英语词汇学知识点整理
英语词汇学知识点整理
Chapter 1
Word and Vocabulary ns
A word is defined as a minimal free form。a sound unity。a semantic unity。and a form that can n alone in a sentence.
Vocabulary refers to all the words in a language。It is the sum of all the words。and the XXX is like that een an individual and a group.
Sound and Meaning
XXX.
Sound and Form
The written form of a natural language is the XXX een sound and form occur due to the n of the English alphabet from the Romans。XXX。the differences created by nal scribes。and the continuing XXX.
XXX languages。such as Latin。Greek。French。etc。are known as borrowing or loanwords。These words have been incorporated into the language over time and have e a part of the vocabulary.
In terms of n。words can be divided into basic words and
non-basic words。Basic words are XXX to all speakers of the language。stability。productivity。polysemy。XXX-basic words。on the other hand。include terminology。jargon。slang。argot。dialectal words。archaisms。and neologisms.
Content words。also known as full words or nal words。are able to express clear meanings。while nal words。also known as empty words or form words。show the XXX.
Native words are those brought by the Germanic tribes。such as the Angles。Saxons。and Jutes。XXX.
特点：
It has a vast vocabulary of over 170,000 words.词汇量巨大
It XXX languages。including French。Latin。and more recently。from
XXX.不断借用其他语言，包括法语、拉丁语，最近还有西班牙语和汉语等语言。
Word endings have largely disappeared。and the language has e much simpler in its
grammar.词尾大部分消失，语法变得简单了。
Chapter 2
The Indo-European Language Family
The Indo-European language family is composed of most of the languages in Europe。the Near East。and India。This language family can be classified into the Eastern Set and the Western Set。which includes Germanic.
XXX
Old English。from 450 to 1150.had a small vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words。It had a small number of borrowings from XXX.
Middle English。from 1150 to 1500.had a XXX number of foreign words。mainly from French and Latin。Word XXX.
Modern English。from 1500 up to the present。has a vast vocabulary of over 170,000 words and XXX languages。including French。Latin。and XXX。XXX endings have largely disappeared。and the language has XXX grammar.
英语具有巨大且多样的词汇，许多外来词以及词尾消失的现象。其一般特征包括接受性、适应性和异质性，简洁的屈折性以及相对固定的语序。英语词汇中的外来成分主要来自拉丁、希腊、法语和XXX的纳维亚语，其次还有意大利语、日耳曼语、荷兰语、西班牙和葡萄牙语以及凯尔特语。当代英语词汇的发展方式包括创词、旧词新义和借词。词素是构成单词的最
小有意义单位，它们具有自己的意义，不能再细分，但有时会有一些变体，n、n，但它们属于同一个后缀，因为它们具有相同的意义和语法功能。
XXX.
粘着词素不能独立运用，必须附着在其他词素上才能构成单词。它们有不完整的意义，在句中不能作为自由的语法单位。举例：-ness。-able。-ment。-er
粘着词素包括前缀、后缀、词根变化等，它们不能单独使用，只有与其他词素结合才能构成单词。
2)XXX根据语法功能分类
XXX派生词素/屈折词素
XXX(派生词素)：
XXX.
派生词素用于构成新词或改变现有词的意义或词性。它们通常是粘着的词素。
派生词素包括前缀、后缀、词根变化等，可以改变单词的意义和词性，例如：un- (unhappy)。-ful (helpful)。-ize (realize) XXX(屈折词素)：
XXX.
屈折词素用于表示语法关系或屈折范畴。它们通常是粘着的词素。
屈折词素是用来表示单词的时态、语态、数、人称等语法范畴的，例如：-s (dogs)。-ed (walked)。-ing (running) 根据语义和语法，词素也可以分类。
XXX (语义分类)
根据语义，词素可以分为：
实义词素：可以独立表达意义的词素，如“dog”、“happy”。
虚词素：不能单独表达意义的词素，如冠词、介词、连词等。
Syntactic n (语法分类)
根据语法，词素可以分为：
主要词素：可以构成句子主干的词素，如名词、动词、形容词等。
辅助词素：不能构成句子主干，但可以用来修饰主要词素或表达语法关系的词素，如冠词、介词、连词等。
Lexical morphemes。also known as content morphemes。XXX construct new words。XXX -ship and -ize.
