2021年英语词汇学重点名词解释
Love your employees, he will love your business a hundredfold.整合汇编简单易用（WORD文档/A4打印/可
编辑/页眉可删）
英语词汇学重点名词解释
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.
Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms.
Semantics：the study of word meaning.
Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning.
Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearer
Lexicography : the compiling of dictionaries.
Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time.
Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a period of time. word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
vocabulary：Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline
and the words possessed by an individual person.
Terminology术语 consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine: Jargon 行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.
slang 俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words
Argot黑话 generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it,
Archaisms古词语 are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.
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2021年英语词汇学重点名词解释
Love your employees, he will love your business a hundredfold.整合汇编简单易用（WORD文档/A4打印/可 编辑/页眉可删） 英语词汇学重点名词解释 Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. Morphology : the study of morpheme and their different forms. Semantics：the study of word meaning. Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning. Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearer Lexicography : the compiling of dictionaries. Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time.
英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲： Introduction 1.Lexicology（名词解释题） （1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）. 本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。 （2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。 2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题） （1）Two approaches There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic. synchronic 共时法 diachronic 历时法 （2）Definition: A, synchronic From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time. However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning. 1.word（名词解释） （1）a minimal free form of a language 1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式） 2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。） 2.the relationships between the sound and meaning （1）简答题 1）Sound is the physical aspect of a word. And meaning is what the sound refers to. 本句翻译：音是词的物质外壳；义是音的所指。 2）A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world, which is outside the language system. （2）单选题或填空题 arbitrary/conventional 1）there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself’.（音与实际的实物和实际思想本身并没有一定的逻辑关系） 2）The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds. 3.More and more differences occur between the two.（简答题）（音和形之间的距离越拉
词汇学名词解释
词汇学 1、Compounding（合成法） Compounding is a word-formation process of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. e.g. blackboard, air-conditioning, flowerpot 2、Derivation（派?生法）= a?xation（词缀法） A word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or su?x, or both, to the base. e.g. belittle, debug, anti-war 3、Conversion（词性转移法） Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an a?x. e.g. attack (v. & n.), compound (v. & n.), permit (v. & n.) 4、Initialisms（?首字?母连写词） Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; it is pronounced letter by letter. e.g. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), VIP (a very important people) 5、Acronyms（?首字?母拼?音词） Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term. e.g. OPEC, BASIC, SAM, TEFL, UNESCO 6、Clipping（剪裁法） The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form. e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone, gym from gymnastics, taxi from taxicab 7、Blending（混合法） Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms. e.g. newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch) 8、Back formation（逆构法） Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed a?x from a longer form already present in the language. e.g.the verb resurrect was formed from the noun resurrection by removing the supposed derivative su?x -ion, and the verb edit formed from editor by dropping the su?x -or. 9、Words from proper names（专有名词构词法） The words that coined from the di?erent proper names. Such as the names of people, the names of places, the names of books, or the names of brands. e.g. watt, hertz, Nicotine 10、Reduplication（复制法） Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1)of one word like go-go; (2)of two almost identical words with a change in the vowel’s such as ping-pong; (3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants, as in teenyweeny. 11、Coinage（新造的字） Coinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes. e.g. fruice = fruit +juice, slanguage =slang + language
Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解
Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解 English lexicology 英语词汇学 Chapter1 basic concepts of words and vocabulary Classification of words Chapter2 the development of the english vocabulary Modes of vocabulary development 1150 Chapter 3 word formation Morphemes , allomorphs Chapter 4 word formation2 1.Affixation, prefixation suffixation , https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0319480069.html,/doc/214202390.html,pounding (characteristics formation ) 3.Conversion , blending , clipping , acronymy 4.Initialisms , acronyms 5.Back-formation , words from proper names Chapter5 word meaning 1.The meanings of ‘meaning’ 2.Reference ,concept ,sense 3.Motivation(onomatopoeic,morphological ,semantic , etymological) 4.Types of meaning < grammatical , lexical , conceptual , associative> Chapter 6 sense relations and semantic field Polysemy , homonymy , synonymy , antonymy Chapter 7 changes in word meaning Extension , narrowing , elevation , degradation Chapter 8 meaning and context 1.Types of context (extra-linguistic, linguistic) 2.Role of context
英语词汇学总结复习资料
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。 第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound. 3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors. （At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns） a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500 d）. Borrowing of foreign language 4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history. The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words. 5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by origin the English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin. 基本词汇的特点 1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary. 1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomena most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations world around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form:不统一的四个原因 （1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years （3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes （4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary 词汇Vocabulary: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary 词语分类Classification of English Words： 1.By use frequency: basic word stock & non basic vocabulary
