悟性及语境意识，增强他们的信心，提高能力。 词汇实践活动是以五到六人为单位，就所学习的材料内容，提出自己的理解并在组内交
英语词汇学总结复习资料
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。 第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound. 3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. （At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns） a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d）. Borrowing of foreign language 4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by origin the English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin. 基本词汇的特点 1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomena most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.
英语词汇学教学大纲
《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲 英文名称：Modern English Lexicology 课程类型：专业课 学时学分：32学时/2学分 适用专业：英语 一、课程性质、目的和任务 该课程是英语专业高年级学生开设的专业基础课。该课程的开设旨在使学生通过学习，了解英语词汇学的基本理论知识，并能用所学的知识去独立思考、分析问题和解决问题。进而培养学生对语言研究的兴趣，为其在相关领域的进一步学习及研究打好基础。 二、教学基本要求 该课程的学习以教师授课为主，学生自学为辅。学生需在教师的指导下阅读有关词汇学书籍。检查学生的阅读质量主要采取由学生复述阅读内容，并对阅读内容中的思想和观点做出个人的评价。教师重点讲解学生在阅读中所遇到的重点和难点。学生完成词汇学基础理论的学习后，应根据所学词汇学理论知识，在教师的指导下设计、完成自己的课程论文或参加考试。 三、课程内容 1. 词的概述 1.1词的定义 1.2声音与意义 1.3声音与拼写 1.4词汇 1.5词汇的分类 2. 词的结构和词的构成方式 2.1.词的组成单位 2.2.实义形位、语法形位和形位变体 3. 词的理据 3.1拟声理据 3.2语义理据 3.3逻辑理据 3.4词的理据的丧失 3.5词的理据与文化历史的关系 4.词的语义特征 5. 词义的变化 5.1一词多义 5.2词义变化的方式 6. 词的语义分类 6.1词与词的上下义关系 6.2词与词的同义关系 6.3词与词的反义关系 6.4词与词之间的同形或同音异义关系 7. 词的联想与搭配 7.1词的联想 7.2词的搭配
8. 英语习语 8.1英语习语的特征 8.2英语习语的分类 8.3英语习语的整体与结构成分之间的关系 8.4英语习语的修辞色彩和语体色彩 8.5英语习语的应用 9. 美国英语 9.1国英语形成的历史概况 9.2美国英语的特点 9.3美国英语与英国英语的区别 期末复习课 1.教材： [1]《现代英语词汇学》．陆国强．上海外语教育出版社，2000年3月． 六、说明 1．修订大纲的指导思想 本大纲制定的依据为英语专业教学指导委员会提出的高等学校英语专业本科英语词汇学课程教学的基本要求。教材1-9章的内容是该课程的教学重点，应保证学生对这些内容的理解和掌握。在此基础上，教师可根据学生水平和实际需要，对教学内容作适当变动。2．本课程与其它课程的联系
英语词汇学知识点整理
词汇期末复习（C1-C7） Chapter 1 一、Word 词的定义 (1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式） (2) a sound unity (3) a semantic unity（meaning） (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能） 二、V ocabulary词汇的定义 All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary. 一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。 词的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。 三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义 The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的 四、Sound & Form发音和形式 (1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral form. 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。 (2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因： ①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马 ②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速 ③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同 ④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。 ⑤borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词 五、Classification of Words词的分类 (1)Basic & Non-basic Vocabulary ①Basic Words The basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点： ➢ 1. All national character 全民性(indispensable to all the people who speak the language). ➢ 2. Stability 稳定性（relatively stable or unchanged） ➢ 3. Productivity 多产性（form new words in combination with other roots and affixes ) ➢ 4. Polysemy 多义性 ➢ 5. Collocability 搭配性 ②Non-basic Words Non-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms. 非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。 (2)Content Words & Functional Words ①Content Words/Full words/National words： They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义 ②Functional words/Empty words/Form words： They show the relation between notions. 显示了与概念之间的关系 (3)Native Words & Borrowed Words ①Native Words： Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes.
《英语词汇学》
Lectures on English Lexicology Main Sections for the Lectures: Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1.1What Is a Word? A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 1.2 Sound and Meaning A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. The relationship between sound and meaning is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to a certain thing with a cluster of sounds. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. 1.3 Sound and Form It is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans. In spite of the differences, at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.