On the other hand。XXX (-s) and free morphemes (such as in。and。do。have。etc。- nal words).
Morphemes can be identified by their forms。meaning。and n.
n is the process of creating a morpheme by using a word or part of a word.
XXX: clipping and using an old form as a morpheme。Clipping can be done through front clipping (e.g。e-。info-。and docu-) or back clipping (e.g。from。-gate from watergate)。An
old form can be used as a morpheme。such as -speak (Clinton speak).
Morpheme and n
In the study of n。morphemes are classified into four categories: root。stem。base。and affix.
XXX to words or other word elements to modify their meaning or n。They can be XXX: XXX.
A root is the part of a word that XXX.
A stem is the part of a word that XXX.
A base refers to a form to which any kind of affix (both nal and nal) can be added。It can be a root or a stem。Unlike a root。
a base can be analyzed from a nal perspective and XXX added to it。
A base is also different from a stem。as both XXX can be added
to it。while only XXX can be added to a stem.
For example。the word "individualistic" can be analyzed as having the stem/base "individualist," which can be further broken down into the stem/base "individual" and the base "dividual,"
which in turn can be traced back to the root/stem/base "divide."
There are nine methods of word XXX:
1.n (n)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/fc19243437.html,pounding
3.XXX
4.XXX
5.XXX
6.Acronymy
7.n
8.Sound n
9.n of Proper Names
n。also known as n。is the process of forming new words by adding XXX new words from them。There are different types of n。including n。XXX to create new words。Prefixes can be negative。reversative。pejorative。of degree or size。of n and attitude。locative。of time and order。number。n。miscellaneous。or new.
XXX word XXX two or more words to create a new word。There are three main types of compounding: noun-noun。adjective-noun。and verb-noun.
n。also known as shifting。is the process of changing a word's grammatical category without adding any affixes。For example。the verb "to email" can be converted into the noun "email."
Blending is the process of combining parts of two or more words to create a new word。For example。"smog" is a blend of "smoke" and "fog."
Clipping。also known as shortening。XXX from a word to create a shorter n。For example。"professor" can be clipped to "prof."
Acronymy involves creating a new word from the first letters of a phrase。For example。"NASA" stands for "nal Aeronautics and XXX."
Back-XXX from an existing word。For example。"editor" was formed from "editorial."
XXX a word or part of a word to create a new word。For example。"choo-choo" is a n of the sound made by a train.
Finally。XXX。"kleenex" is a common noun derived from
the proper noun "XXX."
n是通过给词基添加可构词的词缀或者派生后缀来构成新
词的过程。它可以分为四种类型：名词后缀、形容词后缀、副词后缀和新后缀。相比之下，前缀则是放在词前，语法上不特别重要，但可以修饰词汇意思。
复合法是通过连接两个或以上的词基来构成新词。一个复合词在语法和语义上都作为一个单一的词汇单位。复合词可以用实心、连字符或开放式的写法来表达。
XXX free phrases。XXX。semantic。grammatical。XXX
us methods。with the three major classes being noun。adjective。and XXX.
XXX。with ns of nouns。verbs。adjectives。and adverbs。They can also be analyzed at the syntactic level。with subject-verb。
verb-object。and verb-XXX based on their n。such as place。time。instrument。and others.
Adjective compounds XXX nouns。verbs。adjectives。and adverbs。They can also be categorized based on their structure。such as noun-verb-ing。adjective-verb-ing。noun-adjective。and adjective-adjective。Other structures include noun-verb-ed。adjective-verb-ed。adverb-verb-ed。noun-noun-ed。adjective-noun-ed。number-noun-ed。number-verb-ing。adverb-verb-ing。and verb-ed-adverb.
The internal grammar of compounds can be seen in structures such as verb-object and verb-adverb.