华中师大《英语词汇学》期末考试备考资料( 一)
华中师《英语词汇学》（一） English Idioms 英语习语 Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms（俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs （谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary. Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点） unity （语意的整体性）： words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom. stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable. 1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced 2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed 3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article. 4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeable The fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯 Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类） 1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语 (white elephant累赘物) 2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse） 3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into） 4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命） 5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳 《英语词汇学》知识点归纳 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills
词汇学 名词解释(张韵斐主编版)
名词解释 1,word:fundamental units of speech and hacing a mininum, free form.it is a unity of sound and meaning,capable of performing a given syntactical function. 2,morpheme:the minimal meaningful unit of the english language,possesses both sound and meaning.the morpheme is not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. An allomorph(词素变体)is any of the various form of a morpheme. 3,freemorpheme:is one that can stand by itself as a complete utterance. 4,bound morpheme:cannot exist on its own,mit must appear with at least one other morpheme. 5,roots and affixes: a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word,and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 6,inflectional affixes and derivational affixes: An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality,tense,and the comparative or superlative degree.it does not form a new word with new lexical meaning when it is added to another word. inflectional affixes have only thier particular grammatical meaning. derivational affixes are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes,which are used to related to the formation of new words. 7,free root and bound root: Free root can stand alone as woeds and provide the language with a basis for the formation of new words. Bound root cannot appear as woeds in modern English, although they were once words,nor can they be used to form new words. 8,hybrid:a hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different language. 9,compounding/composition:it is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit,a conpound word. 10,word-formation rule:the rules of word-formation define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words. 11,initialisms and acronyms: Initialism is a type of shortening,using the first letters of wors to form a proper name,a technical term , or a phrase. Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scietific term. 12,polysemy:it means a single word having several or many meanings. 13,homonyms:homonyms are words different in meaning,but identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in spelling or sound. 14,syonyms:words which nearly the same denotative meaning are syonyms,and the relationship between them is one of synonymy. 15,antonymy:words that are opposite are antonyms. 16,huponymy:it is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical item. 17,blending:it is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words , one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not
英语词汇学复习重点——5、7-12单元
1.词的语用意义 Pragmatic meaning=lexical meaning+grammatical meaning 词汇意义lexical meaning=conceptual meaning=cognitive meaning 语法意义grammatical meaning lexical meaning=primary meaning+extended meaning 2.语境的分类；语境的4种作用 分类：语境=linguistic context+non-linguistic context 作用： 3.词义发展的具体方式（扩大、缩小、升格、降格、转移） The enlarging/widening/extension/expansion of meaning或the generalization of meaning The narrowing/restriction of meaning 或the specialization of meaning The elevation/ascent/amelioration of meaning Degradation/degeneration/deterioration/catachresis 或pejoration of meaning 4.词义转移的概念及3种主要类型：隐喻、借代（转喻）、提喻 概念:The semantic shift means the word transfers from the literal meaning to the figurative meaning. 类型：metaphor metonymy synecdoche 5.词义演变的3种形式：放射、连锁、综合 Radiation concatenation proliferation 6.英语词汇发展史的3个时期（三个时期的具体特点、标志性事件）
英语语言学重点名词解释汇总
Semantics is the study of meaning. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the Referential Theory. The naming theory命名说 According to it, the linguistic forms or symbols or words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stands for. So words are just names or labels for things. It is also called the referential theory （指称论）. Theory of the context of situation [ J. R. Firth (1890-1960) ]情景语境 ①The relevant features of the participants, persons, personalities.②The relevant objects.③The effects of the verbal action. The conceptualist view概念理论 This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. It is also called ideational theory（观念论） Contextualism语境J. R. Firth 费斯 The linguists hold that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context—elements closely linked with language behavior. Behaviorism行为主义 This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest. This view of meaning proposed by Bloomfield is illustrated by his story about Jack and Jill. According to Bloomfield, the meaning of a linguistic form should be viewed as “the situation in which the speaker utters it, and the response which it calls forth in the hearer.” The Definition of sense Sense refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it is concerned only with intra-linguistic relations. The definition of reference Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. What is culture? Broadly speaking, it means the total way of life of people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language.
英语词汇学第一章复习资料
词汇 elusive adj. 难懂的 notion n. 见解，概念 outset n.开端 criteria n.标准，条件（criterion的复数 linguist n. 语言学家 horizontally adv. 水平地；地平地 semanticists n. 语义学者 vocal adj. 歌唱的；声音的，有声的 comprise vt. 包含；由…组成 syntactic adj. 句法的 polysyllabic adj. 多音节的 compel vt. 强迫 compulsion n. 强制；强迫；强制力 concealment n. 隐藏，隐蔽；隐匿处 discreditable adj. 丢脸的；不名誉的；有损信用的；败坏名声的hence adv. 因此；今后 symbolic adj. 象征的；符号的；使用符号的 arbitrary adj. [数] 任意的；武断的；专制的 conventional adj. 符合习俗的，传统的；常见的；惯例的cluster n. 群；簇；丛；串 scribe n. 抄写员；作家 deliberately adv. 故意地；谨慎地；慎重地 haste n. 匆忙 vertical adj. 垂直的 alike adj.相似的 sacred adj. 神的；神圣的 assimilated 吸收 dialect n. 方言 accumulated adj. 累积的 constitute vt. 组成，构成 monosyllabic 单音节的 undergoing vt. 经历 suffice vt. 使满足 illustration n. 说明 endure vt. 忍耐 instance n. 实例