词汇学 复习资料
Unit 1 名词解释： ①Lexicology Lexicology, which contains two Greek morphemes: lexikon (word) and logie (learning or the study of), is the branch of linguistics, concerned with ‘the study of the meaning and uses of words’ (LDCE). ②English lexicology English lexicology is a theory—based course in which the basic theories of English words are mainly discussed. Nevertheless, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we will certainly deal with a great number of words and idioms, and site a great many examples. There will, naturally, be a lot of practice involved. ③Phonetics Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for the description, classification and transcription. ④Morphology 词法/形态学 Morphology is the branch of linguistics, which studies the internal structure of words and rules by which words are formed. In other words, it identifies the smallest meaningful units in a language which are called morphemes and look into the ways the morphemes are arranged to form words. ⑤Grammar Grammar is the study or the use of the rules by which words change their forms and are combined into sentences. ⑥Semantics Semantics is the branch of linguistics which studies the meanings of language in different linguistic levels: lexicon, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. Lexicology focuses on the lexical level. ⑦Etymology 词源学 Etymology is the scientific study of the origins, history, and changing meanings of words. ⑧Stylistics 语体学/文体学 Stylistics is “the study of optional variations in the sounds, forms, or vocabulary of a language as characteristic of different uses of language, different situations of use, or different literary types.” ⑨synchronic approach共时方法 If we study English words as they exists at a particular point in time, it is synchronic study. For instance, one could carry out a synchronic description of the words of Beowulf, of Chaucer, of Shakespeare or of present—day English, disregarding whatever changes might take place. ⑩diachronic approach历时方法 If we study English words as they exist in different historical periods, it is called diachronic study. That is to study words from the point of view of their historical development. 关键词： ?English lexicology deals with English words, their origin, meaning, historical development, morphological structures, semantic structures, sense relations, idioms, formation and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and usage of English words.
英语词汇学知识点整理
英语词汇学知识点整理 Chapter 1 Word and Vocabulary ns A word is defined as a minimal free form。a sound unity。a semantic unity。and a form that can n alone in a sentence. Vocabulary refers to all the words in a language。It is the sum of all the words。and the XXX is like that een an individual and a group. Sound and Meaning XXX. Sound and Form
The written form of a natural language is the XXX een sound and form occur due to the n of the English alphabet from the Romans。XXX。the differences created by nal scribes。and the continuing XXX. XXX languages。such as Latin。Greek。French。etc。are known as borrowing or loanwords。These words have been incorporated into the language over time and have e a part of the vocabulary. In terms of n。words can be divided into basic words and non-basic words。Basic words are XXX to all speakers of the language。stability。productivity。polysemy。XXX-basic words。on the other hand。include terminology。jargon。slang。argot。dialectal words。archaisms。and neologisms. Content words。also known as full words or nal words。are able to express clear meanings。while nal words。also known as empty words or form words。show the XXX.
英语词汇学教程期末总结
1、what is lexicology？ Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It deals not only with simple words, but also with complex and compound words。 2、morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. In morphology，morpheme is a basic concept. Morphemes are considered as the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words. Semantics is often defined as the study of meaning。Semantics is usually approached from one of two perspectives：philosophical or linguistic. Etymology is the study of the whole history of words。First…second…third P2 3、lexicography is closely related to the words in a given language. It involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries，especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries。 4、Major features of words: 1）。a word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment. 2）。a word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else。 3)。the word is an uninterruptible unit。 4)。a word has to do with its social function. 5）. a word may consist of one or more morphemes。 6）。Words are part of the large communication system we call language。 7）. A word occurs typically in the structure of phrases。 5、Lexical words: are nouns，verbs，adjectives，and adverbs. Grammatical words are words like pronouns，prepositions, demonstrative，determiners, conjunctions，auxiliary verbs, and so on. 6、The morphemes are the ultimate grammatical constituents, the smallest meaningful units of language。 One morpheme: boy，desire，say Two morphemes：boy+ish，desire+able Three morphemes：boy+ish+ness，desire+able+ity Four morphemes: gentle+men+li+ness, un+desire+able+ity 7、Phonemes, which are the smallest working units of sound per se, build up into morphemes, a morpheme is composed of one or more phonemes。 8、Lexical item as a unit of lexical meaning，which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain。Lexeme is considered an abstract linguistic unit with different variants. 9、Types of morphemes： 1)。Bound morphemes and free morphemes 2）. Derivational and inflectional morphemes 10、seven types of meaning： conceptual meaning， connotative meaning， social meaning， affective meaning, reflected meaning,