个单词和另一个单词的一部分来构成新单词的方法。
2)类型：
①Portmanteau words混合词
比如：XXX）
②Compound words复合词
比如：XXX）
五、Acronyms缩略语→构成：首字母缩略词
1)定义：Acronyms are words XXX of a set of words。which are pronounced as a single word.缩略语是由一组单词的首字母组成的单词，它们被发音为一个单词。
2)类型：
①Pronounceable acronyms可读缩略语
比如：NASA（nal Aeronautics and XXX）
②Non-XXX不可读缩略语
比如：DVD（Digital Versatile Disc）
六、Clipping剪裁法→构成：缩略词
1)定义：Clipping is the XXX word。XXX.剪裁法是通过缩短一个较长的单词来构成新单词的方法，通常是通过删除一个或多个音节。
2)类型：
①Back clipping后缩略
比如：exam（XXX）
②Fore clipping前缩略
比如：phone（XXX）
七、XXX拟声法→构成：拟声词
1)定义：XXX.拟声法是通过模仿与所指对象或行为相关的声音来构成新单词的方法。
2)类型：
①Words imitating sounds of animals模仿动物声音的词语
比如：meow（猫叫声）
②Words XXX模仿物体声音的词语
比如：buzz（嗡嗡声）
n refers to the process of XXX from an existing word。逆生法是指从一个已有的单词中去除被视为前缀或后缀的部分，以此来构造一个新的单词。
八、Blend词汇交融法→构成：混成词
1)定义：Blend refers to the process of creating a new word by combining parts of two or more words。usually the beginning and end of each word。Blend是指通过将两个或更多单词的部分（通常是每个单词的开头和结尾）组合在一起来创建一个新单词的过程。
2)类型：
①Portmanteau words：混成词
ic blends：音位混成词
九、n转化法→构成：类别转化词
定义：n refers to the process of XXX category of an existing word without adding any affixes。转化法是指通过改变一个已有单词的语法类别而不添加任何词缀来创建一个新单词的过程。
十、Coinage创造法→构成：新创词
定义：Coinage refers to the process of XXX。创造法是指
创造一个以前从未存在过的全新单词的过程。
逆生法又称为反向派生法，是一种通过删除单词所谓的后缀来创建新单词的词形成过程。移除的后缀通常不是真正的后缀，而是单词的不可分割的部分。
语音重叠法是通过重复相同的元素，几乎没有任何改变来构成复合词的词形成过程。它分为四种类型：模仿声音、暗示某种运动、贬低含义和增强语气。
专有名词的普通名词化法包括人名、地名、书名和商标名。例如，安培、香槟、乌托邦和尼龙。
词意是指一个词所指的含义。它可以通过引用来确定，引用是指在语言中使用词语来指代某个特定的事物或概念。
XXX。including XXX.
语义是指单词或短语在特定语境中的意义，包括其内涵和暗示。
XXX.
语义也可以指文本或交流所传达的整体意义或信息。
XXX related to reference。as the meaning of a word or phrase XXX n to the real world referent.
语义与所指有密切关系，因为单词或短语的意义是由其与真实世界的所指事物的联系所决定的。
However。sense can also be influenced by cultural and social factors。as well as individual XXX.
然而，语义也可以受到文化和社会因素，以及个人经验和观点的影响。
Therefore。understanding the sense of a word or phrase requires not only knowledge of its reference。but also an awareness of XXX.
因此，理解单词或短语的语义不仅需要对其所指事物的了解，还需要对其文化和语境的关联有所认识。
XXX with other words in the language。and it is often used
to XXX the language。while reference refers to the XXX.
XXX words that are created to XXX noises。such as "splash" or "XXX words。which are composed of multiple morphemes。such as "airmail" or "miniskirt." XXX how a word XXX.
vary from person to person and from XXX.
联想意义是对概念意义的补充，是次要的意义。它与概念意义不同，因为它是开放的、不确定的，可能因人而异，也可能因环境而异。
②例子：
For example。the word "rose" has the conceptual meaning of a type of flower。but it also has associative meanings such as love。beauty。and romance.
例如，“玫瑰”这个词的概念意义是一种花，但它也有联想
意义，如爱情、美丽和浪漫。
3．XXX内涵意义
定义：
XXX a word carries beyond XXX.
内涵意义指一个词在字面上的定义之外所携带的情感或文化联想。
①例子：
For example。the word "home" has a literal meaning of a place where one lives。but it also carries XXX。comfort。and security.
例如，“家”这个词的字面意义是一个人居住的地方，但它也携带着温暖、舒适和安全等内涵意义。
4．Affective Meaning情感意义
定义：
Affective meaning refers to the nal impact that a word has on the XXX.
情感意义指一个词对说话者或听者所产生的情感影响。
①例子：
For example。the word "hate" has a negative affective meaning。while the word "love" has a positive affective meaning.
例如，“憎恨”这个词具有负面的情感意义，而“爱”这个词具有正面的情感意义。
XXX。It is open and uncertain。and XXX。experience。and n.
XXX associative meanings include the people who use the words。the settings in which they are used。cultural values associated with the referents of the words。r texts。linguistic ns。XXX.
XXX.
XXX。informal。literary。archaic。slang。etc.
Affective XXX.
情感表达是指说话人对所讨论的人或事的态度。这种意义可以通过选择合适的词语来明确表达。
例如，使用褒义词可以表达赞赏，而使用贬义词则会表达负面情绪。此外，搭配意义也是词语意义的一部分，它指的是词语与其搭配的词语共同传达的意义。
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）：is a branch of linguistics，inquiring into the origins and meanings of words。 The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures，relations，historical development, formation and usages。 The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学），semantics(语义学）, etymology（词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography （词典学） The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook，English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power。The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively。The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage，and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1——Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2）a sound unity (3）a unit of meaning （4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning(声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式):不统一的四个原因（1)the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans，which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2)the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes(4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇)：all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words：
英语词汇学
英语词汇学 1 .idiom: An English idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meaning of its constituent words. Idioms are usually semantically opaque, i.e. metaphorical rather than literal. 2. Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combing and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms: e.g. newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch). 3. complementaries (互补反义词):complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition. E.g. alive and dead, single and married, present and absent. 4. Polysemy (一次多义): A term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. E.g. the word fair has various meanings : “(of attitude, behaviour) just and honest”; “(of result) average, quite good”; “(of the weath er)clear and sunny”; “(of the mount)satisfactory, abundant”; “(of the skin)pale; light in color”; “clean, clear; with out blemish” 5.conceptual meaning(概念意义): Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language. Take 'The sun rises in the east' for example. The word sun here means 'a heavenly body which gives off light, heat, and energy', a concept which is understood by anyone who speaks English. 6.affixation(派生法): Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base. (举例) 7.analogical creation a way to coin word by following an existing word already established 1) Single Word; telethon/talkathon-marathon//starquake/youthquake-earthquake chairperson/woman/one-chairman//cheese/beef/shrimpburger-hamburger 2) Phrase; sound/air/language/visional/cultural pollution-environment pollution swim/stay/stand in-sit in//botel/airtel/-motel 选择和判断 1. nonce word: (为特定场合的需要)而临时造的词: A nonce word is a word used only "for the nonce"—to meet a need that is not expected to recur. Quark, for example, was a nonce word in English appearing only in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake until Murray Gell-Mann quoted it to name a new class of subatomic particle. The use of the term nonce word in this way was apparently the work of James Murray, the influential editor of the Oxford English Dictionary. " Runcible spoon", from Edward Lear, which later came to describe a curved fork with a cutting edge. 2. grammatical/function words
英语词汇学第一章
Chapter 1 1.1 What Is a Word 词的概念：A word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters. （一个词可以被定义为一组有意义的字母） 词包含以下几点： ① a minimal free form of a language.一门语言中最小的形式 ② a sound unity.一个声音统一体 ③ a unit of meaning.一个意义单位 ④ a form that can function alone in a sentence.能在句子中起独立作用的一个形式 A word is a free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.词是一门语言中具有一定的声音，意义和句法功能的最小形式 Words can be simple and complex.词可以是简单的也可以是复杂的 1.2 Sound and Meaning 声音与意义之间的关系：This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary,and there is no logical relationship between the sound and the actual thing and idea itself .The relationship between them is conventional. 这种象征性的联系几乎总是任意的，声音与实际的事物和观念本身没有逻辑关系。他们之间的关系是约定俗成的。 1.3 Sound and Form 读音与拼写不一致的原因：①The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language. ②The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. ③Some of the differences were created by the early scribes. ①英语字母表是从罗马人那里采用的，罗马人没有一个单独的字母来代表语言中的每个 声音。 ②这些年来，发音的变化比拼写的变化更快。 ③有些差异是由早期的抄写员造成的。
英语词汇学知识点整理
词汇期末复习（C1-C7） Chapter 1 一、Word 词的定义 (1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式） (2) a sound unity (3) a semantic unity（meaning） (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能） 二、Vocabulary词汇的定义 All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary. 一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。 词的总和构成语言的词汇。词与词汇之间的关系是个体与总体之间的关系。 三、Sound&Meaning发音和意义 The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的 四、Sound & Form发音和形式 (1)The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的）record of the oral form. 自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。 (2)The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 发音与形式不同的原因： ①English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英语字母表来自罗马 ②the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 发音改变快速 ③Differences created by professional scribes. 专业抄写员的不同 ④More differences brought by the continuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。 ⑤borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外来词 五、Classification of Words词的分类 ①Basic Words The basic vocabulary has the following characteristics: 基本词汇特点： ? 1. All national character 全民性(indispensable to all the people who speak the language). ? 2. Stability 稳定性（relatively stable or unchanged） ? 3. Productivity 多产性（form new words in combination with other roots and affixes ) ? 4. Polysemy 多义性 ? 5. Collocability 搭配性 ②Non-basic Words Non-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms.非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。 ①Content Words/Full words/National words： They denote clear notions. 能够表达清楚的含义
英语词汇学复习提纲
英语词汇学复习提纲 Part I概念题 1.（glossary）a list of the difficult words used in a piece of writing or subject, with explanations of their meanings 2.（phrase) a group of words that form a unit within a clause 3.（expression）unclassified linguistic unit of any length: words，phrases， sentences，paragraphs，etc。 4.(diction）the choice of words used in a speech or piece of writing 5.(vocabulary) words in general known，learnt，used，etc。or a list of words， usually in alphabetical order and with explanations of their meanings 6.(lexicon) all the words and phrases in a language or a dictionary 7.(lexis) all the words in a language 8.(word）the smallest unit of spoken or written language which has meaning and can stand alone 9.(Etymology）the study of origins and development of words 10.（Lexicography) the writing and making of dictionaries 11.（Lexical semantics) the study of words and their meanings 12.(lexicology) the study of meanings and uses of words 13.（morphology) the study of how words are formed in a language 14.（phraseology) the words and phrases used in a particular profession or activity, or a particular way of putting words together to express something 15.(collocation）a group of words which "naturally” go together through common usage 16.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms 17.Root: a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word，and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. 18.A ffix: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. It can further be divided inflectional and derivational types. 19.Prefix: a derivational or an inflectional affix that can be added to the beginning of a morpheme. 20.S uffix: a derivational or inflectional affix that can be added to the end of a morpheme。 21.C ompounding /composition: a word formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. 22.D erivation/ affixation: a word—formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix or both to the base。 23.C onversion: a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word—class without the addition of an affix. 24.I nitialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳教学文稿
《英语词汇学》知识 点归纳
English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论） and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary. The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征): 1)All-National character（全民通用性most important） 2)Stability（相对稳定性） 3)Productivity（多产性） 4)Polysemy（多义性） 5)Collocability（可搭配性）
英语词汇学知识点归纳总结
English Lexicology（英语词汇学） Lexicology（词汇学): is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words。 The Nature and Scope of English lexicology: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents，their semantic structures, relations，historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology（形态学），semantics（语义学)，etymology（词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography（词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word—formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power。The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize，classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage，and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately。A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）：A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function。（1）a minimal free form of a language (2）a sound unity （3）a unit of meaning (4）a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning(声音与意义）: al most arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）：不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans，which does not have a separate letter to represent
英语词汇学基本概念汇总
One: 1. Native words 本族词 Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. 2. Loan words 借词 Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words. 3. Slang words 俚语 Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词 Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else. 5. Content words 实义词 Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. 6. Free forms 自由形式 Forms which occur as sentences are free forms. Two: 1. Morphemes 语素 Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. 2. Allomorphs 语素变体 Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 3. Free morpheme 自由语素 Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. 4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素 Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. 5. Root 词根 Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. 6. Affix 词缀 Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. 8. Derivational affix 派生词缀 Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.
英语词汇学知识点归纳
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English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. The Nature and Scope of English lexicology： English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to： English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology： According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English. A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes （4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary Classification of English Words： By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary By notion:content words&functional words By origin:native words&borrowed words